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THE CELL
Objectives
• Identify the important parts of the cell
• Correlate the composition of the parts of the
cell with their function
THE CELL
Why do we need to review the cell
structure?
• Cellular components are made up of
biomolecules.
• The turnover (biosynthesis and degradation)
of biomolecules happens inside the cell.
• Biochemical reactions are taking place
inside the various cellular components
What is a cell?
• Basic building block of life
• Smallest living unit of an organism
• Capable of growth, reproduction, energy
adaptation, and response to the environment
• A cell may be an entire organism or it may be
one of billions of cells that make up an
organism.
Two types of Cells
a typical
ANIMAL CELL
Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells
a typical
PLANT CELL
The Plasma Membrane
Unique Organelles
ANIMAL CELLS:
• Lysosomes
• Flagella
PLANT CELLS:
• Chloroplasts (Plastids)
• Central Vacuole and Tonoplast
• Cell Wall
• Plasmodesmata
Nucleus
C C
alkene aromatic
Functional Groups
most commonly found in biomolecules
Organic Derivatives of Water
OH
CO
H C O C
O O
C H C C
aldehyde ketone
Functional Groups
most commonly found in biomolecules
Acyl compounds O
O
C N
C OH
O
amide
carboxylic
acid C O C
ester
Functional Groups
most commonly found in biomolecules
Amines N
Sulfur-containing
C S H C S C
thiol/sulfhydryl sulfide
Functional Groups
most commonly found in biomolecules
Phosphorus-containing
O O O
O P OH O P O P O H
OH O H O H
orthophosphate pyrophosphate
Linkages
most commonly found in biomolecules
O
C O C
C N
ether
O
amide
C O C
ester
Linkages
most commonly found in biomolecules
O O O
C O P OH O P O P O H
OH O H O H
phosphoester phosphoanhydride
PROTEINS
• Most abundant biomolecule in the cell (~15%)
• Most varied and most diverse in terms of
structure and function
Functions of Proteins
• Establishment and maintenance of structure
eg. collagen, histones in DNA
• Transport
eg. hemoglobin, transferrin
• Control and Regulation
eg. hormones (insulin, somatotropin)
• Defense and immunity
eg. immunoglobulin
Functions of Proteins
• Catalysis
eg. enzymes
• Movement
eg. myosin in muscles
• Storage
eg. ferritin
Levels of Protein Architecture
CARBOHYDRATES
• Most abundant biomolecule on EARTH
• Polyhydroxyaldehydes and polyhydroxyketones
Functions of Carbohydrates
• Stores and provides energy
eg. glycogen, starch, monosaccharides
• Structural integrity
eg. cellulose in plant cell walls
• As conjugates to other macromolecules
eg. glycoproteins
• Component of nucleic acids
eg. ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA
NUCLEIC ACIDS
• Chemical carriers of genetic information
• Biopolymers of nucleotides linked by
phosphodiester bond
• Two forms:
• DNA (2-deoxyribonucleic acid)
• RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Polynucleotides
Nucleotides
Functions of Nucleotides
• Energy currency in metabolic processes
eg. ATP, ADP
• Structural components of cofactors and
coenzymes
eg. NADH, FADH2
• As building blocks for molecular repositories of
genetic information
eg. DNA and RNA
LIPIDS
• Heterogeneous in structure
• Exhibits low solubility/insolubility in water and
solubility in organic solvents
• Have very large hydrophobic
(non-polar) portions
Functions of Lipids
• As fuel for metabolic processes
eg. fats and oils
• Building block and nutrients/vitamins
eg. phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol,
vit. A,D,E,K
• Insulation
eg. fats and oils
• Protective coverings
eg. cutin and suberin
References
CHEM 160 lecture manual
CHEM 160 lecture slide of Profs. BP Serrano, KMP Caldo and AC Reyes