SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Narciso St. 8400, Surigao City (Main Campus)

CE Elective 1
ADVANCE CONSTRUCTION METHODS
AND TECHNIQUES

Reported by:
Wenceslao, Junibel T.
Angob, Edmar P.
Reyna, Honesto B.
BSCE-4A

Submitted to:
Engr. Elmario A. Pejan, LCE, MBA
Instructor
INTRODUCTION

Now a days many new innovative materials are being invented and many new materials are
being in research. New innovative thinking and new invention is necessary to save our valuable
time and energy.

The advanced construction techniques such as under water construction, trenchless

technology and many new innovative materials used in advanced construction methods and
techniques to speed up the construction of any building works.
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT CYCLE
A construction project is a long and continuous process that demands a review of operations
for carrying out the tasks. Project in construction depends upon its size, number of stakeholders
involved in the project, cost estimation of material and project, and delivery date. BIM
Services that lay out the design process manages it to construction phase is the most vital
components in the lifecycle of a project.

A project that produces the development of a new product includes phases such as
conceptual, technical feasibility, development, commercial validation, product preparation, full-
scale production and product support that work in order and lays efforts to carry the next step.

There are some stages involved in a construction project which can be simple to most
complex ones for which certain processes and steps are included to be followed to ensure the
effective outcome. Due to continuous development in digital solutions, the management of
different phases in a construction project is compactable and with higher accuracy. Collecting
valuable data can aid in improving and standardizing the construction process for future
projects.

Construction project life-cycle includes five phases such as project initiation, planning and
design of the project, selecting the contractor to carry filed operations, construction of the
project, and lastly, the project must be terminated and brought to a closure.

The design may help to know the logical way of tracking the project’s activities and
understand the role of the construction traders responsible for those activities from the time
the project idea is conceived to final site completion of the project.
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT CYCLE

Stages of a Construction Project

Initiation Phase: Concept of the project starts with the client where the actual research
about the project begins such as the right location, which standards to be followed, material
procurement, cost estimation of material and project, etc. The project from ideation may differ
as to timeline of accomplishing the project from a few days can be taken to months or more and
ultimately depends upon the project need of completion.

Project objective and feasibility are determined here which can be a business problem or
opportunity after a solution is approved implementing the project are easier, and all the project
ideation process is intervened by the project manager from where the planning process of the
construction project begins.
Planning Phase: Planning and Design stage is the further development of the project in detail
to meet the project’s objective where the team members have to identify entire work, tasks,
and resources to be worked upon with proper strategy to commence it.

The design team led by the designers, architects, or an engineer will make sure about the
regulations and codes that are met while visioning the project and how built structures will be
used. In a construction project, the design process has four steps such as programming and
feasibility, schematic design, design development, and contract documents.

In the first design step, the goals and objectives of the project are outlined while taking
enormous decisions about how large the building will be, how space should be utilized, and
how many rooms are needed. The schematic design is a drawing that will show placement and
arrangement of objects being placed in design with the material specification, colors, and
textures.

The drawing will be used in the design development stage to research about what type of
equipment is needed, with its cost and materials that are used in it. Contract documentation is
prepared, and everything is put in place to close what specifies in the drawings and
specifications. The construction professionals then use the documents for bidding the project.
Pre-construction: Once the project bidding is completed, the contractor is chosen to do the
work where the team is put together for work. The project team manages the on-site
construction tasks before starting the actual construction work. The project team consists of
contractors, project managers, engineers, and health and safety managers.

The project team also has to visit the construction site to examine the construction process
and supervise it. Due to which, the issues can be detected related to the environment that can
occur during the building process such as soil testing which is an important part of the
construction process.

Once all the necessary information is collected, the plans and decision related to this
information can be reviewed by concerned authorities where every problem and concerns will
be heard and resolved.

Procurement: In this stage, the project team will order and obtain materials, equipment, and
workforce which are more complex depending upon the challenges on how big the project is
available resources and timeline of the start date.

Each procurement department in the construction company will order laborers, machinery,
and materials for their projects. All this process of work is carried out by the general contractor
and at times by subcontractors. Sometimes it can happen in the project that the subcontractor
can order its workforce or materials as it is required for him to complete the project.
Construction: Before commencing the actual construction work, pre-construction meeting is
carried out to know that everyone involved in the construction project is on the same page and
discuss about information on how to access the job site, quality control measures to be taken,
where the materials can be stored and how many hours the workers will work.

