Mod 7.8 B1

THAKUR INSTITUTE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY
Module 7.8: Riveting
CAR 66 Level
Objective
Reference B1
Riveting 7.8 2
Riveted joints, rivet spacing and pitch; Tools used for riveting and dimpling;
Inspection of riveted joints.
CATEGORY MODULE REVISION NO. REVISION DATE Page 1 of 66

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Introduction the integrity of the structure.
Provided that the approved repair scheme is followed in every
In the construction of metal airframe structure, the majority of
detail and that drilling and riveting techniques are of a high
permanent joints are made with either rivets or bolts. These hold
standard, the integrity of the structure will not be degraded.
the structural components together, the contact areas being
referred to as “faying surfaces”. To securely attach faying surfaces
together, rivets are cheaper, lighter and more rapidly fastened than
nuts and bolts.
The use of bolts instead of rivets to secure permanent joints is

mainly employed in bolting together skin plating and other highly
stressed structures, such as main plane spar root ends
and attachment points, undercarriage main retraction sections and
built up sections in engine bays and engine mounting pylons.
The extensive use of rivets has enabled the manufacturers to

Fig. no. 7.8.1
standardise rivet design to ensure that, for a given type of metal
airframe structure, the required type and size of rivet is readily
Types of Riveted Joints
available for assembly work. Rivets for repairs are usually
supplied with one head formed and ready to insert into the rivet Lap Joint
hole, the opposite end being formed into a head manually or by Used in places where stress is not particularly high and where
using special tools. Some manufacturing processes involve flush surfaces are not required. Often used in longitudinal aircraft
machine riveting where a headless “slug” rivet has both ends skin joints.
formed simultaneously.
In repair work the size and type of rivets to be used and the
spacing to be employed for a particular repair is specified in an
approved repair scheme for a particular aircraft type. Unless
otherwise stated, the repair should follow the system of riveting
used elsewhere on the aircraft in similar locations. In carrying out
any repair of major structural components, such as
pressurised cabins and integral fuel tanks, the same type of
riveting and a comparable quality of riveted assembly are vital to

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Fig no 7.8.2
Joggled Lap Joint
The under plate is joggled to preserve the continuity of the upper
surface. This provides a flush surface and can be used in radial or
longitudinal skin joints.
Fig no 7.8.3
Butt Joint
Single strap, used on flush surfaces where high stress is
encountered, requiring the use of heavy gauge plate. Can be used
in radial skin joints.

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Fig no 7.8.4 Fig no 7.8.5

Double Strap Butt Joint Flange Joints
Double strap, used in places of very high stress, where strength is Used on internal structural members, such as ribs, frames, etc.
more important than streamlining such as internal structures. where loads are chiefly compression.

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Fig no 7.8.7
Rivet Allowances
When fitting a rivet, sufficient shank must be left protruding
above the plate to take up the clearance and form the head. Failure
to observe this precaution leads to many riveting faults.
Fig no 7.8.6 The allowance for rivet heads are expressed in terms of the
Rivet Clearance diameter of the rivet shank and are dependent on the material
specification of the rivet and gauge of sheet being riveted.
The clearance is the difference between the size of the hole and
the rivet diameter; rivet holes are normally drilled 0.003 in
oversize. Clearance is necessary, particularly with light alloys to
prevent puckering of the sheet owing to the metal spreading when
the rivet head is formed.

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Fig no 7.8.9
To determine the length of rivet to be used add the rivet allowance
to the rivet grip length. Have a trial on scrap metal of the same
thickness and specification.
Fig no 7.8.8
Typical values of allowance are: Strength of Joints
The factors that govern the strength of a joint are:
• Snap Head 1.5D
• Countersunk 0.75D Plate Specification;
• Reaction 1.5D
This will be of such a material and gauge as to successfully
withstand tensile and bearing loads.
Rivet Grip
This is the length of rivet shank taken up by the combined Rivet Specification;
thickness of the sheets being joined. This will be selected to withstand shear loads. In cases where the
specification of the rivet is not given, use a rivet of the same
material as the plate, with a diameter of 2ViT where T is the
thickness of the plate.
Rivet Spacing;
This will be determined to give the joint optimum strength

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characteristics. in pressurised areas this would cause leakage.
Rivet Sphere of Influence
They must not be too near the edge of the sheet as they will tear
The sphere of influence of a rivet is the area in which the closed
through the material when the joint is under load. These
rivet maintains the plates in close proximity and this is
conditions, modified for practical reasons, determine the rivet
approximately five times the diameter of the fastener or 5D. When
spacing and pattern. Typical MINIMUM distances are:
the pitch of rivets is 4D, the sphere of influence of each rivet
overlaps, providing a fluid-tight joint.
Fig no 7.8.11
Pitch- The distance between rivets in a row measured from centre
Fig no 7.8.10
to centre. 3D min.
Rivet Positions Land- The distance between the rivet centre and the edge of the
material. 2D min.
The position of the rivets relative to one another and the edge of
Spacing- The distance between adjacent rows of rivets 3-4D
the sheet material is important. They must not be too close
min.
together as the excessive number of holes will weaken the joint. If
where D = rivet shank diameter.
they are too far apart there would be too few to take the load and

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Pitch Circle Diameter (PCD)
The diameter of a circle which is dictated by the pitch of a number
of rivets of a given size. This is used to determine the diameter of
circular repairs.
Fig no 7.8.13
Multiple Chain
Used on watertight joints and in places of high stress where thick
gauge plate is used.
Fig no 7.8.12
Rivet Layout
Single Chain
Used chiefly on attachment and lightly stressed joints.

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Fig no 7.8.14
Staggered Riveting
Fig no 7.8.15
Used as an alternative to Multiple Chain in watertight joints,
Rivet Selection
circular patches etc.
The rivets to be used for maintenance or repair will be specified
by Part Number in Approved Technical Publications (ATP) such
as the Illustrated Parts Catalogue and Structural Repair
Manual or on the Repair scheme or Service Bulletin.
As a general guide, the strength of the rivets must be similar to

that of the material in which they are used. The size, number and

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spacing of rivets is calculated from the tensile strength and
bearing strength of the sheet material and the shear strength of the
rivets. The rivet diameter should be approximately three times the
thickness of a single sheet of the material being joined,
for example 1/8 inch diameter rivets should normally be used with
20 SWG (0.036 inch) sheet and 5/32 inch diameter rivets with 16
SWG (0.048 inch) sheet, but this may be unsuitable when
the holes are cut countersunk.
Rivet Allowance Fig no 7.8.16

While the rivet Part Number is normally specified it is often the Hole Preparation
responsibility of the installer to select the correct length of rivet.
The size of the rivet holes has a positive bearing on the strength of
When fitting a rivet, the correct length of shank must be left a riveted joint. A clearance must exist between the rivet and the
protruding above the sheet to takeup the clearance and form the hole in which it is fitted to accommodate expansion of the
second head. The allowance for forming the rivet head is shank during forming. If the clearance is too small the rivet's
expressed as so many times D, where D equals the diameter of the protective coating may be scratched when it is installed and the
rivet. The rivet allowance depends on the material of the rivet, the sheets will also tend to buckle. If the clearance is too
type of head being formed and the thickness of the large, the rivet will not fill the hole completely, separation of the
sheet being joined. Typical values are : sheets may occur, the reaction head formed may be under-sized
and the joint will not develop its full strength.
Type of head to be formed Allowance
The recommended hole sizes vary according to the gauge of the
materials being joined and the size, form, length and material of
Snap Head 1.5 D the rivets being used. In general the harder and longer the
Countersunk 0.75 D rivet the smaller the clearance, but close tolerance holes and
Reaction 1.25 -1.5 D
interference fits are sometimes a requirement.
The formed reaction head should be 0.5 D high. If countersinking is required, the thickness of the metal will
dictate the method used. If dimpling is required, keep hammer
blows or dimpling pressures to a minimum so that no undue work-
hardening occurs in the surrounding area.

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Drilling
To make a rivet hole of the correct size, first drill a hole slightly
undersize. This is known as pre-drilling, and the hole is called a Locations for rivet holes should be centre punched before
pilot hole. Open the pilot hole with a twist drill of the correct size beginning the actual drilling. The centre punch mark acts as a
to get the required clearance dimension. Typical pilot and final guide and prevents the drill tip from wandering and damaging the
drill sizes are shown in chart below but you should always refer to surface. It also lets the drill grip or bite into the metal with greater
the Approved Technical Publications (ATPs) for that ease. Make the centre punch mark large enough to prevent the
aircraft type for specific details. Final hole sizes are often drill from slipping out of position, but punch lightly enough not
specified as Letter and Number drills, but as these systems have to dent the surrounding material. Hold a hard, smooth, wooden
largely disappeared metric sizes are used in their place. The backing block securely in position behind the hole locations when
recommended clearance for rivet holes is usually from 0.002 to drilling.
0.004 ins. (0.05 to 0.1 mm).
Drilling is usually done with a hand drill or with a light power
When drilling hard metals the twist drill should have an included drill. Hold the power drill firmly with both hands. Extend the
angle of 118° and should be operated at low speeds; but for soft fingers of one hand against the metal to act as a guide in starting a
metals, use a twist drill with an included angle of 90° hole, and as a snubber or brake when the drill goes through the
operated at higher speeds. Thin sheets of aluminium alloy are material. Before beginning to drill, always test the inserted twist
drilled with greater accuracy by a drill having an included angle of drill for trueness and vibration by spinning the hand drill or
118° because the large angle of the drill has less tendency to running the motor freely and watching the drill end. If the drill
tear or elongate the hole. wobbles, it may be because of burrs on its shank or because the
drill is bent or incorrectly chucked. A drill that wobbles or is
slightly bent must not be used because it causes enlarged holes.

