CONTENTS

1. CERTIFICATE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. BIOMOLECULES
4. TYPES OF BIOMOLECULES
4.1 MICROMOLECULES
4.1.1. AMINO ACID
4.1.2. SUGAR
4.1.3. NUCLEOTIDES
4.2. MACROMOLECULES
4.2.1. POLYSACCARIDES
4.2.2. NUCLEIC ACID
PROPROTEI
4.2.3. PRO
5.THE LIVING STATE
 CERTIFICATES
THIS IS TO CERTIFY
master Rahul ahirwar
A STUDENT OF CLASS XIi SCIENCE
HAS SUCCESFULLY COMPLETED
THE RESEARCH PROJECT ON THE
TOPIC BIOMOLECULES UNDER THE
GUIDANCE OF mr sharukh khan
DURING THE ACADEMIC YEAR
2019-2020.

PRINCIPAL teacher EXTERNAL sir

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.
I WANT TO EXPRESS MY SINCERE
THANKS TO MY RESPECTED
PRINCIPAL from. Melwin D’souza
AND CHEMISTRY TEACHER Mr.
Sharukh Khan FOR GIVING ME A
CHANCE TO RESEARCH ON THE TOPIC
BIOMOLECULES AND IT HAS BEEN MY
PLEASURE DOING SO. THIS HAS ADDED
MANY POINTS TO MY KNOWLEDGE
ABOUT CHEMISTRY AND ITS
PRACTICAL APPLICATION. I ALSO
THANK THEM FOR THEIR SUPPORT
AND VALUABLE GUIDANCE WHICH
HAS SEEEMED GREAT CONTRIBUTION
IN COMPLETION OF MY RESEARCH
WORK AS A PROJECT.
A biomolecule or biological molecule is a loosely
used term for molecules or more commonly ions that
are present in organisms. Biomolecules including
large macromolecules (or polyanions) such
as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, as
well as small molecules such as
primary metabolites, secondary metabolites,
and natural products.

Biology and its subsets of biochemistry and molecular

biology study biomolecules and their reactions. Most
biomolecules are organic compounds, and just
four elements—oxygen, carbon, hydrogen,
and nitrogen—make up 96% of the human body's
mass. But many other elements, such as the
various biometals, are present in small amounts.
TYPES OF BIOMOLECULES
MICRO MOLECULES
BIOMOLECULES
MACROMOLECULES
M < 1000 MICROMOLECULE
AMONIO ACID
SUGARS
LIPIDS
NUCLEOTIDES
M>1000 MACROMOLECULE
POLYSACCARIDES
NUCLEIC ACID
PROTEINS
MICROMOLECULE

Amino acid contains both amino and carboxylic

acid functional groups. (In biochemistry, the term
amino acid is used when referring to those amino acids
in which the amino and carboxylate functionalities are
attached to the same carbon, plus proline which is not
actually an amino acid).
Modified amino acids are sometimes observed in
proteins; this is usually the result of enzymatic
modification after translation (protein synthesis). For
example, phosphorylation of serine by kinases and
dephosphorylation by phosphatases is an important
control mechanism in the cell cycle. Only two amino
acids other than the standard twenty are known to be
incorporated into proteins during translation, in
certain organisms:

MONOSHACCARIDES:
Simplest sugar, which cannot ne hydrolysed
further into smaller sugars
• Composed of 3-7 C atoms:
• Triose (3C)
• Tetrose (4C)
• Pentose (5C)
• Hexose (6C)
• Heptose (7C)

GLUCOSE:

GLACTOSE:
Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as
the monomer units for forming the nucleic
acid polymers deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
and ribonucleic acid(RNA), both of which are
essential biomolecules in all life-forms on Earth.
Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids;
they are composed of three subunit molecules:
a nitrogenous base a five-carbon
sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and at least
one phosphate group. They are also known
as phosphate nucleotides.
A nucleoside is a nitrogenous base and a 5-carbon
sugar. Thus a nucleoside plus a phosphate group yields
a nucleotide.
Nucleotides also play a central role in life-form
metabolism at the fundamental, cellular level. They
carry packets of chemical energy—in the form of
the nucleoside
triphosphates ATP, GTP, CTP and UTP—throughout
the cell to the many cellular functions that demand
energy, which include synthesizing amino
acids, proteins and cell membranes and parts; moving
the cell and moving cell parts, both internally and
intracellularly; dividing the cell.