Every worker of the construction project has their schedule, and at times it might vary
depending upon the project needs. It is applied to be the subcontractor here, as they want the
work to be finished before they begin their part of work. If initial planning is not accurate, it may
now lead to cause a delay in the construction projects and overhead the costs.
Post-Construction: It is the closure of the construction project after it is completed in this
stage. Later, few steps are needed to complete the building process of a project such as
inspection of the building is to be done so that any errors can be corrected before handing over
the key of the building.

The project team makes sure that the project is passed through
all contractual agreement and is free from any legal burden, any
incomplete task can be worked upon, and complete post-project
review is carried out.

PREPERATION OF BID PACKAGE

Notice to bidders
• What?
• A document announcing to prospective bidder that design documents are
available for consideration and that the owner is ready to receive bids
• Why?
• To ensure that the work will be performed at the lowest cost and in the quality
required
• How?
• Locally:
• Advertisements (public projects)
• Letter (known contractors)
• Builders exchange news letter
• Internationally:
• Web based systems like Dodge report systems.
What does it include?
• Size of project
• Availability of plans and specifications
• Project duration
 • Place and date of bid opening

Bid package
A set of documents defining project scope and details and on which a contractor must
base his decision to bid or not to bid.
Includes:

Proposal form

General conditions

Special conditions

Drawings

Specifications

Bid Data Sheet

Bill of Quantities

Bid Form

PROPOSAL FORM
• When filled and submitted by a contractor illustrates his/ her intent and
commitment to perform the work as per the specifications and drawings in the
desired time and budget filled out
• It is not a formal contract

General conditions
• Certain specifications regulating how a contract is to be administered and the
relationship between involved parties
• Generally address aspects common in all projects
Special conditions
• Covers aspects of the contractual relation that are peculiar to a specific project
• Duration of the project
• Owner’s procured materials
• Specific payment days
• Items included are of two types
• Modifications of the articles of the general conditions
• Additional articles that are legally binding
Specification and Drawings
• The Drawings and Specifications are complementary to each other. Drawings are
graphic means of showing work to be done. They are particularly suited to showing
where materials are located. Thus, drawings exist essentially to show dimension,
location and placement. Not all works, however, can be presented in the drawings.
Generalized works are usually statement form and hence, the contractor is required to
read the specifications carefully.
Specifications, on the other hand, are used to describe the materials, construction
techniques, samples, shop drawings, guarantees and other contract requirements.
Together, the drawings and the specifications are used to inform the contractor. In cases
where the specified brand carries with it the manufacturer’s specifications, the
manufacturer’s specifications shall hold precedence over these specifications

Addenda
• A document illustrating any changes, additions, omissions, corrections, and
contract conditions that arise before bidding is finalized.
• It becomes part of the contract documents.
• It is a binding document.

Biding Process and Requirements

What is the biding process in construction?

Construction bidding is the process of submitting a tender by the contractor to the client as a proposal
to conduct or manage a particular construction project. The bidding process is an incredibly important
part of a construction project. This enables firms and companies to hire contractors.

The basic construction bidding process involves:

1. The client or general contractors send bid invitations to the contractors or the subcontractors.

2. The contractors or the subcontractors receive the invitation that includes:

• Scope of Work

• Time of Completion

• Penalty

• Pre-Qualification Details

3. Contractors or Sub-Contractors download the tender document and review the project based on
their respective cost codes.
4. Contractors or S+ub-Contractors submit their bid to the client or general contractor.

5.The general contractor or client awards the bid to the subcontractors with a most competitive bid
and it is converted into a commitment.

Decisions in Construction Bidding Process

The three major decisions in the construction bidding process are:

• The Project Delivery Method

• The Procurement Method

• The Contract Model

General construction is an umbrella term used to describe a variety of construction projects or

jobs. This includes designs, builds, renovations, and remodels. General construction can also be
broken down into residential, state, federal, and commercial construction. Residential construction is
comprised of single and multi-family homes. State and federal construction encompasses building on
state or federally-owned land.

The Project Delivery Method

There are four traditional project delivery methods. They are:

• Design-Bid-Build or Design Tender

• Construction Management at Risk

• Design-Build D-B

• Integrated Project Delivery (IPD)

The four major project delivery systems mentioned above share the common goal of helping
the owners built new structures on time and on budget. These methods also ensure quality
and performance requirements.

Design-Bid-Build or Design Tender

This is the traditional method and is commonly employed for the construction of non-
residential buildings, mainly under government projects. In a DBB method, the owner hires a
designer or an architect independently. This is performed by the contractor who is managing
the construction. Once the design is completed by the architect, bids are solicited from the
contractor by the owner so that the designs can be executed.