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using a hand drill since the drill speed is slow and there is a
tendency to apply more pressure per drill revolution. All burrs
must be removed with a de-burring tool before riveting. Particular
attention must be paid to the de-burring of hole edges between
plates.
The de-burring process will leave a small chamfer or radius at the

edge of the hole which helps prevent cracking, but should not be
deep enough to affect the strength of the material or the
shape of the formed rivet.
Fig no 7.8.17
Always hold the drill at right angles to the work, regardless of the
position of the hole or the curvature of the material. Use an angle
drill or drill extensions and adapters when access is Fig no 7.8.18
difficult with a straight drill. Never tip the drill sideways when Locating Holes
drilling or when withdrawing from the material because this
causes elongation of the hole. Where repairs are joined to the aircraft structure, existing hole
positions must be transferred to the new material. As far as
When holes are drilled through sheet metal, small burrs are possible this should be done by “back-drilling”, although care
formed around the edge of the hole, particularly on the rear must be taken to ensure the existing hole is not damaged. This
surface where the drill bursts through. This is especially true when may be achieved by using a drill guide or bush which fits securely

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in the existing hole and allows a pilot hole to be transferred to
the new material.
Fig no 7.8.20
Where access to the back of the repair area is restricted, it may be
Fig no 7.8.19 necessary to use a hole finder for laying out fastener patterns from
original structure. Many variations of hole finders have been
devised. The diagram, left, illustrates a suggested hole finder that
is easy to make and easy to use. This type of hole finder requires a
separate finder for each rivet diameter.
Another method is to use a clear acetate sheet onto which the hole
positions are transferred. Holes should be marked onto new
material using a centre punch as the drill may “wander” if the

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acetate is used as a guide.
Cleco Clamps and Pliers

Cleco clamps are used to aliqn parts prior to beina re-riveted to an
aircraft. The clamps are in-
Fig no 7.8.23
Fig no 7.8.21
Fig no 7.8.24
Aerodynamic Smoothness
Aircraft require an aerodynamically clean shape and a smooth
exterior surface for high performance, however, some areas are
more critical than others.
Fig no 7.8.22
The use of countersunk rivets in skin joins and repairs helps

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maintain the smooth surface and reduce drag, but to ensure BACR15CE FLUSH WITHIN FLUSH WITHIN
optimum performance the protrusion or flushness of the rivet TOLERANCE 0.000 TO TOLERANCE 0.000 TO
ALUMINIUM 0.004 0.005
heads is controlled. The diagram illustrates the critical areas of a
large aircraft and shows typical protrusion limits for a two HIGH, EXCEPT 10% HIGH, EXCEPT 10%
RIVET
particular types of solid rivet. The Structural Repair Manual WHICH MAY BE WHICH MAY BE
details the flushness requirements for all the types of fastener used 0.0005 LOW TO 0-007 0.0005 LOW TO 0.007
during manufacture and repair. HIGH HIGH
Countersinking
Installing countersunk rivets leaves the smooth surface which is
essential to satisfy the aerodynamic requirements of modern
aircraft.
Countersunk rivets normally have an included angle of 100°.

Rivets with 82°, 90° and 120°countersunk heads are available to
repair existing aircraft which use these types of countersunk
rivets.
Holes for countersunk-headed rivets must be either “cut” or

"form" countersunk to receive the rivet head, depending on the
thickness of the metal and the diameter of the rivet. Form
countersinking or dimpling can be used on thin material although
thicker sheet will tend to crack, while if a cut countersink is too
deep in relation to the skin thickness, the resultant knife-edge
Fig no 7.8.25 hole is prone to cracking and the strength of the joint is also
FASTENER CRITICAL AREA NON-CRITICAL AREA reduced.
MS20426 SHAVED FLUSH WITHIN FLUSH WITHIN
TOLERANCE TOLERANCE The method to be used will be specified in the aircraft repair
ALUMINIUM 0.000 TO 0,002 HIGH 0,002 TO 0.007 HIGH scheme, but as a general guide, sheet metal 20 SWG (0.036 in.)
and under is dimpled, while sheet metal 18 SWG. (0.048 in.)
RIVET and thicker is cut countersunk.
Before preparing a countersunk or dimpled hole always check the

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head size of the specified fastener as rivets of the same shank
diameter and head angle can have different sized heads
due to tension resistance requirements.
Fig no 7.8.27
Fig no 7.8.26
Cut Countersinking
For single fasteners a simple countersink cutter of the correct
angle may be used in a hand drill, however for large repairs
special countersinking equipment like the Micro-stop tool should
be used for speed and consistency.
As mentioned, aircraft manufacturers usually specify a tolerance

on head protrusion after riveting, and this is usually of the order of
0.000-0.005 inch above the skin surface but will vary.
The rivet head should always be slightly proud of the work before
rivet forming is started.

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Fig no 7.8.28
Tools used for riveting and dimpling. Fig no 7.8.29
Micro-Stop Countersink A pilot pin guides the spinning cutter as it cuts into the material.
The micro-stop countersink tool, fitted with a removable cutter, The pilot pin should be approximately 0.002 inch smaller in
has proved to be the most efficient countersinking tool for diameter than the hole. This allows cutter to spin without
repetitive use with portable equipment. binding. Cutter-pilots, which are smaller than this will allow the
cutter to wobble, and result in lopsided countersink.
The shaft of the tool rotates in a bearing inside an adjustable
locking sleeve and foot piece assembly. The foot piece (or “stop”) Pilot pins may be removable to ease cutter sharpening and allow
threads onto the bearing housing, enabling depth "oversize" pins to be installed.
adjustments to be made.
Cutters are available in a variety of cutting angles. 100° cutters are
Markings, indicating depth differentials in 0.001 inch increments, frequently used. 82°countersinks are used for NACA type heads
on the circumference of the locking sleeve aid depth adjustment. of fluid tight rivets. The cutting angle is marked on
Adjustment is made by pulling the sleeve back and turning the each cutter.
stop, to deepen or shallow the cut. The sleeve is then spring
loaded back into position to effect a lock. CAUTION: MAKE SURE THE CUTTER IS TIGHTENED IN
THE COUNTERSUNK SHAFT BEFORE USING THE STOP
Note: Make sure that the locking splines intermesh: only then is COUNTERSINK.
the adjustment securely locked

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• Check set-up on scrap material.
• Hold countersink at a 90° angle to material.
• Take full depth of cut each time.
• Apply pressure directly behind countersink.
• The face on the micro-stop countersink tool must be highly
polished to prevent marring the material.
• Select the size and length of fastener to be installed and use it
to judge depth of countersink.
• Do not allow the micro-stop countersink tool to spin on the
material.
Fig no 7.8.30
The micro-stop countersink should be set up and adjusted on a
piece of scrap metal of the same material and thickness as the part
to be countersunk. The procedure is as follows;
• Be sure the adjustable foot piece is extended far enough to

ensure that the cut wilnot be too deep.
• Gradually increase the depth adjustment until the depth and
diameter of the hole are the same as the size of the fastener
head.
In operation, always hold the locking sleeve and foot piece

assembly firmly to prevent rotation and damage to the metal
surface. Fig no 7.8.31
When the micro-stop countersinking tool is used, it should be held

as shown. Keep the following rules in mind when using it:
• Before using, check countersink cutter for cutter angle, pilot
size, sharpness, and true running.

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90° or less are required, hot dimpling may be specified.
Carefully controlled skin dimpling processes are considered
suitable for 2024-T4 type aluminium material and stainless steel,
but hot dimpling should be used for the stronger but less
ductile 2014-T6 and 7075-T6 type aluminium alloys, and for
titanium.
Control tests for dimpled sheet

Before dimpling any aircraft material of which the dimpling
characteristics are uncertain, either because of lack of familiarity
with the material itself or because of the use of a new dimpling
technique or tool, tests should be made on sample material of the
same gauge, specification and heat treatment condition.
Fig no 7.8.32 Punch Dimpling

Dimpling This is the simplest method of dimpling but is generally only
This is a process for indenting thin sheet material (not normally suitable for minor repairs in sheet steel or soft aluminium alloys.
thicker than 18 SWG, 0.048 in.) around a drilled hole to The type of tool used is similar to a center punch but has a spigot
accommodate a countersunk rivet. If correctly performed, which engages in a female tool of the same form. The hole should
dimpling has a beneficial effect on the strength of a joint as the first be drilled to the spigot size and then the male die should be
material is not thinned, but the method of driven, squeezed or drawn into the female die to form the
dimpling must be related to the ductility of the material to prevent dimple. A refinement is the "spring back" type where the die faces
over-stressing and cracking. are slightly curved, allowing the dimple to spring back to an
accurate shape. The hole may then be opened to rivet clearance
Dimpling Characteristics diameter and inspected.
The aluminium alloy skin panels commonly used for stressed skin
structures are either solution treated and naturally aged or solution
treated and artificially aged. The naturally aged materials
and some of the artificially aged clad materials may be
satisfactorily dimpled at room temperature, although if dimples of