Purine + pyridimine monomers

 Higher nucleotides store
energy in their higher energy P bond
Nicotinamide + riboplavin coenzymes
Coenzymes: non protein organic moiety of
holoenzymes

MACROMOLECULE
Polysaccharides are polymerized monosaccharides, or
complex carbohydrates. They have multiple simple
sugars. Examples are starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
They are generally large and often have a complex
branched connectivity. Because of their size,
polysaccharides are not water-soluble, but their many
hydroxy groups become hydrated individually when
exposed to water, and some polysaccharides form
thick colloidal dispersions when heated in
water. Shorter polysaccharides, with 3 - 10 monomers,
are called oligosaccharides. A fluorescent indicator-
displacement molecular imprinting sensor was
developed for discriminating saccharides. It successfully
discriminated three brands of orange juice
beverage. The change in fluorescence intensity of the
sensing films resulting is directly related to the
saccharide concentration.

Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or large biomolecules,

essential to all known forms of life. They are composed
of monomers, which are nucleotides made of three
components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group
and a nitrogenous base. If the sugar is a simple ribose,
the polymer is RNA (ribonucleic acid); if the sugar is
derived from ribose as deoxyribose, the polymer
is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Nucleic acids are the most important of all
biomolecules. They are found in abundance in all
living things, where they function to create and
encode and then store information in the nucleus of
every living cell of every life-form organism on Earth.
In turn, they function to transmit and express that
information inside and outside the cell nucleus—to the
interior operations of the cell and ultimately to the
next generation of each living organism. The encoded
information is contained and conveyed via the nucleic
acid sequence, which provides the 'ladder-step'
ordering of nucleotides within the molecules of RNA
and DNA.

DNA structure is dominated by the well-

known double helix formed by Watson-Crick base-
pairing of C with G and A with T. This is known as B-
form DNA, and is overwhelmingly the most
favourable and common state of DNA; its highly
specific and stable base-pairing is the basis of reliable
genetic information storage. DNA can sometimes
occur as single strands (often needing to be stabilized
by single-strand binding proteins) or as A-form or Z-
form helices, and occasionally in more complex 3D
structures such as the crossover at Holliday
junctions during DNA replication.
Stereo 3D image of a group I intron ribozyme gray
lines show base pairs; ribbon arrows show double-helix
regions, blue to red from 5' to 3' end; white ribbon is
an RNA product.
RNA, in contrast, forms large and complex 3D tertiary
structures reminiscent of proteins, as well as the loose
single strands with locally folded regions that
constitute messenger RNA molecules. Those RNA
structures contain many stretches of A-form double
helix, connected into definite 3D arrangements by
single-stranded loops, bulges, and junctions. Examples
are RNA, ribosomes, ribozymes, and riboswitches.
These complex structures are facilitated by the fact
that RNA backbone has less local flexibility than DNA
but a large set of distinct conformations, apparently
because of both positive and negative interactions of
the extra OH on the ribose. Structured RNA molecules
can do highly specific binding of other molecules and
can themselves be recognized specifically; in addition,
they can perform enzymatic catalysis (when they are
known as "ribozymes", as initially discovered by Tom
Cech and colleagues.
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules,
consisting of one or more long chains of amino
acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of
functions within organisms, including catalysing
metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to
stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location
to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily
in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by
the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which
usually results in protein folding into a specific three-
dimensional structure that determines its activit

When two or more polypeptide chains (either of

identical or of different sequence) cluster to form a
protein, quaternary structure of protein is formed.
Quaternary structure is an attribute
of polymeric (same-sequence chains)
or heteromeric (different-sequence chains) proteins
like haemoglobin, which consists of two "alpha" and
two "beta" polypeptide chains.
Thousands of chemical compound in a living organism, otherwise
called metabolites or biomolecules are present at concentration
characteristics of each of them. For example, the blood concentration
of glucose in a normal healthy individual is 4.5-5.0 mm while that
hormone would be nanograms/ml

The most important fact of biological system is that all living organism
exist in a steady-stale characterised by concentration of each of these
molecule

These biomolecules are in metabolic flux

Any chemical or physical process move simultaneously to equilibrium.

The steady state is non-equilibrium state. one should remember from
the physics that system at equilibrium cannot perform work. As living
organisms work continuously, they cannot afford to each equilibrium.
Hence the living state is the non-equilibrium steady state to be able
to perform work; living process is a constant effort to prevent falling
into equilibrium. This is achieved by energy input.

Metabolism provide a mechanism for the production of the energy.

Hence the living state and metabolism are synonymous. Without
metabolism there cannot be living state

Thank you