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CANDIDATE NAME

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SINGAPORE in collaboration with

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE LOCAL EXAMINATIONS SYNDICATE General Certificate of
Education Ordinary Level

CENTRE NUMBER

Is I I I I I

INDEX NUMBER

I I I I I

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, index number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in
dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue
or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
Section A
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
Section B
Answer all three questions, the last question is in the form either/or. Answer all questions in
the spaces provided.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ) at the end of each question or part question. A
copy of the Periodic Table is printed on page 24.
The use of an approved scientific calculator is expected, where appropriate.
CHEMISTRY
Paper2
Candidates answer on the Question Paper, ,,
No Additional Materials are required.

6092/02
October/November 2019 1 hour 45 minutes

This document consists of 21 printed pages and 3 blank pages. ~

~ Singapore ExamlnaUons and AaseHment Board
© UCLES & MOE 2019 DC (SC/TP) 165035/6
L

CAMBRIDGE
International Examinations
[Turn over
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A 1 The diagrams can be used to represent the structures of some organic compounds.
Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided.
The total mark for this section is 50.
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2 Section A

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11 11
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H N-0-NH
2 2
(H H\
I I
+--C-C-
I I
\H H )n

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5
z
8

·················································· ······················ .. [1]

Use the letters A, B, C, D, E, F and G to answer the questions. Each letter may be used once,
more than once or not at all.
(a) Which diagrams show the structure of an addition polymer?
z
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(b)
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(e)
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Which compounds are formed in condensation reactions?

···················--···-- .. ··············•"·······················•·"··"·""·"··· · [1]
Which compound can be used in reactions to form both polyamides and polyesters?
··········································································· [1]
Which structure represents the repeating unit of a macromolecule used to make clingfilm?
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
Which structure represents the polymer which is most commonly used to make fishing line?
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 5]

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A2 Some elements have many isotopes.
Table 2.1 shows information about three isotopes of element X.

Table 2.1
element X
Isotope 1 2 3
number of protons 16 16 16
number of neutrons 13 14 15
number of electrons 16 16 16
number of electrons In outer shell 6 6 6
(a) Use data from the table to show that 1, 2, and 3 are isotopes of the same element.

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 ········ , , ,.............. .. .. [2]
(b) Explain how the data suggests that the three isotopes have the same chemical
reactions .
. .. . . . .. .. . . . .. . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . .
.. . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ' '... .. .. [1]

z
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z
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(c) Element Y and element Z also have isotopes.

Table 2.2 shows information about an isotope of element Y and an isotope of element Z.
Table 2.2
* 0011284166405 *
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5
Isotope of element Y Isotope of element Z

■
(I) Use the information in Table 2.1 and Table 2.2 to identify the elements X, Y and Z.
X ..
y ..
z ..
number of protons number of neutrons number of electrons
number of electrons In outer shell

8786

30 34 30
2

(II) Suggest the trend in the melting points of elements X, V and Z. lowest melting point
highest melting point Explain your reasoning.
(Iii) Which of the elements X, V or Z reacts with acids to make salts?
Explain your reasoning .

[1]
[3]

..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]
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6
■
A3 Some metal ores contain gold mixed with impurities which include compounds of lead.
The lead compounds can be removed from the gold by reacting the ore with dilute nitric
acid. (a) Explain why lead reacts with nitric acid but gold does not.
...... , , , ······· ··············· , , , ······ ,. (2]
(b) Dilute hydrochloric acid or dilute sulfuric acid cannot be used to remove compounds of
lead.
Explain why dilute nitric acid can be used to remove compounds of lead but these acids
cannot be used.
··········· .. ············· , , (2]
(c) Different metal ores may also contain impurities of compounds of lead, zinc or
aluminium.
The reaction of a sample of ore with nitric acid results in the formation of a solution
containing one of these metal ions .
(i) Explain why aqueous ammonia can be used to identify only one of the ions in solution.
... ················· , , , , ······ (2]
(II) Describe another test and result that can be used to distinguish between the other
two ions.

.......................................... '.......................................................................................... (1]

(Ill) Describe how you would carry out a test to show the presence of nitrate ions
in a solution. i
Include the observations you would expect.
.. , , , , (3]
[Total: 10]
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!!? A4 The diagram shows an experiment to investigate the rate of diffusion of gases
(experiment A).
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cotton wool
soaked in white ring of solid cotton wool
concentrated ammonium chloride soaked in
ammonia forms after a few concentrated
solution minutes hydrochloric acid
~~] \1 ~
(a) Write an equation, with state symbols, to show the formation of solid ammonium
chloride.
[2]

(b) A student measures the distance travelled by each gas from the cotton wool to the white
ring.
The results are shown in the table.
distance travelled/ cm
NH3 HCl
60 40
(I) Complete the table by filling in the Mr for each gas. (II) The student makes this
conclusion:
[1]

'The rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to the relative molecular mass of each gas.'
Do the measurements obtained in the experiment support this conclusion?
Explain your reasoning .
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

{c) The experiment is repeated at a lower temperature (experiment B).