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Fig no 7.8.33
Fig no 7.8.35
Fig no 7.8.34

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Fig no 7.8.36 holes should be drilled with the structure fully assembled. The
structure may then be disassembled and the individual
Spin Dimpling
components deburred and dimpled separately. However, if sheets
This is the most widely used method of cold-dimpling. The sheet are to be bonded together, it may be recommended that dimpling
is first pre-drilled and backed by a female die as for punch is carried out after bonding.
dimpling, then a rotating male die is pressed into the hole. The
metal around the rivet hole is stretched over the edge of the
female die and, if the material is clad, the aluminium cladding is • To produce dimples that are free from cracks around the holes
spread by the spinning action. The cladding may form a ridge it is essential that the pilot holes are free from burrs or other
around the outside of the dimple but this will only be slight, and defects and that the correct lubricant is used. The ideal
should not be removed. procedure is to drill the holes under-size, ream to suit the size
of dimpling tool spigot, then deburr on both sides before
Hot Dimpling dimpling. For maximum shear strength the hole should be
finally drilled or reamed to give a hole with parallel sides and
There are basically two methods of hot dimpling. In the first
ideal rivet clearance. This second drilling should start from the
method, sometimes known as ‘coin dimpling’, electrically heated
dimpled side so that any burrs are on the raised edge and
dies are used; in the second, the sheet is heated by its resistance
easily removed with a deburring tool.
to the passage of an electric current. Each material has a different
rate of conducting heat, or a different electrical resistance, and the • When countersunk rivets are used to join several thin sheets of
applied current or time and temperature will be different material there are two ways in which dimples may be formed.
for different materials and gauges. These details are normally If the same tools are used for successive sheets the dimples
found by experiment and the instructions given by the aircraft will be identical, but will not nest satisfactorily. This
manufacturer should be followed. may be acceptable when joining two sheets of ductile material
but, for stiffer materials and when joining more than two
Note: In order to obtain consistent results during aircraft sheets, the dimples may be overstressed by the riveting action.
construction, large static machines with automatically controlled
temperature, current and tool pressure are often used but for repair Riveting Procedure
work portable hot squeeze-dimpling tools are generally Solid rivets can be closed by hand using appropriate snaps, sets
satisfactory. and dollies. This technique is usually confined to bench work. On
aircraft structures reaction riveting using pneumatic riveting
Dimpling Technique guns is normally performed.
To ensure that rows of dimples fit satisfactorily together, the pilot

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Solid Riveting Tools
Set - this is a hollow punch used to draw the metal sheets together
and bring thepre-formed rivet head against the metal surface.
Snap - a form of punch with a recess at one end, the same shape
as the rivet pre-formed head.
Dolly - this is a metal block with a recess the same shape as the Fig no 7.8.36
preformed head of the rivet. It is used to support the pre-formed
rivet head while forming the rivet. The pre-formed rivet head Hand Riveting
should fit squarely into the dolly. If the job is small or can be done away from the aircraft, hand
riveting may be convenient.
Riveting tools are available in different sizes and shapes to
accommodate the various rivet sizes and head forms. When solid rivets are closed with a hand hammer, the pre-formed
head should be supported in a dolly and a hollow set or draw tool
When the appropriate actions of drilling, countersinking, used to ensure the sheets drawn together. The tail is then
dimpling, deburring, cleaning and adjustment have been driven using a flat snap to form a reaction head with a thickness of
completed, the work to be riveted should be assembled, sealant 0.5D. If a round or snap head is required on the shank end, the tail
applied, and mating surfaces brought tightly into contact by use of should first be partly formed with a flat snap, then
skin grips or clips, care being taken not to damage the skin finished with a suitably shaped snap. The rivet should never be hit
surface. It is important that no gaps are present between layers, as directly with the hammer.
this will prevent the correct forming of the rivet and reduce shear
strength. Riveting may stretch thin sheets slightly, particularly
with minimum rivet clearances, and this should not be allowed to
accumulate by riveting, for example, straight along a line of rivets.
The correct sequence of closing rivets can only be obtained by
experience, and with each type of joint the order of
riveting may vary slightly.

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small rivets in thin skins, a light, fast-hitting rivet gun is often
most suitable.
Fig no 7.8.37
Pneumatic Rivet Guns When a suitable rivet gun has been chosen, the proper snap is
placed in the gun and the retaining spring fitted. The speed
Aircraft solid rivets are often driven with pneumatic rivet or force of the rivet gun can be adjusted with the regulator screw
hammers or guns. They use compressed air to drive a piston back in the handle of the gun. By placing the snap against a scrap
and forward applying a hammering action to the rivet piece of wood and pulling the trigger full on, the regulator can be
snap. The air pressure required to operate the hammers is around adjusted until the snap dents the wood but does not shatter it. The
80 Ib/sq in. correct setting of rivet guns comes with experience. When closing
a rivet, the trigger should be squeezed gradually so that the
The rivet snaps are held in the gun with a spiral retaining spring rivet head is progressively formed without damaging the sheet
made of heavy gauge steel wire. This type of spring allows the metal and using the minimum number of blows.
snap to have the full travel required, yet prevents the snap
being driven out of the gun. It is extremely important that anyone
operating a rivet gun be aware of the dangers associated with
compressed air and pneumatic tools. Careless use of a rivet gur
can result in a snap being driven from the gun with such force that
it can inflict serious injury to persons or damage equipment.
Retaining springs have been known to fail to hold the snap, so
the rule is;
CAUTION : DO NOT PLAY WITH RIVET GUNS
It is important that a rivet be driven with as few blows as possible,

to minimize the work hardening of the rivet but not over drive it
which results in an unacceptable tail. For this reason
and because of the inaccessibility of many rivets, there are a
number of types of rivet gun available.
For the larger rivets that are relatively accessible, a slow, hard-
hitting, long stroke gun is required. Some of these guns hit only
one blow each time the trigger is pulled. For work with

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Fig no 7.8.39
Rivet Snaps
Fig no 7.8.38 Sometimes referred to as “sets”, snaps are available in a variety of
sizes and styles. Always select the correct type for the rivet gun
you are using and the rivet you are installing. Using the
wrong type will damage the rivet head, the aircraft skin or both.
Before use, ensure that the portion of the snap which contacts the
rivet head or aircraft skin is free from sealant, jointing compound
and swarf as this will cause damage.
Cut-away, Off-set and Gooseneck snaps are available for use

where access is restricted.

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deliver more blows and may result in premature hardening of the
rivet or damage to the skin surface. A bar which is too
heavy will cause an over formed reaction head which may result
in a loose rivet, a damaged hole, or cracks to the rivet.
As with the snap, ensure that the face which contacts the rivet is
clean.
Fig no 7.8.40
Bucking Bars
To form the rivet tail a bucking bar or dolly must be used to react
against the rivet gun blows. They should also be used to block the
skin when the rivet is inserted to ensure the sheets are
closed together.
Fig no 7.8.41
Bucking bars are available in a variety of shapes, sizes and
weights, and are made of steel. When selecting one for use in Pneumatic or Air Drill Motors
areas of restricted access, choose one in which the centre of While electric drills may be used for drilling aircraft sheet metal
gravity is as close as possible over the rivet being formed. Always in workshops, the most universally used drill in the hangar is the
ensure the face of the block is presented square to the rivet. pneumatic type often referred to as a “windy drill”. The
main advantage of a pneumatic or air drill, over an electric drill is
Using a bucking bar which is too light means that the gun must its safety. Most electric motors produce sparks and heat which are

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hazardous in areas where there may be fuel or other
flammable vapours. It is also much less hazardous to have air
hoses in an aircraft structure than to have electric cables. The use
of non-approved electrical equipment in aircraft maintenance
areas is prohibited.
Another advantage is the speed control offered by air drills. By
varying the trigger pressure it is possible to make them run at
slow, intermediate, or high speed, and adequate torque is always
available. Air drills do not overheat regardless of the
amount they are used and are available in a number of
shapes that allow access to difficult locations.
Many air drills are straight, with a chuck at one and an air
connection at the other. The exhaust is usually arranged to
exit from the back of the drill and may be ducted away by a
tube to avoid blowing swarf around. Another popular type is
the pistol grip drill with various sized drill chucks. For drilling
holes where the structure interferes, a right angled drill or
45° angle drill is available. The drill bits are retained in the
angled drills by using collets which grip the drill shanks;
some types use drills with threaded shanks. Flexible shafts are
also available with aright angled drill attachment at
one end and which can be attached to the pneumatic drill
chuck. The flexible drive shaft can be passed through lightening
holes and around corners etc.
Fig no 7.8.42
Pneumatic drills are operated by compressed air at approximately
80-100 Ibs/sq in. Each tool is connected to the air supply hose by

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
a quick release coupling. The air motor unit consists of avaned
rotor turning in a housing. When the lever or button control on the
tool is depressed, the compressed air enters the motor and turns
the rotor at high speed by acting on the vanes. The vanes, which
slide freely in radial slots, are maintained in contact with the bore
of the housing by centrifugal force. As the rotor turns, the air is
finally expelled to atmosphere through an exhaust system which is
designed to both deflect it away from the user and to reduce the
noise to an acceptable level.
Reduction gearing is fitted between the motor and the chuck. The
gearbox is packed with grease and sealed from the air motor.
Fig no 7.8.43

