references:

1 halogen acids
All about alkyl halides: Properties, uses, and much

halogen acids are more. (n.d.) Retrieved from

dissolved gaseous https://sciencestruck.com/alkyl-halides-

hydrogen halides in water properties-uses.

O
R O H +H X R X+ H H
Hunt, I. (n.d.). Reaction of alkenes with hydrogen
a substitution reaction
halides. Retrieved from
happens producing an alkyl
halide and water http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/350/Car

ey5th/Ch06/ch6-4.html.
2 phosphorus halides
preparation for
industrial use of
Hydrohalogenation of alkenes - Reaction
phosphorus
PBr 5

ALKYL
mechanism. (2013, November 14). Retrieved from
pentabromide
http://leah4sci.com/hydrohalogenation-of-
X X
alkenes-reaction-mechanism/.
R O H+ X P X R X+O P X +H X
X X X

HALIDES
Kennepohl, D., Farmer, S., Reusch, W., Clark, J.,

Kelley, K., & Farquharson. (2019, June 15). 10.3

phosphorus
PBr 3 tribromide Preparing alkyl halides from alkanes - radical

halogenation. Retrieved from

3 ROH + PX3 3R X + H3PO3
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic

synthetic chemists use PBr3 _Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(McM

and SOCl2 in converting urry)/10%3A_Organohalides/10.03%3A_Preparing
alcohol to alkyl halides
_Alkyl_Halides_from__Alkanes_-

_Radical_Halogenation.
3 thionyl chloride

SOCl2 prepared by:

S DUSDUS, Angelo G.

R O H+ O R Cl + S + H Cl
O O MADRIDEO, Aedelveis C.
Cl
Cl
REGALA, Eliana L.

Chem 3B
 How are
ALKYL HALIDES
prepared for industrial use?

ALKANES ALKENES
hydrocarbons with at least one
compounds consisting of carbon alkyl halides carbon-to-carbon double bond
and hydrogen single bonds are
compounds
formed from
alkenes undergo addition reactions of either:
alkanes undergo a substitution alkanes and
reaction called halogenation forming
an alkyl halide and a hydrogen halide
halogen 1 hydrohalogenation C C+ H X H C C X

H H a hydrogen and a halide atom is

light added after the double bond is broken
H C H + X X H C X + H X
or heat
H H 2 halogenation C C +X X X C C X
general formula:
R-X
halogenation is the substitution of a R represents a dihalide is added after the double bond
hydrogen for a halogen hydrocarbon is broken
(alkane) and X

F Cl Br I represents
halogen

fluorine chlorine bromine iodine

ALCOHOLS
the reaction can only happen in hydrogen compunds containing atleast one hydroxyl
the presence of either halides are (-OH) group bonded to an alkane
compounds
with the formula
UV high
temp H-X, where X alcohols may react with either of the
light represents following reagents to form alkyl halides
halogen

GREENHOUSE
EFFECT
The greenhouse effect is
defined as the exchange of
incoming and outgoing
radiation, resulting to the
warming of the Earth.
Greenhouse gases trap
remaining solar radiation
not reflected back to space.
The solar radiation is, then,
absorbed by the ocean,
land and atmosphere.
REFERENCES REENHOUSE
REENHOUSE
European Union. (n.d.). Fluorinated greenhouse gases.
Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/f-
gas_en
ASES
ASES
Lallanila, M. (2018). What is the greenhouse effect?.
Retrieved from https://www.livescience.com/37743-
greenhouse-effect.html
United States Environmental Protection Agency.
(n.d.). Overview of greenhouse gases. Retrieved from
https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-
greenhouse-gases.
University Corporation for Atmospheric Research.
(2012). Carbon dioxide absorbs and re-emits infrared
radiation. Retrieved from
https://scied.ucar.edu/carbon-dioxide-absorbs-and-
re-emits-infrared-radiation
University Corporation for Atmospheric Research.
(2012). Methane. Retrieved from
https://scied.ucar.edu/methane
PREPARED BY
DUSDUS, Angelo G.
MADRIDEO, Aedelveis C.
REGALA, Eliana L.
Chem 3B
 What
What are
are these
these "greenhouse
"greenhouse gases"?
gases"?
CARBON NITROUS
DIOXIDE LEGEND OXIDE
Produced through Carbon atom Usually emitted from
burning of fossil industrial activities
fuels and other Hydrogen atom and wastewater
biological materials treatment
Oxygen atom
Ability to absorb Also has the
Warms
and re-emit ability to
Nitrogen atom atmosphere 300
infrared radiation absorb and re-
times better than
makes it an effective emit infrared
Fluorine atom Carbon Dioxide
greenhouse gas radiation

METHANE FLUORINATED GASES

Known as the most potent Has a global warming
Emissions from
and longest-lasting effect up to 23 000
production of coal or
greenhouse gas emitted by times greater than
livestock wastes
human activities Carbon Dioxide
Known as a Methane accounts
for 20% of Emissions from their
potent heat
heating effects of use as substitutes
absorber
greenhouse gases for ozone-depleting
trifluoroethane
a hydroflurocarbon (HFC) substances
 CFCs REFERENCES
CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS Carey, F. A. (2018, March 16).
a.k.a. freons Chlorofluorocarbon. Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/science/
A family of organic compounds that are chlorofluorocarbon
composed of carbon, fluorine, and
chlorine. Chlorofluorocarbons and Ozone Depletion. (18,
April 2017). Retrieved from https://www.acs.org/

1928
Thomas Midgely, Jr. synthesizes content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/land
the first CFC as a refrigerant. marks/cfcs-ozone.html

1930s
CFCs are produced commercially
Elkins, J.W. (1999). Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
by the Kinetic Chemical Company.
In Encyclopedia of Earth Science. Retrieved from
Dr. Mario Molina & Professor F. https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10
1974 Sherwood Roland discover CFCs
contribute to ozone depletion.
.1007%2F1-4020-4494-1_55

Molina, M. J., & Rowland, F. S. (1974).

EXAMPLES Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes:
chlorine atom-catalysed destruction of ozone.
Cl F Cl F Nature, 249(5460), 810–812.
doi:10.1038/249810a0
C C
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2019,
Cl Cl F Cl
September 9). Montreal Protocol. Retrieved from
CFC-11 CFC-12 https://www.britannica.com/event/Montreal- C H L OR O
Protocol
trichlorofluoro dichlorodifluoro F L U OR O
methane methane
C A R B ON S
USES PREPARED BY

CFCs
aerosols blowing agent
DUSDUS, Angelo G.
MADRIDEO, Aedelveis C.
REGALA, Eliana L.
Chem 3B
refrigerant solvent
 How do CFCs
deplete the
UV Cl
ozone layer?

F
C
F 2. The chlorine radical reacts MONTREAL
with ozone to form chlorine
Cl

C
F
monoxide & oxygen gas. PROTOCOL
on Substances that Deplete
O O
F Cl O the Ozone Layer
Cl + O O An international treaty that aims to
1. UV light from the sun splits regulate the production and use of
the CFC, forming a chlorine chemicals that contribute to the
radical*.  depletion of the ozone layer.
This includes CFCs.
*A radical is an atom with an unpaired Cl O
electron. This makes it very reactive!
3. Chlorine monoxide
reacts with an oxygen
+ It is one of the most successful
treaties to date.
Ozone reacts with the atom to form oxygen O
chlorine radical faster gas and a chlorine
radical, and the
than it can be process repeats.
regenerated, depleting
the ozone layer. Cl O O