Suggest one similarity and one difference between the observations made in experiment A
and experiment B.
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............................................................................................................................................. [2]
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AS Some elements burn in air to form oxides.

In an experiment, burning sodium was held in a flask containing a solution of red litmus
indicator. At the end of the experiment, the product of the reaction dissolves in the
solution.

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burning sodium

In a second experiment, the reaction was repeated using burning sulfur instead of sodium.
(a) State and explain what you would expect to see happen to the indicator in each
experiment.
experiment using sodium .

experiment using sulfur .

[3]

(b) Sodium oxide, Na~p, forms during the first experiment.

Draw a 'dot-and-cross' diagram to show the arrangement of outer shell electrons in the ions
in sodium oxide.
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(c) The mass of the sodium at the start of the first experiment was 0.50g. (I) Calculate the
theoretical yield of sodium oxide, Na20.

(II) The table shows the mass of the flask and indicator before and after the experiment.

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g (ill)

mass of flask and Indicator at start/g

mass of flask and contents at end/g
Calculate the percentage yield of sodium oxide.
Suggest a reason why the percentage yield is not 100%.

94.50
94.82

[2]
[2]

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 10]

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AS Underground steel pipes are used to transport crude oil over long distances.
The pipes rust easily because they contain iron and are surrounded by water in the soil.
Blocks of magnesium are attached to pipes to prevent rusting.

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10

wire
I

water in the soil

steel pipe

Mg

(a) Explain how the magnesium protects the pipe from rusting .
Include an ionic half-equation to show what happens to magnesium in your answer.

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Oil and paint can also be used to prevent rusting. (I) Explain how oil and paint prevent
rusting .

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(II) Suggest a reason why oil and paint are not suitable for use on underground pipes.
 . .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .
. .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . [1]
[Total: 5]

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11
■
!!2 A7 Two metal electrodes and an electrolyte can be used to produce electrical
energy.
~
voltmeter

metal 1
metal 2
electrolyte ---
_,
The table shows the voltage produced by some cells when different metals are used.

metal 1 metal 2 voltage/V

copper zinc 1.10
copper nickel 0.60
silver zinc 1.56
silver nickel 1.06
silver iron 1.25
(a) Explain why different combinations of metals produce different voltages .
............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Suggest the voltages that will be produced when the following metals are used.
metal 1
metal 2
predicted voltage/V
copper silver
iron
magnesium
[2] [Total: 4]

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* 0011284166412 *
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12 Section B
■
Answer all three questions in this section.
The last question is in the form of an either/or and only one of the alternatives should be
attempted.
88 Compounds In bleach

Bleaches are used to remove colour and to sterilise areas where hygiene is important. They
are used in industry to bleach wood pulp for making paper and flour for making bread. They
are often used to sterilise areas such as bathrooms because they react with and break down
organic molecules.
Manufacturing and using hypochlorlte bleaches

The most common compound used to make hypochlorite bleach is sodium hypochlorite,
which is also known as sodium chlorate{!), Na0Cl. The numeral in the name refers to the
oxidation state of the chlorine in the compound. Pure sodium chlorate{!) is a very unstable
solid at room temperature.

Sodium chlorate{!) is an oxidising bleach which is used to clean toilets and to kill bacteria in
swimming pools. Human waste often contains ammonia. Sodium chlorate{!) reacts with
ammonia by substituting a hydrogen atom with chlorine to form chloramine.

Na0Cl
➔
NH2Cl chloramlne
+
Na0H
Chloramine reacts with sodium chlorate{!), then the product formed reacts further with
sodium chlorate(!) to form nitrogen trichloride. Compounds of nitrogen with chlorine are
irritating and toxic to people.
Other chlorlne based bleaches

Sodium chlorate(!) is not the only hypochlorite bleach. All hypochlorite bleaches contain the
chlorate{!) oxyanion. The oxyanion contains a covalent bond between the oxygen and
chlorine atoms. Both atoms in the ion have a stable octet electron arrangement because the
ion also has an overall negative charge.
[Cl-0J-
chlorate(I) oxyanlon

Calcium hypochlorite, which is also known as calcium chlorate{!), has two main advantages.
Firstly, it is a stable solid, so can be used to make powdered bleaching products for cleaning.
Secondly, the percentage by mass of chlorate{!) ions in calcium chlorate{!) is greater than
the percentage by mass of chlorate{!) ions in sodium chlorate{!).
A different type of oxidising bleach

Hydrogen peroxide, H202, is another compound which is used to make bleaches. It oxidises
and breaks down compounds and produces water. Hydrogen peroxide is used to bleach hair
and to sterilise wounds.
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Hydrogen peroxide is an unusual compound because the oxidation state of oxygen in the
compound is -1.
H-O-O-H structure of hydrogen peroxide
Sodium peroxide and calcium peroxide are also used as bleaches and disinfectants. (a)
Suggest reasons why the chlorate(!) ion is referred to as an 'oxyanion'.
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13

■
·················"•······"························"··"························································"····"·'"····--········· [1]
(b) (I) Write an equation for each of the two reactions which lead to the formation of
nitrogen trichloride from chloramine.
[1]

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i:
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u
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)
!:
~

Deduce the oxidation states of nitrogen in each compound in these equations and hence
show that sodium chlorate{!) acts as an oxidising agent.