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
Rivet Cutters This tool is used for rapid and accurate removal of the protruding
portion of the mandrels of Avdel rivets, or the protruding formed
Rivet cutters are used to cut rivets to size prior to driving. The
heads in NACA type countersunk riveting, leaving them
rivet cutter has a stack of thickness gauges which are used to
perfectly flush with the surrounding surface. The motor of the
determine the correct rivet length by measuring the space
rivet miller is similar to that used in the air drills. Instead of a
between the rivet head and the cutting. When rivet cutters are not
drill, a cutter is held in a collect type chuck and surrounded by a
available, the rivets can be cut to size using a pair of diagonal
shroud which forms a depth stop. Some rivet millers are fitted
cutting pliers. The rivet is cut by squeezing together the two
with a micrometer adjustment, which enables the depth of the cut
rotating plates connected to the cutter handles.
to be altered by increments of 0.00025 in.
To give stability and prevent movement when milling, the tool is

fitted with spring loaded telescopic legs fitted with rubber friction
pads. The speed of rotation of the cutter is approximately 18000
rpm.
Fig no 7.8.45
Maintenance of Air Tools
All air tools must be kept clean and well lubricated. Lubrication is
Fig no 7.8.44 essential to prevent seizure of the moving parts. A few drops of
Rivet Miller or Shaver light machine oil introduced into the air hose quick release
adapter several times a day will help to keep the air tools

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
serviceable. As the air stream through the tool quickly sweeps etc.)
away the lubricant, it is better to lubricate several times a day by • Avoid inhaling air tool exhaust
small applications rather than to lubricate the tool thoroughly once
a week. Alternatively oiling equipment can be installed in the Riveting Procedure
compressed air supply lines. This will ensure sufficient
After the hole has been prepared, riveting on the job can
lubrication for the air tools using the air supply.
commence.
The following is a guide to the procedure you should follow:
The speed and power produced by air tools is dependent on the
pressure and flow rate (pounds per minute) of the supply. The
more tools in use on a supply circuit, the less airflow is available • Install proper rivet snap in gun and attach rivet snap retaining
at each one. This should be remembered for operations which are spring, if possible (certain flush snaps have no provision for a
speed or power critical such as riveting. retaining spring).
• Connect air hose to gun.
Another factor is the length of the airline or hose. A long and/or • Adjust air regulator, which controls the pressure or hitting
coiled hose will reduce the airflow and should be avoided as far as power of the rivet gun, by holding the rivet set against a block
possible. of wood while pulling the trigger.
• Test the rivet gun on scrap material with specified rivets. The
General safety rules: operator should time the gun to form the head in one “burst” if
possible (3-7 seconds).
• Always disconnect when not in use • Insert proper rivet in hole.
• Use safety goggles during all drilling, cutting and sanding • Hold or wait for bucker to hold bucking bar on shank of rivet.
operations Hold all power tools securely The gun operator should “feel” the pressure being applied by
• Ensure your own security e.g. footing, balance etc. the bucker and try to equalise this pressure.
• Hold tool in such a way that if dropped or wrenched from grip, • Pull gun trigger to release a short burst of blows. The rivet
it will fall clear without injury. should now be properly driven, if the timing was correct, and
• Keep fingers away from bits, blades and cutters (including provided the bucking bar and gun were held firmly and
reverse of job) perpendicular (square) with the work.
• Replace dull or damaged bits, blades and cutters immediately
Always disconnect when changing or adjusting bits or cutters Rivet gun operators should always be familiar with the type of
structure beneath the skin being riveted and must realise the
• Ensure bits, blades and cutters are secure and tight (and chuck
problems of the bucker.
keys removed) before use
• Never operate with inoperative safety features (guards, springs

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
CAUTION: ALWAYS WEAR EAR DEFENDERS WHEN
RIVETING OR BUCKING
CAUTION: NEVER OPERATE A RIVET GUN ON A RIVET

UNLESS IT IS BEING BUCKED.THE BUCKER SHOULD
ALWAYS WAIT FOR THE GUN OPERATOR TO STOP
BEFORE GETTING OFF A RIVET.
Fig no 7.8.46

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NACA Method of Flush Riveting
The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA
forerunner of NASA) devised the following method for low drag
countersunk fastener installation. The hole, is drilled and
countersunk in the normal way. The rivet is installed from the
inside of the structure so that the shank protrudes from the
countersunk hole. When the rivet is closed the shank fills the
countersunk hole. When all the rivets are driven, a milling
machine is used to shave the formed shanks flush with the skin.
This type of riveting produces the maximum smoothness and
uniformity of the surface.
Fig no 7.8.48
Rivet Squeezers
As an alternative to reaction riveting, rivet squeezing provides a
practical option which offers a high degree of control over the
force applied. It also has the advantage that the force is applied
steadily and the rivet is formed in one action.
Either manually operated or powered, they consist of a pair of

jaws and handles or an actuator. One jaw contains an
interchangeable snap or die, with a recess in the shape of the
Fig no 7.8.47 manufactured head, the other is flat to deform the tail.
The degree of squeeze applied can be varied by adding or

removing spacers under the snap or adjusting the pressure
applied.

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
Large floor mounted pneumatic or hydraulic squeezers can be replaced, but replacement of rivets which are found to be only
used in manufacturing facilities and are frequently used with slightly below standard might do more harm than leaving them
slug rivets where both heads are formed simultaneously. These in position, particularly in thin materials. Before rejecting such
systems may be automated and computer controlled for large rivets, the strength requirements of the particular joint and the
assemblies. effectiveness of the rivets in question, should be considered.
When a flushness tolerance is specified for countersunk rivets,
Hand portable units are available in workshops and hangars. this is normally checked before riveting is commenced;
Their main limitation is the need for the tool to have access to however, the milling of solid rivet heads may sometimes be
both sides of the work. permitted after riveting to obtain a uniform protrusion. In this
case protective treatments must be re-applied after milling.
The illustrations show some of the faults which may be found

with solid rivets. Any cracks in the rivet head are not normally
acceptable. If snap heads are formed on the tail of the rivet a
number of further faults may occur. These include a ‘flash’
round the rivet head if the shank was too long, and a small head,
possible accompanied by snap marks on the skin, if the shank
was too short.
If the holes are not square to each other or are misaligned the
rivet may be formed with a gap under the head. This may cause
stress in the joint and harbour corrosive agents.
Fig no 7.8.49
Rivet Inspection
After the rivets have been closed they should be inspected to
ensure that they are tight and fully formed. Rivet heads must not
Fig no 7.8.50
be deformed or cracked, and the surrounding area should be free
If one or more of the holes is oversize the rivet will swell into it
from distortion and undamaged by the riveting tools. Rivets
when formed and an under size driven head will result.
which are obviously not performing their function should be

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
Fig no 7.8.51 Fig no 7.8.54

If the rivet allowance is to large flash will form round a driven
Gaps between parts are often caused by foreign material such as
snap head.
swarf or burrs around holes. Always ensure that holes are de-
burred and swarf removed prior to assembly.
Fig no 7.8.52
If the bucking bar is too light or is not held firmly against the
rivet the driven head will become Bell shaped and the structure
may be damaged. Fig no 7.8.55
If the parts are not tightly clamped before riveting a shanked
rivet may result. Care must be taken to avoid this condition.
Fig no 7.8.53
Diagonal cracks on the driven head are usually the result of
over-driving.
Fig no 7.8.56
If the parts are not held tightly together when drilled, or are not
drilled squarely, the holes will not align or the skin may buckle

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
during riveting. If the rivet snap is too large or of the wrong shape, a flat will
be formed on the manufactured head and the edges of the snap
may cut into the surface of the structure.
Fig no 7.8.57
If the rivet becomes work hardened before it is fully formed,
cracks may develop in either the manufactured or driven head. Fig no 7.8.60
If the rivet snap is too small or of the wrong shape, the edges of
the snap will cut into the manufactured head.
Fig no 7.8.58
If the bucking bar is not held square to the rivet or not aligned,
the driven head will be dragged sideways or stepped.
Fig no7.8.61
If the rivet snap is not held squarely on the manufactured head
during riveting it will cut into the head and may also damage the
surrounding structure.
Fig no 7.8.59

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• Drill the depth of the head only, with a drill bit the same size
or slightly smaller than the fastener shank.
• Using a pin punch the same size as the drilled hole, carefully
snap off the rivet head. Note; Certain styles of rivet head
such as “Briles” type rivets swage themselves into the hole
counterbore and must not be removed in this way, punch
out the rivet as described below then carefully prise out the
Fig no 7.8.62 head.
• Block or support the structure adjacent to the rivet tail with a
bucking bar and drive out the remainder of the rivet using a
punch one size smaller than the rivet shank.
Rivets in dimpled holes may need to be drilled through with an

undersize drill before punching out.
Fig no 7.8.63
Rivet Removal
Whether a rivet is damaged or distorted or has to be removed as
part of a repair, great care must be taken to avoid damage to the
existing holes and surrounding structure.
The correct procedure is:

Fig no 7.8.64
• Carefully center punch the manufactured rivet head.
Protruding heads may require a small flat area filed on them.
It may be necessary to remove paint or other protective
coatings from countersunk rivets either by mechanical or
chemical
means. Exercise caution using power tools or paint stripper.

