REVIEWER IN UCSP

CULTURE
 It is defined as the custom beliefs, social forms, and traits that defines a specific racial, religious
or social group.

Material Culture –it is a type of culture that are created by human person or is tangible. Examples are
food, clothing and technology
Non-Material Culture –it is a type of culture that are being learned or observed by human. Examples are
religions, folk behavior, gestures and customs.

SOCIETY
 Comes from the Latin word “socius” which means comrade, companion or friend
 Pertains to a group of individuals involved in social interaction or sharing the same geographical
or social territory.
 It is a systematic study of groups and societies that people build and how these
affect their behavior.
 It focuses on various social connections, institutions, organizations, structures, and
processes.
 It gathers social inputs which are composed of frequent forms and manners
namely: attitude, viewpoints, consolidated values, and norms of social institutions
which form part of social array.

THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY ENABLES US TO:

 Obtain possible theories and principles about society as well as various aspects of social life;
 Critically study the nature of humanity, which also leads to examining our roles within the
society;
 Appreciate that all things (in society) are interdependent with each other. An individual’s
personal history is connected to his/her environment’s history, which is also tied into the
nation’s history;
 Broaden our familiarity on sociological facts, which are acquired through empirical process.
 Incidentally, it makes us realize our prejudices on various social issues; and
 Expose our minds to the different perspectives on attaining the truth. For instance, some
theorists (especially social philosophers) argue that the truth is relative. This sociological
viewpoint diminishes the theory that there is an absolute truth. Furthermore, the determination
whether an action/behavior is good or bad depends on one’s
social norms.

BRANCHES OF SOCIOLOGY
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
 This includes the study of social institutions, social inequality, social mobility, religious groups,
and bureaucracy.
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
 This area focuses on the study of human nature and its emphasis on social processes as they
affect individual or responses which are called “social stimuli”.
APPLIED SOCIOLOGY
 This is concerned with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior
and organizations. The goal of Applied Sociology is to assist in resolving social problems through
the use of sociological research.
POPULATION STUDIES
 This area includes size, growth, demographic characteristics, composition, migration, changes,
and quality vis-à-vis economic, political, and social systems.
HUMAN ECOLOGY
 It pertains to the study of the effects of various social organizations (religious organizations,
political institutions and etc.) to the population’s behavior.
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY AND RESEARCH
 It focuses on the discovery of theoretical tools, methods, and techniques to scientifically explain
a particular sociological issue.
SOCIAL CHANGE
  It studies factors that cause social organization and social disorganization like calamity, drug
abuse, drastic and gradual social change, health and welfare problems, political instability,
unemployment and underemployment, child and women’s issue, etc.

ANTHROPOLOGY
 It includes topics such as human origin, globalization, social change, and world history.
 It is the study of humankind in all times and all places.
 It is the study of humanity including our prehistoric origins and contemporary human diversity.

GOALS OF ANTHROPOLOGY
a) Discover what all people have in common – By studying commonalities (folklores, traditions,
language, etc.) in all humanity, we could understand more about the human’s nature.
b) Produce new knowledge and new theories about humankind and human behavior – This new
knowledge is then applied in an attempt to alleviate human challenges.
c) Discover what makes people different from one another in order to understand and preserve
diversity – Anthropology attempts to answer questions like, “What does it mean to be a Filipino
and a citizen of the world?” It is not enough that anthropologists find out the characteristics that
make Filipinos unique, it is also important to emphasize the Filipino traits that makes them
“one” with the rest of the world.
d) Look at one’s own culture more objectively like an outsider – It aims to make “the strange
familiar and the familiar strange.” Anthropology also challenges individuals to evaluate and
criticize their own culture. This is important so that people will be aware of the faults in their
own culture and make necessary changes for its betterment.

FIELDS of ANTHROPOLOGY
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
 Refers to the study of living people and their cultures including variation and change. It deals
with the description and analysis of the forms and styles and the social lives of past and present
ages.
 Cultural anthropologists also study art, religion, migration, marriage, and family.
LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY
 Refers to the study of communication, mainly (but not exclusively) among humans. It includes
the study of communication’s origins, history, and contemporary variation.
ARCHAEOLOGY
 Refers to the study of past human cultures through their material remains. It is the study of past
human cultures through the recovery and analysis of artifacts.
BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
 Also known as “physical anthropology”, this refers to the study of humans as biological
organisms including their evolution and contemporary variation. It seeks to describe the
distribution of hereditary variations among contemporary populations and to sort out and
measure the relative contributions made by heredity, environment, and culture to human
biology.
Social Diversity
 Is an ever-present and enduring feature of all known cultures around the world, from the most
primitive to the most highly urbanized.
 Refers to the gaps between people as measured by the presence or absence of certain socially
desirable traits.
Social Inequality
 Occurs when resources in a given society are distributed unevenly, typically through norms of
allocation that engender specific patterns along the lines of socially defined categories of
persons. It is normally the end result of social diversity.
Cultural diversity
 Means a range of different societies or people of different origins, religions, and traditions all
living and interacting together.

