Acknowledgement

Thankfulness is the basic characteristics of a

human being and with high sence of gratitude, I
place on record the help, assistance and co-
operation, which I availed during the preparation
of my project. The good wishes of our well-wishers,
blessings of elders and cooperation of our friends
have helped me a lot in completing this project
work.

I wish to express my sincere and deep sense of

gratitude to our Mr. Saurabh Gupta sir who
provided the initial stimulus for the project,
spared his valuable time and provided us with his
constructive suggestions. I am beholden to him for
his whole hearted cooperation, constant inspiration
and intellectual guidance.

Shikher Patel

XII-A
 Certificate
This is to certify that this project work of

Physics Project on Dual Nature of

Radiation has been carried out by Shikher
Patel of class XII-A is as per the guidelines
issued by CBSE for 2019-20 examination and
has been carried out under my supervision.

Mr. Saurabh Gupta Mrs. Aplna Joshi

(PGT PHYSICS) (PRINCIPAL)

coulombs x volts = joules, 1eV numerically equals the electronic
charge except that joule replaces coulombs

Plank’s Quantum Theory

When a black body is heated, it emits thermal radiations of different
wavelengths or frequency. To explain these radiations, Max Plank
put forward a theory known as Plank’s quantum theory. The main
points of quantum theory are-
 Substances radiate or absob energy discontinuously in the form
of small packets or bundles of energy.
 The smallest packet of energy is called quantum. In case of
light the quantum is known as photon.
 The energy of a quantum is directly proportional to the
frequency of the radiation. E µ n (or) E = hƒ where f is the
frequency of radiation and h is the Plank’s constant having the
value 6.626 x 10(power)-27 erg.
 A body can radiate or absorb energy in whole number
multiples of a quatum hn, 2hn, 3hn……….nhn. Where ‘n’ is
the positive integer.
 Neils bohr used this theory to explain the structure of atom.

Photoelectric Effect
Sir J.J.Thompson observed that when a light of certain frequency strikes
the surface of a metal, electrons are ejected form the metal. This
phenomenon is known as photoelectric effect and the ejected electrons
electrons are called photoelectrons.
Particle nature of light:
Electromagnetic radiations follow particle nature as photonas
below-
 An interaction of radiation with matter, radiation behaves as if
it is made up of particles called photons.
 Each photon has energy E = hv, momentum = hv/c and speed
c(speed of light).
 All photons of light of a particular frequency v or wavelength
λ, have the same energy.
E = hv = hc/λ
And momemtum P = hv/c = h/λ
 Photon energy is independent of intensity of radiation
 Photons are lectricallty neutral and not deflected by electric
and magnetic field
 In a photon particle collision the total energy and total
momentum are conserved but number of photon may be
conserved.
Wave nature of particle-
According to de-Broglie, moving particle of matter should display
wave like properties under suitable conditions. The wavelength λ
associated with a particle p is given as-
Λ = h/p = h/mv
Electric beams. The variation of intensity (I) of the scattered electron
with the angle of scattering and is obtained for different acceleration
voltages. The experiment was performed by varying the accelerating
voltages from 44V to 68V.
It is observed that maximum value of (I) of the scattering electron for an
accelerating voltage of 54V at a scattering angle of 50º

The wavelength of matter wave is associated with electron in

experimentally obtained λ = 0.165 nm
The de-Brogli wavelength λ associated with electron using λ =
h/p = 1.227/v^½