Cell It refers to the dynamic entity that forms the fundamental unit of life

Metabolism It refers to the characteristic of all living things which involves the chemical
transformation of nutrients.

4.6 billion years How old is the earth?

Biotechnology The field of molecular biology that involves manipulation of cellular genomes.

LUCA (last universal It refers to the common ancestral cell for which all cells are descended
common ancestor)

False (True or False) The activities of microbial communities do not affect the
chemical and physical properties of their habitats.

Evolution It refers to the process of change over time that results in new varieties and
species of organisms.

Robert Hooke The first to describe microbes.

False (small) (True or False) “The role of the infinitely large in nature is infinitely large”

Cytoplasmic The barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment?
membrane

3.8-3.9 billion yrs ago The appearance of the first cell on earth

Louis Pasteur Disproved theory of spontaneous generation and led to the development of
methods for controlling the growth of microorganisms (aseptic technique).

Enzyme It refers to protein catalysts of the cell that accelerate chemical reactions.

Bacterial genetics It refers to the study of heredity and variation in bacteria.

Robert Koch Developed techniques (solid media) for obtaining pure cultures of microbes

Thermoacidophile Organisms that grow in moderately high temperatures and low-pH environments

Extremophiles Habitats of this group of organisms include boiling hot springs, glaciers,
extremely salty bodies of water, and high-pH environments.

Methanogens The Archaebacteria that degrade organic matter anaerobically, produce methane
(natural gas).
Scanning Electron The microscopy in which the specimen is coated with a thin film of heavy metal
Microscopy (SEM)

Lichens A mutualistic relationship between two groups of protists (fungi and

cyanobacteria or fungi and algae).

Phototrophs Organisms that contain pigments that allow them to use light as an energy
source.

Chlamydia Group of bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites.

Algae It refers to plant-like protists.

Chemoorganotrophs The organisms that obtain energy from the oxidation of organic molecules.

Plasmids The extra-chromosomal DNA of prokaryotes that confer special properties

(antibiotic resistance).

Resolution The ability to distinguish two adjacent objects as separate and distinct.

Heterotrophs Organisms that require one or more organic molecules for their carbon source.

Dye/Stain It refers to organic compounds that bind to specific cellular materials and
improves contrast of the specimen.

Methanogens Type of archaebacteria that degrades organic matter anaerobically, produce

methane (natural gas)

Deinococcus Group of bacteria that are extremely resistant to radioactivity.

Cytoplasmic It refers to the highly selective permeable barrier; enables concentration of

membrane specific metabolites and excretion of waste products.

10% The total cell wall percentage contents of peptidoglycans in gram negative
bacteria.

Porins The channels in membrane, for movement of hydrophilic low-molecular weight

substances.

Pseudomurein Refers to the main component of cell wall in Archaea made of polysaccharide
similar to peptidoglycan.

Periplasm Refers to the space located between cytoplasmic and outer membranes.
 Fimbriae Refers to the filamentous protein structures and enable organisms to stick to
surfaces or form pellicles.

Hopanoids Refers to the membrane-strengthening agents present in membranes of many

bacteria.

Aerotaxis Refers to the directed movement of microbes in response to oxygen.

Taxis Refers to any directed movement in response to chemical or physical gradients

Conjugation pilus The type of pilus that facilitate genetic exchange between cells.

Hydrotaxis The directed movement of bacteria in response to water.

Peptidoglycan The rigid layer that provides strength to cell wall.

Antiporters The system that transport a molecule across the membrane while simultaneously
transporting another molecule in the opposite direction.

Endospores Refers to the highly differentiated cells resistant to heat, harsh chemicals, and
radiation, “dormant” stage of bacterial life cycle

Simple Transport The transport system driven by the energy in the proton motive force.

Flagella The structure that assist bacteria in motility and swimming.

Uniporters Refers to transport system that transport molecules in one direction across the
membrane on the cell.

Endotoxin The toxic component of LPS in gram negative bacteria

Capsules and Slime The structures that assist bacteria in attachment to surfaces and protect against
Layers phagocytosis.

Gas Vesicles Refers to the spindle-shaped, gas-filled structures made of protein and confer
buoyancy in planktonic cells.

Quiz 4 and 5

1. A total of 38 ATPs are being produced after breakdown of 1 glucose molecule for the aerobic
prokaryotes.
2. A metabolic pathway is a sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell

3. Catabolism is the energy-releasing processes.

4. A total of 2 ATPs are produced in the breakdown of one glucose molecule for anaerobic
prokaryotic bacteria.

5. The collision theory states that chemical reactions can occur when atoms ions, and molecules
collide.

6. Energy released from the transfer of electrons (oxidation) of one compound to another
(reduction) is used to generate ATP by chemiosmosis.

7. The following are important Coenzymes, except: (NAD+, NADP+ , Coenzyme B ,FAD)

8. The competitive inhibitors bind to the binding site in the enzyme thus preventing the formation
of enzyme-substrate complex.

9. The enzyme lyase acts in the removal of atoms without hydrolysis during metabolism.

10. Reaction rate can be increased by enzymes or by increasing temperature or pressure.

11. The enzyme transferase participates in the transfer of functional groups during metabolism.

12. In biological systems, the electrons are often associated with hydrogen atoms.

13. In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is not O 2. False

14. Enzymes can be denatured by temperature and pH.

15. Substrate-level phosphorylation is the transfer of a high-energy PO4- to ADP.

16. Redox reaction is an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction

17. The enzyme isomerase participates in the rearrangement of atoms during the Krebs cycle.

18. The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid produces ATP and NADH.

19. Which of the following is an example of competitive inhibitors as active ingredient of certain
antibiotic. (Sulfide, Sulfanilamide, Hydrogen sulfide, Sulfuric acid)

20. Noncompetitive inhibitors bind to the allosteric site causing alteration of the active site

21. The right medium to culture Bacillus megaterium. Sucrose-salts

22. What is the generation of a certain bacterial cell if the initial population is 250 and increases to
37,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 after 8.5 hours? 8 mins

23. The lag phase refers to the interval between when a culture is inoculated and when growth begins

24. The rate of exponential growth of a bacterial culture is expressed as generation time.

25. The right culture medium to culture Treponema pallidum. Rabbit testes

26. The bactoprenol refers to carrier molecule that plays major role in insertion of peptidoglycan
precursors.

27. The FtsZ proteins forms ring around the center of the prokaryotic cell and related to tubulin.

28. Population growth of bacteria in culture is limited by the following factors, except: time required
for synthesis of new (inducible) enzymes that are necessary to metabolize the substrates present
in the medium.

29. In which phase would you expect to observe the most endospores in a Bacillus cell culture?
Death phase

30. If incubation continues after the population reaches stationary phase, a death phase follows, in
which the viable cell population declines.

31. The usual generation time of Streptococcus lactis is 48 minutes when cultured in lactose broth
medium.

32. During cell division, each daughter cell receives a chromosome and sufficient copies of all other
cell constituents to exist as an independent cell. True

33. The length of the lag phase is apparently dependent on a wide variety of factors, except: size of
bacterial cell.

34. The wall band forms the junction between new and old peptidoglycan.

35. If the generation time of a certain bacterial cell is 0.5 hour, what is the initial population of the
bacterial cells if the final population is 1,600,000 cells after 3.5 hours. 12, 500 cells