The bid covers:

• Total cost of the building structure

• Money for the subcontractors

• General contractor’s costs

• Overhead costs
 • Profit

Important advantages of DBB are:

• The Owner has a great control over the design and construction

• A high ease of implementation

• The cost of construction is easily determined as the architect provides a design before
awarding the contract

Disadvantages of DBB are:

• The Owner must have substantial expertise in the work

• Availability of resources

• High responsibility for project execution

• Manage increasing costs due to the design errors

Construction Management at Risk (CMAR Method)

• The CMAR method is an alternative to the DBB method that helps in reducing the costs. In this
method, design and construction are handled by different firms. Here the construction
manager is involved in the project from the start of project, even before the design of the
project. The CM can even help in choosing the architect for the project. Once this step is done,
the project is moved forward by the CM and the architect. They work together during the
design phase.

This method is mainly employed for complex projects. The CM is chosen by the owner on the basis of
his or her experience and qualifications and not on the basis of the lowest price criterion. The bid of
CM to the owner is a guaranteed maximum price (GMP). This cost represents the:

• Pre-construction service

• Actual construction

• The Fee of Construction manager

• Possible Contingencies

After the completion of the design, the construction manager solicits the bids from the
contractors. If by chance, the actual costs exceeds the GMP , the risk is on the CM. And this
burden won’t be taken by the owner. If the project is built below GMP, the savings received
by the owner may be shared with the CM as per the agreement made between them.

Design-Build D-B

In DB Method, the owner provides the contract to a single entity that can handle both the
design and construction. Here, one price covers both the phases of construction. This entity is
called a design-builder or design-build contractor. In DB, the design-builders is accountable to
the owner for all aspects of the project.
Integrated Project Delivery (IPD)

The IPD method is also called an Integrated team method. This is one of the newly developed projects
delivery methods. This method employs, owner, architect and contractor as a team, and the risk is
shared equally.

Construction Procurement Methods

After the selection of the project delivery method, the next step is to bother about the procurement
method through which the construction services are obtained. Construction procurement is generally
classified into :

• Best Value Method (BVS)

• Negotiated method

• Sole Source or Direct Select

• Low Bid

Best Value Source Method (BVS)

In this method, the buyers and the contractors are awarded the contract based on price and
performance. These records taken into consideration are past performance, robust management
approach, qualifications of the staff and other specific factors.

Negotiated Tendering

In this method, the contactors are selected without any form of advertising or competitive bidding. A
potential builder is chosen and negotiated with reference to the price and the technical requirements.
The contractor who makes a favorable proposal is taken into consideration by the government. This
proposal is not opened publicly.

Sole Source or Direct select

In this procurement method, a single source procurement method. This is a non-competitive method
that only uses a single provider who can fulfill all the requirements of the project.

Low Bid or Lowest Bid

Competitive bidding with the lowest bidder is the principle behind the low bid procurement method.
This is one of the traditional procurement methods. Government and public construction entities are
built as per this procurement method

Contract Model

The contract format that is presented in the construction bidding process must be carefully
developed. The owner is supposed to suggest the type of contract he is willing to make. The type of
contract developed determines how cost and the profit are covered. Top used contract types are:

• Cost Plus Fee Contract

 • GMP Contract

• Time and Material Contract

• Fixed Price Contract

• Lease Leaseback

COST PLUS CONTRACT

The contractor is paid based on the actual cost of the project including direct and indirect costs plus
specific fee. This fee could be a fixed fee or percentage of costs.

All risks are assigned to the owner and he gets involved with the contractor in the management of the
project. The contractor has no risk in case of increasing the cost of the project, also there isn’t any
incentive for early finish.

GMT CONTRACT

Or Guaranteed maximum price is a cost type contract also known as an open-book contract , where
the contractor is compensated for actual costs incurred plus a fixed fee subject to a ceiling price. The
contractor is responsible for cost overruns, unless the GMP has been increased via formal change
order(only as a result of additional scope from the client, not price overruns, errors, or
omissions).Savings resulting from cost underruns are returned to the owner.

Time and Material Contract

or (T&M)

An arrangement under which a contractor is paid on the basis of:

1. Actual cost of direct labor, usually at specified hourly rates.

2. Actual cost of materials and equipment usage, and

3. Agreed upon fixed add-on to cover the contractor’s overheads and profit.

Fixed Price Contract

Is a type of contract where the payment amount does not depend on resources used or time
expended. This is opposed to a cost plus contract, which is intended to cover the costs with additional
profit made.

Lease leaseback

-gives the district the means to run their projects the right way. The contractor is part of the project
team. The contractors knowledge is used to design a project that meets the needs of the client, meets
the project budget, uses appropriate materials that require minimal maintenance and provide
maximum durability, and meets the client completion time goals.