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
General
There are many types of hollow rivets used on aircraft and
aircraft equipment. Hollow rivets are broadly classified into two
main groups, some being closed by pulling a mandrel through
the bore of the rivet and others having to be closed by
hammering, using special punches. Hollow rivets that have to be
closed by hammering are known as tubular rivets and are not
often used in modern aircraft. It is therefore not considered
necessary to include them in these notes.
Hollow rivets that are closed by mandrels are also known as

‘blind’ rivets. Blind rivets are used in situations where only one
side of the job is accessible sometimes during manufacture but
more usually for repair. These rivets may only be used as a
Fig no 7.8.65 substitute for solid rivets where authorised by a repair scheme or
Never: special concession.
• attempt to chisel o ff a rivet head or tail.
These notes will cover the more common types that will be
• attempt to drill through a rivet without checking for
encountered in general terms only, they are:
clearance behind it.
• attempt to punch out a rivet without blocking the structure
British:
behind it.
• Tucker ‘Pop’
• attempt to drill the rivet tail/reaction head, it may not be
• Chobert
concentric with the rivet shank.
• Avdel
If the existing holes become damaged it may be possible to fit American:
oversize repair fasteners. However, if this exceeds pitch or edge • Self Plugging (Friction Lock) similar to Avdel
margin limitations a repair which replaces the damaged • Pull-through, similar to Chobert
component will be required. • Cherrylock
• Cherrymax
Hollow Rivets • Imex
• Huck

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
mayreplace solid rivets unless specific instructions in the
‘Pop’ Rivets relevant airframe repair manual indicate that the use of pop
rivets is fully approved.
Although 'Pop' is a registered trademark of Emhart Technologies
(formerly Tucker Fasteners)'pop rivet' has become a generic term
for similar blind fasteners from many manufacturers. 'Pop'
rivets are not used for load bearing joints on aircraft but may be
used to attach decorative trim and non-structural components.
Tucker ‘pop’ rivets are supplied with either raised or

countersunk heads and are manufactured in Monel metal, steel or
aluminium alloy. They are hollow rivets with a mandrel fitted in
the bore. They are closed by gripping the mandrel in a riveting
tool and pulling it so that it forms a headon the tail end of the
rivet, clamping the sheets together and expanding the rivet in the Fig no 7.8.66
hole, and then breaks off.
Material
There are two types of rivet, break-head and break-stem. The The mandrels on which pop rivets are assembled are of high
break-head type leaves a lightweight hollow rivet. The break- tensile steel the rivets are manufactured from aluminium alloy or
stem leaves a plugged rivet, however the stem does not improve monel metal.
the shear strength of the rivet.
Rivet Sizes
In structures from which the mandrel heads cannot be recovered
the break-stem type should always be used in preference. Supplied in lengths suitable for riveting material up to 0.62 in. in
thickness. Rivet diameter range from 3/32" to 3/16".
Pop rivets are removed by drilling off the head in a similar
manner to solid rivets. In cases where part of the stem is left in It is important to use rivets of the correct length. This is
the rivet, it may be necessary to drive this out with a punch prior particularly important in the case of break-stem rivets as correct
to drilling. retention of the mandrel head is dependent upon sufficient
projection of the rivet through the assembled material. The grip
Although pop rivets were originally intended for blind riveting, ranges for pop rivets may be found in the repair manual. Rivet
they are now used extensively for general riveting in place of lengths for pop rivets are measured from under the head both
solid rivets. However, it must not be assumed that pop rivets domed and countersunk.

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
riveting gun. Each rivet is offered to the job and the gun is
Fitting Tools operated pulling the mandrel through It can be seen in the
diagram that as the mandrel is pulled through it forces the tail of
Pop rivets are normally fitted using Lazy Tongs (shown below)
the rivet outwards and at the same time expanding the rivet
or riveting pliers.
shank to fill the hole.
Sealing pins may be fitted if required. When fitted they increase

both the weight, and the shear strength of the rivet and also
prevent ingress of dirt and water. Sealing pins are hammered into
the bore of the rivet after the mandrel has accurately sized the
bore by a broaching action.
Fig no 7.8.68
Fig no 7.8.67
Chobert Rivets
Chobert rivets date back to the 1930s and are still being
manufactured although they are not commonly encountered on
modern commercial aircraft. They are manufactured with either
snapor countersunk heads and are normally supplied in tubes for
ease of assembly on to a mandrel. The action of closing a
Chobert rivet is shown.
It should be noticed that the rivet itself has a tapered bore and is
threaded onto a re-usable hardened steel mandrel. The mandrel, Fig no 7.8.69
with the rivets mounted on to it, is fed into a Chobert

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
Identification. Chobert Hand Riveting Pliers Type JB
The identification coding of a Chobert rivet consist of an AGS The type JB riveting pliers are used for placing Chobert rivets of
number followed by a Part Number. The last two figures of the 3/32 in. to 3/16 in. diameter inclusive. Prior to threading a rivet
Part Number represent the length of the rivet in increments on for broaching, the appropriate size jaw assembly and
of 1/32 in., the remaining figure or figures indicate the rivet mandrel must be used and the mandrel head lightly lubricated.
shank diameter in increments of 1/32in.
• AGS 2040/410. Is a steel snap-head Chobert rivet, 1/8 in. dia,

5/16 in. long.
• AGS 2044/619. Is a duralumin 120° csk head Chobert rivet,
3/16 in. dia, 19/32 in. long.
Chobert Sealing Pins

The identification coding of a Chobert sealing pin consists of an
AGS number followed by a Part Number. This Part Number does
not relate directly to the sealing pin but to the rivet for which
Fig no 7.8.70 Chobert Repetition Riveter Type 715
the pin is intended. For example, AGS 2042/4 10 is a steel
sealing pin for use with rivet AGS2040/4 10. A snap head The type 715 repetition riveter is pneumatically operated from a
Chobert rivet is longer overall than a csk head rivet with the pressure supply of 5.5 bar (80Ibf in 2) and is used for placing
same size code. For this reason a pin for a csk head rivet is a Chobert rivets of up to 3/16 in. diameter.
1/16 in. shorter than that indicated by the
rivet size code.
i.e. AGS 2044/508 Csk head (120°) an AGS 2047/506 pin would
be used.
Grip Range
Prior to fitting the Chobert rivet, the range of total material Fig no 7.8.71 Chobert type 715 repetition riveter
thickness must be determined in order to select a suitable length Jaws, Cursor Spring and Mandrel
rivet.
The purpose and description of these items are as follows:

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
Tail and Front Jaws. The tall jaw, when tightened fully in a Mandrel. The mandrel is available in three diameters to suit a
clockwise direction, holds the mandrel stationary. The front jaw rivet of a different diameter. Rivets to a total length of 12 inches
assembly is available in three sizes(1/8 in., 51 32 in., 3/16 in.) in can be accommodated on the long mandrel in one loading. An
order to accommodate a rivet of a different diameter. essential requirement for producing properly set rivets
When the tool is operated, the front jaw assembly is moved with any type of Chobert riveting tool is a serviceable mandrel.
outwards by air pressure, due to the mandrel held in a stationary It must be checked before use to ensure that the bulbed head is
position, the front jaw continues to extend and forces the first smooth and unscored and that a rivet can slide freely along the
rivet over the belled end of the mandrel. When the stem. The size of the head must also be checked with
operating trigger is released, the sliding barrel retracts and the mandrel head gauge which is supplied with each riveting
another rivet is introduced outside of the front nose piece. tool. This gauge is of the go - no-go type. If the mandrel head is
within size limits it will pass through the appropriate diameter
Cursor. The cursor assembly applies pressure to the mandrel top limit hole but not through the bottom limit hole. The
spring and the cursor to the barrel ensure that the spring-loaded mandrels can be polished with metal polish as they are liable to
portion of the cursor faces forward. become scarred and worn while in use. The heads of the
mandrels must not be reduced by more than 0.002 in. below its
size. The mandrel should be checked periodically with a
micrometer. Prior to loading the rivets the mandrel must be
lubricated to ensure the bores of the rivets are thoroughly
lubricated.
Fig no 7.8.72 Checking and setting the Chobert riveter

Mandrel Spring. The mandrel spring is mounted on the
mandrel between the front of the cursor assembly and the head
of the rearmost rivet. It maintains a pressure on the stock of
rivets. The spring for the 1/8 in. dia rivet is tapered at one
end and this must butt against the last rivet head. The springs for
5/32 and 3/16dia rivets are parallel.