POLITICS
It originated from the Greek word ‘polis’, which means ‘city’ or ‘state’.
 It is the art and science of governing city/state.
It is the social process or strategy in any position of control which people gain, use, or lose
power.
Refers to achieving and exercising positions of governance over a human community.
Due to the negative connotations of politics, the term is now applied to many different
social situations. For example, politics is present when a teacher is bribed to include
a certain student in the honor list or when an employee spreads rumors against his/her
officemate to get ahead in a promotion.
Politics is often used synonymously with government, however, the two (2) are distinct from
each another. The government that takes shape in a country is a reflection of the country’s
political philosophy. While government typically refers to the established legislative and
executive departments of a nation or state, politics is a broad term that is related to the power
sharing in any organization. In other words, politics is an idea while government is the concrete
realization of that idea.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
 It is an academic discipline that deals with the study of government and political processes,
institutions, and behaviors.
 It is a study of the complex behavior of various political actors such as the government
administration, opposition, and subjects.
 It is the systematic study of political and government institutions and processes.

Power Relation
 Are forms of interaction mediated by the use and deployment of authority and political
influence.
 They have different layers ranging from the personal to the group/organizational, to the
institutional and governmental.

Social Change
 Is used to indicate the changes that take place in human interactions and interrelations.
 Maybe defined as the alteration of mechanisms within the social structure, characterized by
changes in cultural symbols, rules of behaviour, social organizations, or value systems.

The study of Politics has something to do with power – who wields it and how it is used. Therefore, it is
important to study politics to understand society and to help change it for the better. This means that
political science is not just for politicians or for aspiring lawyers instead, it is also a give and take
relationship between the government (as a state apparatus) and its people (as a subject).

GOVERNMENT
 It is the agency to which the will of the state is formulated, expressed, and carried out.
 It is the organized agency in a state tasked to impose social control.
 It is a group of people that governs a community or unit. It sets and administers public policy
and exercises executive, political, and sovereign power through customs, institutions and laws
within a state.
 The government exists for the benefit of the governed. It is there for our benefit not for the
government officials to benefit from us. It is not just governing the people or the citizens but
also the territory and the sovereignty or independence of the country. Collectively, the
government, people, territory, and sovereignty are known as the elements of the State.
 People often interchangeably use the terms state and nation but the difference lies on how the
latter refers to an ethnic concept which means that people are bound together by common
ethnical elements such as race, language, and culture. On the other hand, a state is more of a
political concept. It refers to a community of persons more or less numerous permanently
occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government of their own to which the great
body of inhabitants render obedience and enjoying freedom from external control.

Concepts are created and have been used to have a firm grip of phenomenon. This simply suggests that
to turn a phenomenon into a concept means, for one thing, to make it more rational. Concepts are
initially invented as icons to capture or represent phenomena and in the process assist their
users/investors ‘to describe ‘facets of social experience in relation to the phenomena concerned.
SOCIAL REALITIES
1. Istambay
2. Lagay
3. Food taboos
4. Same-sex relationship
5. Use of a go-between/padrino
VALUES AND BELIEFS as MOTIVATORS
VALUES
 are a person’s or a collective principles or standards of behaviour and are considered as
judgment of what is important in life.
 they are important and lasting beliefs or ideals shared by the members of a culture about what
is good or bad and desirable or undesirable.
 It has a major influence on a person’s behaviour and attitude, and they serve as broad
guidelines in behaviour in all situations.
 it is the criteria people use in assessing their daily lives, arranging their priorities, and choosing
between alternative courses of action.
BELIEF
 is something one accepts as true or real.
 More often than not, beliefs takes the form of firmly help opinion or conviction, regardless of
the lack of verifiable evidence.
 Maybe based on tradition, faith, experience, scientific research, or some combination of these.

SOCIAL DYNAMICS
1. Selfieing
1. Political dynasty
2. Transnational families
3. Youth volunteerism
4. Video gaming
August Comte – father of sociology
Emile Durkheim – French social thinker, he introduce the concept of “social fact”.
Social Fact – is another name for social phenomenon.
 Accrdg. To Durkheim, was a characteristic feature of the power of ideas to create social realities
for members of society.
Karl Marx – poor and always hungry. He produced the most scathing critique of capitalist exploitation of
the labor class for profit. He used this critique as the basis for his conflict paradigm.

3 Classical Theories of Society

1. Structural Functionalism (social order)
 looks society as social order.
 It argues that society is made possible by cooperation and interdependence.
2. Conflict Theory (conflict)
 Looks at the other side of the issue.
 Instead of putting importance of social order, the conflict theory sees society as an arena.
 Invokes the social processes rather than functions and interdependence.
3. Symbolic Interactionism
 Explores the issues of meaning-making.
 The symbolic interactionist perspective would say symbols and meanings.

Rules: Invisible Hand of Society

Rules
 Are guides in the performance of roles and in everyday actions and interactions.
 Are essential in the everyday conduct of the members of society. In cases, where there are
conflicts, rules become the arbiter of disagreements and people’s respect for rules gives them
this organizing power over human actions over time.
Written Rules (visible)
 Are easily seen and hence are easily observed and obeyed.
Unwritten rules (invisible)
 Exciting to study because they give invaluable insights into the nature of social behaviour.
 Almost 90% of our day-to-day actions are governed and shaped by this invisible rules.