..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) Draw a 'dot-and-cross' diagram to show the arrangement of outer shell electrons in a
chlorate(I) oxyanion.
[2]

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14

(d) Show by calculation that the percentage by mass of chlorate(!) ions in calcium chlorate(!)
is greater than the percentage by mass of chlorate(!) ions in sodium chlorate{!).
[3]
(e) Deduce the formula for calcium peroxide.
[1l
(f) Give a reason why hypochlorite bleaches can cause people to have adverse
reactions but hydrogen peroxide bleaches are less likely to do so .
............................................................................................................................................. (1)
[Total: 12]

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• 0011284166416 *
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16
■
89 Palladium is a very expensive metal which is used in catalytic converters.
In the converter, palladium catalyses the reaction of oxygen molecules with carbon
monoxide molecules to form carbon dioxide.
The molecules become attached to the catalyst surface. This is called adsorption.
On the catalyst surface, some bonds break and atoms are brought close together so that
new bonds form.
The diagram shows the stages in the reaction.
The state symbol (ads) means an adsorbed atom or molecule.
reactants
stage 1
oxygen atoms
c!:o CD
carbon atoms
c!:o ~palladium catalyst surface
CD n n CD
20(ads)
stage 2 mnnm CO{g) ) CO{ads)
•
stage 3 o:n rx-n O{ads) + CO(ads) ) C02{ads)
CXX) • CXX)
stage 4 C02{ads) ) COig).
(a) Complete the description for what happens during each stage.
stage 1: Oxygen gas molecules adsorb onto the surface of the catalyst, where oxygen bonds
break to form oxygen atoms.
stage 2: ..

stage 3: ..
stage 4: .
[3]
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■
3 17
~
!2 (b) The reaction between oxygen and carbon monoxide is an exothermic reaction.

C
-
~ Complete and label the energy profile diagrams to show the effect of the catalyst on
the
u
- energy changes in the reaction between oxygen and carbon monoxide.
i::
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f
s
energy energy
~
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.,
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-
..
;
.
-
2
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progress of reaction progress of reaction
reaction without catalyst reaction with catalyst
[3]
(c) Without the catalyst, the reaction between oxygen and carbon monoxide is very
slow.
Explain, in terms of collisions and energy, why using a palladium catalyst increases the rate
of this reaction .
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 8]

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810 The oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid happens in two stages.

The diagrams show the organic product that forms at the end of each stage. The [OJ
represents an oxygen atom from an oxidising agent.
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EITHER

18

H H H H
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H-C-C-0-H H-C-C H-C-C
I I stage 1 I "H stage 2 I "o-H
H H H H
ethanol ethanal ethanolc acid
(a) Name two substances that can oxidise ethanol to ethanoic acid.
................................................................... and [2]
(b) (I) Ethanol and ethanoic acid are each the second member of a different homologous
series.

Complete the table to show the name and formula of the third member of each series.
name of series
name of third member

alcohols

carboxyllc acids
displayed formula of third member
(II) Ethanal is the second member of the aldehydes homologous series.
Deduce the displayed formula of the first member of this series.

[2J

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• 0011284166419 *
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19
■
(c) Ethanoic acid is manufactured in a process which reacts methanol with carbon
monoxide.
The equations show the stages in the process.
➔CH3I + H2O
➔CH3COI

(i) Write an overall equation for the process.

(1]
(II) Identify the catalyst in the process.
Explain your answer.
~
3
i (d)
I)
E
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u
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►
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..................................................................................................................................... [2]
The equation below shows an unwanted reaction that happens during the process.

(I) What effect will this reaction have on the yield of ethanoic acid?
Explain your reasoning .
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest how one of the products of this unwanted reaction could be used .
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 10]
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81 O The diagrams show the structures of three isomers.

HHH
I I I o
H-C-C-C- //
I I I c,
H H H 0-H

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OR
HI
H H-C-H
I I //o
H-C-C-C
I I "o-H
H H
Isomer 2

20
isomer 1
 HH0 H
I I 11 I
H-C-C-C-0-C-H
I I I
HH H
Isomer 3

(a) The pH of each isomer is tested with Universal Indicator.

One of the isomers is neutral.
Describe and explain the results you would expect when the pH of each isomer is tested
with Universal Indicator.
·········································--·······--·································--· [3]
(b) Isomer 3 can be made by reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol.
Draw the displayed formulae and give the names of the carboxylic acid and the alcohol that
react to form isomer 3.

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(c) Another compound, R, is from the same homologous series as isomer 1.

Compound R contains 62.1 % carbon and 10.3% hydrogen by mass. (I) Deduce the emplrlcal
formula of compound R.
Show your working.
* 0011284166421 *
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21

[3J
(II) Deduce the molecular formula for compound R.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 10]

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