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
compressed air supply the stroke of the riveter can be checked.
Depress the operating button and the sliding barrel should extend
for 25mm (1 in.).Release the button and the exhaust of air from
the riveter should be audible. At this stage the
tail jaw assembly can be fully tightened in a clockwise direction
which then holds the mandrel stationary ready for use.
Faults on Fitted Chobert Rivet Assemblies

The common faults in Chobert rivet assemblies are:
• Gap Between Head of Rivet and Surface of Material. Usually

caused by allowing the riveter to recoil.
• Split Shank on the Rivet. Usually caused by not deburring
the hole to a satisfactory standard.
• Using a sealing pin which is too long or too short.
• Rivet Loose in Hole. Usually caused by careless drilling or
using an oversize drill.
• The radial expansion of a Chobert rivet is relatively small
therefore a hole of the correct size is important.
Removal of Chobert Rivets

In order to remove a Chobert rivet the sealing pin is driven out
using a pin punch of the appropriate size. The resulting hole acts
Fig no 7.8.73 Chobert Rivet Mandrel Gauge as a drill guide and a twist drill, the same diameter as
Preparation for Use the rivet shank, should be used.
On selection of the correct size front jaw assembly, spring and Avdel Rivets
mandrel, the loaded mandrel should be inserted into the noses of
the jaw until all but the first rivet of the stock have entered. Avdel (Aviation Developments) rivets are a range of British
The jaws should close on the second rivet of the stack leaving blind fasteners which, when specified, may be used for
3mm (1/ 8 in.) of this rivet exposed. Once connected to the manufacture and repair of structural components. Similar

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
fasteners may be encountered on American built equipment.
Avdel rivets are manufactured with either snap or countersunk

heads. They are hollow rivets which are closed by a broaching
process, each rivet being threaded on a mandrel of the break
stem type, the head of which applies a squeezing force, whilst
the shank expands the rivets to fill the rivet hole.
On application of a force by the rivet gun the shank of the

mandrel is pulled into the bore of the rivet and the mandrel then
breaks so that part of its shank remains in the rivet bore and thus
plugs the rivet and improves its shear strength. The protruding
length of the mandrel is then cutoff and milled flush with the
skin surface. Fig no 7.8.74
The firmness of the mandrel should be tested with an Avdel Pin Avdel part numbers consist of eight figures.
Tester, which has a spring loaded retractable pin which is pre-set
First four figures -Product Code, defines the fastener type, head
to 15 Ibsf.
form, material and surface treatment.
There should be no movement of the mandrel. Avdel rivets are Next two figures-Diameter Code, defines shank diameter in 32nd
lubricated by the manufacturer to facilitate forming the rivet and ins.
so should never be cleaned in any type of solvent. Last two figures-Length Code, defines rivet total length (P) in
32nd ins.
Example:
4002-0510
4002 = Avdel self plugging rivet snap head Al Alloy L86
anodised
-05 = 5/32" diameter
10 = 5/16" long
The total length (P) determines the clearance required behind the
fastener for installation. The grip length range is dictated by the

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
shank length (L) and the length of the mandrel broach Fig no 7.8.76 Avdel Type JA and H riveting pliers
section and can be found by reference to the manufacturers
The type H also has long handles to permit riveting in locations
product data tables.
which are remote from the nearest available operating position.
Both rivet pliers are capable, when fitted with the
appropriate size jaw and nosepiece assemblies, of setting
aluminium alloy Avdel rivets of 3/16in. diameter and smaller.
Avdel Hydro-Pneumatic Pull Tool Type 734 Series

The Avdel Hydro-Pneumatic Tool Type 734 is a robust, high
production tool developed for the easy and rapid installation of
up to and including 3/16” Avdel rivets. A compressed air
supply of between 70 PSI and 100 PSI is required for placing
rivets, however a minimum of 85 PSI is required to place rivets
of 5/32" and above.
Fig no 7.8.75
Avdel Type Riveter
There are two types of Avdel riveting pliers in use: the type JA
which is designed for one stroke operation and the type H which
has a ratchet operation so that it can be used in confined
spaces where only small, repeated handle movements are
possible.

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
Preparing for Operation
Before using,
• Check the tool for any damage

• Ensure the tool is equipped with the correct nose equipment
to fit the rivet being placed.
• pour a small quantity of clean, light, lubricating oil into the
air inlet of the tool.
Operation
To place rivets with Pull Tool Type 734, ensure the correct nose
piece is fitted for the size of rivet to be placed, insert the rivet
body into the prepared hole in the application, apply the pull
tool to the protruding rivet Stem and actuate the trigger. The tool
cycle will ensure the rivet is placed.
Alternatively, the rivet stem may be inserted onto the nose piece
Fig no 7.8.77 Avdel Hydro-Pneumatic Pull Tool Type 734 of the tool and the pull tool and rivet then offered to the
application. Again, actuation of the trigger will then operate the
Series
tool setting
Specific points to be observed are:
Malfunction Cause
• The air pressure applied to this tool shall not exceed 100 PSI. Several pulls required to set 1. Check airline pressure at the
• The tool shall not be operated without either a stem catcher
rivet tool.
assembly or an undamaged pintail deflector fitted.
• Always disconnect the airline from the tool inlet before (70-100psi required)
attempting to adjust, add nose equipment or dismantle. 2. Tool requires lubrication at
• Do not operate the tool without a nose casing fitted. air inlet.
• Ensure that vent holes do not become blocked or covered. 3. Worn jaws or build up of dirt
m
jaws.
4. Broken jaws.
CATEGORY MODULE REVISION NO. REVISION DATE 5. Tool requires Page 44 of 66
Re-priming.
B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
Jaws will not grip rivet stem 1. Worn jaws or build up of dirt malfunctions
in Mandrel Cropping Tool
jaws. The air operated cropping tool is used on Avdel rivets after they
2. Jaw housing loose. Tighten have been placed to cut off the protruding mandrel stem.
against
nylon locking ring.
3. Weak or broken jaw spreader
spring
4. Incorrect nose equipment
fitted-
replace as necessary.
Jaws will not release spent 5. Dirty
1. Dirty,jaws/jaw
bent or broken
housing.
rivet stem. mandrel
Clean and
causing distortion of jaw
re-lubricate.
2. Jaw
spreader
housing, nose tip or
nose
tube not permitting it to
move not properly seated,
casing
forward.
Tighten
nose equipment.
Slow stroking tool 3.
1. Weak or broken
Lubricate spring air
tool through Fig no 7.8.78 Avdel Mandrel cropping tools
around
inlet. jaw Operating the Cropping Tool.
2. spreader
Check airassembly.
pressure at the
4. Tool over primed, re-prime Before connecting an air supply to the tool check its jaws for
tool.
security and ensure that they are not damaged. Hold the tool with
Spent rivet stem jamming in 1. as per
Incorrect jaw spreader fitted. the handle uppermost and introduce about six drops of oil into
tool. instructions.
2. Bent or dirty jaw spreader the air inlet connection. Once the cropping tool is connected
tube. to the air supply keep clear of the cutting jaws.
Table Avdel Hydro-Pneumatic Pull Tool Type 734 Series Rivet Miller

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
The rivet miller is air operated and used mainly for milling down it must be held very firmly and the cut applied gradually and
the protruding portions of Avdel rivet mandrels after most of the smoothly, otherwise the tool will tend to be thrown away from
excess material has been removed with a pneumatic cropper or the work. Particular care should be taken when milling the
with end-cutting pliers. It should be lubricated prior to use with mandrels of dome-headed Avdel rivets, not to mill into rivet
10-12 drops of OM13 oil. head. The Miller can be used to mill flush countersunk solid
rivets
Warning: The milling cutter revolves at 18,000 rpm and can cause
severe injuries
Avdel Pin Tester

The pin tester is provided to enable proof loading of the
mandrels of fitted rivets. Such tests are important to prove that
the mandrel will stand a pressure of not less than 15 Ibf proof
load without becoming loosened within the rivet. The device
consists of a capped body, enclosing a spring-loaded plunger, set
to resist up to 15 Ibf proof load. By application of hand pressure
Fig no 7.8.79 to the cap (while the plunger is seated on the mandrel under test)
To give the tool stability during milling, it has two spring- until the plunger retract the test may be satisfied. A visual
loaded, telescopic legs each fitted with a rubber pad for examination of the security of the mandrel is then carried out. If
providing a frictional grip on the work. The micrometer adjuster a rivet or rivet mandrel is loose or disturbed the rivet must be
is used to move the nosepiece mounting assembly in or out replaced.
relative to the cutter to adjust the depth of act of the
miller. Adjustments can be made in increments of 0.00025 in.,
each increment being indicated by one division on the scale
inscribed around the adjuster.
Operating the Rivet Miller.

Any adjustments of its depth of cut should be made during trial
cuttings on a test piece. The test piece should be made from
similar components to those of the work. When using the miller

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
Several events, in their proper sequence, occur when a pulling
force is applied to the stem of the rivet.
• The stem is pulled into the rivet shank.

• The mandrel portion of the stem forces the rivet shank to
expand.
• When the pulling action pressure becomes too great it will
cause the stem to snap at a break-notch groove on the
mandrel.
Fig no 7.8.80 The plug portion of the mandrel is retained in the shank of the
Removal of Avdel Rivets rivet giving the rivet a much greater shear strength than could be
obtained from a hollow rivet.
To remove an Avdel rivet the mandrel is driven out using a pin
punch of the appropriate size. The resulting hole acts as a drill The stem of the self-plugging (friction lock) rivet may have a
guide for the drill which should be of the same diameter as the knob on the upper portion, or it may have a serrated portion.
rivet shank. Drill off the head of the rivet then punch out the
rivet shank. Bear in mind that all of the resultant FOD must be For a smooth or aerodynamically clean surface the protruding
collected. portion of the stem may be milled flush with the rivet head.
Disposal of Rivet Mandrels Self-Plugging (Friction Lock) Rivet
Both Avdel and Tucker pop rivets once formed leave spend Inspection
mandrels which become a FOD hazard. These mandrels must be
therefore collected and disposed of. The inspection of installed self-plugging(friction lock) rivets is
very limited. Often the only inspection that can be made is
American Blind Rivets on the manufactured head of the rivet. It should fit tightly against
the metal. The stem of the rivet should be trimmed flush
Self-Plugging (Friction Lock) Rivets with the head of the rivet whether it is a protruding head or a
These are very similar to the Avdel rivet. They are manufactured countersunk head.
in two parts. A rivet head with a hollow shank and a stem that
extends through the shank. If you can see the shop formed head side of the installed rivet,

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
inspect it for the requirements illustrated. When the rivet
head is considered unsatisfactory, remove the rivet and install Pull-through rivets are structurally weak because of the hollow
another in its place. center after installation is completed. The Figure below
illustrates a typical pull through rivet before and after
installation.
In closing pull-through rivets the following sequence of events

take place:
• The stem is pulled through the rivet shank.

• The mandrel portion of the stem forces the shank to expand
forming the blind head and filling the pre-drilled hole in the
job completely.
It is important that the hole drilled to take the rivet is of the

correct size.
Fig no 7.8.81
Pull Through Rivets
This type of mechanically expanded rivet is similar to the
Chobert and is used as a tacking rivet to attach assemblies to
hollow tubes, and as a grommet. It differs from most other blind
rivets in that the stem pulls completely through the sleeve of the
rivet during installation.

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
Fig no 7.8.82
Self-Plugging (Mechanical Lock) Rivets
Self-plugging, mechanical lock rivets are similar to the old
British Avdel and American self-plugging, friction lock rivets,
except for the manner in which they are retained in the material.
This type of rivet has a positive mechanical locking feature that
resists vibration that would cause the mandrel of friction lock
rivets to loosen and possibly fall out. Also the mechanical
locking type rivet stem breaks off flush with the head and
usually does not require further stem trimming when properly
installed. Self plugging, mechanical lock rivets display all the
strength characteristics of solid shank rivets and in almost all
cases can be substituted rivet for rivet.
They are made by a variety of manufacturers including Huck, Fig no 7.8.83

Olympic, Avdel and Cherry Fasteners but each type must be
installed using tooling specified by that manufacturer.
Cherry Rivets
These are self-plugging mechanical lock rivets manufactured by
Textron Fastening Systems. During the final stages of forming,
the locking collar, located in a recess in the rivet head or
mandrel, is forced into a groove in the stem and prevents the
stem from further movement. Alternative types of blind head
may be formed by 'wire-draw’ and ‘bulbed’ fasteners. The only
practical difference between these types is that the bulbed rivet
stem has a stepped head, and the finished blind head is flatter
and broader, while the wire-draw rivet has better hole filling
properties.

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
After forming, the stem may protrude slightly beyond the rivet
head and this excess, plus part of the locking collar, may be
milled off to provide a flush finish.
Cherry LOCK rivets are installed using hand or power operated

tools, and it is important that the tools are fitted with the correct
type of head for the particular size or type of rivet. Details are
normally supplied by either the aircraft or tool manufacturer.
Fig no 7.8.84 Forming ’wire-draw cherry lock rivet

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
Fig no 7.8.85
Cherry MAX Rivets
General
Cherry MAX rivets are the same in principle as Cherry LOCKs
however they are manufactured with an anvil washer fitted to the
stem adjacent to the head. This anvil is designed to form the
bearing surface between the tool and the fastener head, pushing
the lock ring into place when the rivet is formed. The advantage
of this is that the same tool head can be used for both
universal and countersunk rivets.
Fig no 7.8.87
Fig no 7.8.86

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
applications as shown.
Fig no 7.8.89
Cherry Rivet Specifications
Cherry rivets are identified by a part number derived from either
a National Aerospace Standards (NAS) or Textron Cherry (CR)
specification. These specifications are interchangeable and a
conversion table may be used to determine equivalent parts.
In both cases the part number is the specification system code

then a four figure number followed by dash numbers indicating
Fig no 7.8.88 the diameter in thirty seconds of an inch and the maximum
grip length in sixteenths of an inch. Additional letters may be
Cherry Rivet Head Styles replace the dashes to carry extra information.
Both Cherry LOCK and Cherry MAX, wire-draw and bulbed
rivets are available in a range of head styles for different Wire-draw Cherry LOCK rivets are available in 1/32" nominal

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
diameter increments of -3 (3/32 or0.094), -4, -5, -6 and -8 (1/4 or
0.250), and also 1/64" over sizes for repairs.
Bulbed CherryLOCKs are manufactured 1/64" over nominal size
and are available in three diameters, -4 (0.140); -5 (0.173) and -
6(0.201). In most cases the increased bearing area and
high strength stem enables Bulbed CherryLOCKs to replace
solid rivets. The oversize sleeve is also ideal for repair or
replacement of nominal blind or non-blind fasteners of all types.
Both wire-draw and bulbed Cherry MAX fasteners are available
in diameters of -4 (1/8 or 0.125),-5, -6 and -8 plus 1/64" over
sizes.
Example; NAS1738B5-4 (bulbed CherryLOCK)
Fig no 7.8.90
Fig no 7.8.91

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
Hole Preparation for Cherry Rivets Bulbed CherryLOCK
As with solid rivets, hole preparation is of the utmost 1/8 27 3.65 0.143 0.146
importance. Holes should be drilled with asharp, true running bit 5/32 16 4.50 0.176 0.100
of the correct size, perpendicular to the surface. Sheets must be
3/16 5 5.22 0.205 0.209
clampedfirmly together to prevent the accumulation of swarf
between them.
Cherry Rivet Selection
Countersinking must be accurate to ensure proper protrusion and
head formation. When countersinking for oversize repair Grip length refers to the maximum total sheet thickness to be
fasteners and bulbed CherryLOCKs the pilot pin must be no riveted and is measured in 16thsof an inch. This is identified by
more than 0.010" smaller than the hole to ensure concentricity. the second dash number. All Cherrylock Rivets have their grip
The countersunk sheet must beat least 0.010" thicker than the length (maximum grip) marked on the rivet head, and have a
head thickness to ensure adequate strength. total grip range of 1/16 of an inch (example: -4 grip rivet has a
grip range of 0.188" to 0.250").
Wire-draw CherrvLOCK and CherrvMAX, and Bulbed
CherrvMAX To determine the proper grip rivet to use, measure the material
thickness with a Cherry Selector gauge as shown below. Always
read to the next higher number.
Alternatively, if the total thickness of the material is known the

correct fastener grip length can be determined from manufacturer
furnished tables.
Rivet Drill Size Drill Size Minimum Maximum
Number/Letter Hole Dia Hole Dia
Diameter
3/32 40 mm
2.50 0.097
(Inch) 0.100
(Inch)
1/8 30 3.25 0.129 0.132
5/32 20 4.10 0.160 0.164
3/16 10 4.90 0.192 0.196
1/4 F 6.55 0.256 0.261

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
anvil washer in place so the same tool, shown below, can be
used for all head styles and sizes.
Fig no 7.8.93
Fig no 7.8.92
Cherry Installation
Cherry rivets may be installed using either hand or power
operated tools. It is important to use the correct tooling for the
Cherry rivets being installed.
CherryLOCK rivet power tools, as illustrated right, require a

puller and sleeve of the right head style and size for each type of
rivet. The sleeve face must be clean and undamaged to ensure
correct formation CherryMAX rivets are manufactured with an

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
Cherry standards pages.
Fig no 7.8.95
Inspection of riveted joints
Cherry Rivet Inspection
As with all blind rivets, inspection of the installed fastener is
usually limited to the manufactured head. Providing the rivet is
tight and meets the flushness, protrusion and seating
requirements it may be considered serviceable. These limits are
listed in the Structural Repair Manual.
Fig no 7.8.94
The holes in the sheets to be fastened must be of correct size and
aligned properly. Do notforce the rivet into the hole.
In limited blind clearance applications, the manufactured head of

the standard Cherrylock can protrude above the top sheet and
will pull down to the sheet as the stem is pulled in. The
minimum blind clearance is the “BK” dimension, and is listed on

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
Fig no 7.8.96

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
Fig no 7.8.97 locking ring flash protrusion prized off. The remainder of the rivet can then be punched out.
CherryLOCK and CherryMAX Removal
Imex Rivets
Care must be taken when removing Cherry rivets. If an attempt
Introduction
is made to drill the head off without removing the lock ring, it
will spin in the head and prevent the drill from cutting. The Imex blind rivet is similar to the conventional pop rivet but
has a permanently sealed end which completely encloses the
mandrel head. When the rivet is set, the rapid radial expansion
of the formed head ensures a joint which is pressure tight up to
34 bar (500 lbf/in2).
Description
Imex rivets are supplied with domed or countersunk heads. The
countersunk heads are normally 120°, but 100° heads are
manufactured for a limited range of rivet sizes. Mandrels are
supplied as short break or long break types and mandrel heads
remain permanently captured when formed. When the long break
mandrel fractures, it does so outside the rivet and the
protruding portion must be cropped off and sanded to achieve a
flush finish.
Not all materials are suitable for use with Imex rivets as the
rapid expansion of the formed headis unsatisfactory in very soft
or very brittle materials. For this reason the appropriate air
publication must be consulted.
Imex rivets are manufactured from 5 per cent magnesium

aluminium alloy to BS L58.
Fig no 7.8.98
It is usually necessary to drill out part of the pin to relieve the
locking feature before punching it back. The lock ring may then
be prized out and the head drilled nearly through and carefully

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
are E, F and 0, 1/8 in, 5/32 in and 3/16 in respectively.
Fig no 7.8.99
Identification
The code sequence used for Imex rivets is as follows:

• Material (A for aluminium alloy).
• Type of Head (D for domed-head, K for countersunk-head).
• Rivet Diameter (in 1/32 in increments).
• Rivet grip length (in 1/32 in increments).
Type of mandrel (no additional code for short-break, letter R

added for reinforced long-breakmandrel).
A typical code reference is Imex rivet AD46R.

Fig no 7.8.100
AD - Aluminium alloy rivet, domed head.
4 - Rivet diameter 1/8 in. Removing Imex Rivets
6 - Rivet grip length 3/16 in. To remove an Imex rivet, the mandrel is driven out using a pin
R - Long break mandrel (reinforced). punch of the appropriate size. The resulting hole acts as a drill
Fitting Imex Rivets guide for the drill which should be of the same diameter as the
rivet shank. Drill off the head of the rivet and punch out the rivet
The broaching of Imex rivets can be performed using standard shank.
pop riveting tools with theaddition of a special nose piece. With
the TTIB the letter identification of the Imex nose pieces

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
Huck Blind Rivets Identification of Huck Rivets
Introduction The maximum grip length number is stamped on the head of
each Huck rivet and its grip range extends to 1/16 in from the
Huck rivets are very similar to Cherrylock rivets in that they
length represented by that number. A typical part number is as
have mandrels which are also mechanically locked in position
follows:
with collars when the rivets are broached.
Identification number: MLS - P - M5 - 6C
ML-Mechanically locked mandrel
Description
S-Self plugging
The Huck rivet comprises three separate items, a sleeve having a P - Protruding (domed) head
pre-formed head, a mechanical lock collar and a spindle on M - Monel metal
which the sleeve and lock collar are mounted. 5- Rivet diameter in increments of 1/32 in. = 5/32 in.
6- Maximum grip length in increments of 1/16 in. = 3/8 in.
The sleeves are normally supplied in either 1000 countersunk or C - Cadmium plated finish
protruding (snap) head types. Annular grooves on the spindle
shank provide a secure grip for the puller tool during setting. Pin Rivets and Lockbolts
General
As the rivet is set the spindle is drawn into the sleeve forming
the blind head of the rivet. During the final stages of setting, the Pin rivets and lockbolts are structural fasteners which are similar
mechanical lock collar is pressed into the lock groove in the in principle and are commonly used in aircraft construction.
spindle, thereby securing the spindle in position. Continued
tension on the spindle causes it to fracture flush with the rivet They are manufactured by several companies such as Huck and
head Hi- Shear to a variety of specifications and are often referred to
by the manufacturers name (e.g. "Huck Bolts")The basic fastener
is a pin with a head at one end and one or more grooves at the
other. It is used in conjunction with a mating collar. When the
fastener is installed, the collar is swaged into
the grooves, locking it in place.
Pin rivets require the head to be held with a bucking bar while a
rivet gun fitted with the collar forming die is used to swage the
collar into place.
Fig no 7.8.101 Huck blind rivets

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
Fig no 7.8.102
Lockbolts have a frangible shank at the grooved end of the pin.
Once the pin has been inserted into the prepared hole and the
collar is threaded on to it, the installation gun is applied to the Fig no 7.8.103
shank. The action of the gun is to pull on the shank and force the Hi-Shear Fasteners
collar into the die on the front of the gun. At a predetermined
tension the shank brakes leaving a fully formed fastener. In Introduction
some designs the puller cuts excess collar material off. Hi-Shear pins are used to effect a saving in weight while
retaining the full shear strength of an equivalent size bolt. When
Their main disadvantage is that they do not have the hole filling setting Hi-Shear pins there is also a considerable reduction in
properties of solid and blind rivets. time as opposed to fitting split pinned bolts. Access is required
for both sides of the structure.

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
Fig no 7.8.105 Hi-shear pin length increments

As the pin lengths are graduated in 1/16 in. or 1/32 in.
increments, depending on diameter, the material thickness can
vary 1/16 in. or 1/32 in. respectively without changing pin
lengths.
Adjustment for variations of material thickness in between the

Fig. no 7.8.104 Hi-Shear pins and collars pin lengths is made automatically by trimming the collar to the
required length while the rivet is driven as shown.
Collars
In production, the collars are impregnated with a special
lubricant to ensure satisfactory closing. Collars are available in
only one length for each diameter of pin, any excess length being
trimmed automatically during riveting by the Hi-Shear Set.
Pins
The pins are available with flat or countersunk heads and in a
range of diameters and lengths. Pin lengths for rivets of 3/16 in.
diameter and above are supplied in 1/16in. increments and for
diameters below 3/16in. in 1/32in. increments.

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
Fig no 7.8.106 Hi-Shear pin grip variations
Variations in Material Thickness
In addition to flat or countersunk-headed pins Hi-Shear dowel
pins are manufactured for application to sloping surfaces. Where
the face of the metal on both sides of the joint is out
normal to the centre line of the pin, the collars adapt themselves
to the surfaces as the pins a reset.
Fig no 7.8.107 Hi-Shear collars on sloping surfaces

Hi-Shear Pins Fitting
The collars are driven with standard riveting guns or squeezers Fig no 7.8.108 H-Shear fastener fitting
fitted with a Hi-Shear set. The set is designed with a hollow Hi-Shear Collar Forming Sequence
centre with a discharge port through which severed portions of
the trimmed collar are ejected. As the collar is swaged into the When the pin is inserted it should be checked for correct length
pin groove, the pin trimming edge severs that portion of collar before driving. After ensuring that the mating faces of the
which remains above the trimming edge. materials to be pinned are in close contact with each other check
the pin length in the hole for minimum grip, apply the collar over
the end of the pin and ensure that the pin trimming edge does not
show above the collar.

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
Fig no 7.8.109 Hi-Shear Grip Checks

Hi-Shear Pin Removal
There are four methods suitable for the removal of Hi-Shear
pins. Whichever removal method is adopted the aim should be to
retain the original hole size without damaging the structure.
Fig no 7.8.110

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
Fig no 7.8.111
Hi-Shear Pin Setting Faults Fig no 7.8.112
Faults and methods of correction, when setting Hi-Shear pins are Collar Removal
shown. When removing either type of fastener the collar must be
destroyed. This may be done with a chisel, which is used to split

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019
the collar, or the correct size of collar cutter which is fitted into a
pneumatic drill. In both cases, great care must be taken not to
damage surrounding skin and structure.
When these fasteners have been removed for maintenance or

repair purposes they are normally replaced with Hi-Loks or other
threaded fasteners.
Fig no 7.8.113

B1.1 7.8 1 Aug-2019

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THAKUR INSTITUTE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY

Module 7.8: Riveting

CATEGORY MODULE REVISION NO. REVISION DATE Page 1 of 66

The use of bolts instead of rivets to secure permanent joints is

The extensive use of rivets has enabled the manufacturers to

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Fig no 7.8.4 Fig no 7.8.5

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As a general guide, the strength of the rivets must be similar to

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Rivet Allowance Fig no 7.8.16

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The de-burring process will leave a small chamfer or radius at the

CATEGORY MODULE REVISION NO. REVISION DATE Page 12 of 66

CATEGORY MODULE REVISION NO. REVISION DATE Page 13 of 66

Cleco Clamps and Pliers

CATEGORY MODULE REVISION NO. REVISION DATE Page 14 of 66

Countersunk rivets normally have an included angle of 100°.

Holes for countersunk-headed rivets must be either “cut” or

Before preparing a countersunk or dimpled hole always check the

CATEGORY MODULE REVISION NO. REVISION DATE Page 15 of 66

As mentioned, aircraft manufacturers usually specify a tolerance

CATEGORY MODULE REVISION NO. REVISION DATE Page 16 of 66

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• Be sure the adjustable foot piece is extended far enough to

In operation, always hold the locking sleeve and foot piece

When the micro-stop countersinking tool is used, it should be held

CATEGORY MODULE REVISION NO. REVISION DATE Page 18 of 66

Control tests for dimpled sheet

Fig no 7.8.32 Punch Dimpling

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CAUTION : DO NOT PLAY WITH RIVET GUNS

It is important that a rivet be driven with as few blows as possible,

CATEGORY MODULE REVISION NO. REVISION DATE Page 23 of 66

Cut-away, Off-set and Gooseneck snaps are available for use

CATEGORY MODULE REVISION NO. REVISION DATE Page 24 of 66

CATEGORY MODULE REVISION NO. REVISION DATE Page 25 of 66

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To give stability and prevent movement when milling, the tool is

CATEGORY MODULE REVISION NO. REVISION DATE Page 28 of 66

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CAUTION: NEVER OPERATE A RIVET GUN ON A RIVET

CATEGORY MODULE REVISION NO. REVISION DATE Page 30 of 66

Either manually operated or powered, they consist of a pair of

The degree of squeeze applied can be varied by adding or

CATEGORY MODULE REVISION NO. REVISION DATE Page 31 of 66

The illustrations show some of the faults which may be found

CATEGORY MODULE REVISION NO. REVISION DATE Page 32 of 66

Fig no 7.8.51 Fig no 7.8.54

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Rivets in dimpled holes may need to be drilled through with an

The correct procedure is: