SOCIETY

 that complex whole which encompasses beliefs, obedience, and enjoying freedom from external
practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, control.
symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person
learns and shares as a member of society. A state should be:
 Independent from external control
2 ELEMENTS OF CULTURE  It may consist of many nations
1. Material Culture
 cultural components that are visible and tangible 1. TERRITORY
that can be made, used, or shared.  A territory includes “the terrestrial, fluvial, and
 includes all materials objects of culture with aerial domains, including its territorial seas, the
physical representation such as tools, furniture, seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and
buildings, bridges and etc. other submarine areas.”
2. Non-Material Culture – cultural components 2. GOVERNMENT
in that are intangible or without physical  The set of personnel who manages the affairs
representation. It can be categorized into of the state.
cognitive and normative non-material 3. SOVEREIGNTY
culture. a. Internal – capacity of the political system
a. Cognitive Culture – include the ideas, concept, to implement its rules and policies within
philosophies, design and etc. that are product of a territory
mental or intellectual functioning as reasoning out b. External – recognition of the system’s
of the human mind. existence and authority by other actors
b. Normative Culture – includes all expectations, and systems
standards and rules for human behavior. 4. PEOPLE
 People = nation
ANTROPHOLOGY  People is related to ethnicity bound by cultural
 “anthropos” (Greek) = “man” and historical ties.
 “logos” (Greek) = “study”
 Branch of knowledge which deals with the scientific COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
study of humans, their works, body, behavior and 1. Symbols
values within a specific time and space.  Anything that meaningfully represents something
 “…man’s works, body, behavior and values” else
2. Language
SOCIOLOGY  Set of symbols that expresses ideas and enables
 A large social grouping that shares the same people to think and communicate with one
geographical territory and is subject to the same another.
political authority and dominant cultural 3. Values
expectations.  Collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good
 The systematic study of human society and social or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular
interaction. culture.
 Applies both theoretical perspectives and research 4. Norms
methods to examinations of social behavior.  Established rules of behavior or standards of
conduct.
POLITICAL SCIENCE ASPECTS OF CULTURE
 Polis: City-state Culture is…
 Scire: To know 1. dynamic, flexible, and adaptive;
 deals with the foundations of the state and the 2. shared and challenged;
principles of the government 3. learned through socialization/enculturation;
Elements of State 4. patterned social interactions;
1. Territory 5. integrated;
2. Government 6. transmitted through
3. Sovereignty socialization/enculturation;
4. People 7. nothing without language and other forms of
communication.
STATE Societal norms have different types and forms
 A community of persons more or less numerous, Types
permanently occupying a definite portion of 1. Proscriptive – defines and tells us things NOT
territory, having a government of their own to to do.
which the great body of inhabitants render 2. Prescriptive – defines and tells us things to do.
 FORMS
1. Folkways - they are norms for everyday
behavior that people follow for the sake of
tradition convenience. Breaking a folkway
does not usually have serious consequence.
2. Mores – strict norms that control moral and
ethical behavior. Mores are norms based on
definitions of right and wrong.
3. Taboos – norms that society holds so strongly
that violating it results in extreme disgust.
Often times the violator of the taboo is
considered unfit to live in that society.
4. Laws – codified ethics and formally agreed,
written down and enforced by an official law
enforcement agency.
ETHONOCETRISM
 The idea that your own group or culture is better
or more important than others.
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
 The idea that a person's beliefs, values, and
practices should be understood based on that
person's own culture, rather than be judged against
the criteria of another.
SOCIALIZATION
 Refer to both the formal and informal processes by
which people learn a new role and find out how
to be a part of a group or organization.
 The lifelong process of social interaction through
which individuals acquire a self- identity and the
physical, mental, and social skills needed for
survival in society.
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
 The persons, groups, or institutions that teach us
what we need to know in order to participate in
society.
1. The Family
2. The School
3. Peer Groups
4. Mass Media
1. The Family
 It is the most important agent of socialization in all
societies.
 From our infancy onward, our families transmit
cultural and social values to us.
2. The School
 The formal education process is an undertaking
that lasts up to twenty years. Pre-school to
College…
3. Peer Groups
 A group of people who are linked by common
interests, equal social position, and (usually) similar
age. It produces “sense of belongingness” and “self-
worth” among groups.
4. Mass Media
Large- scale organizations that use print or electronic
means (such as radio, television, film, and the internet)
to communicate with large numbers of people.
The media function as socializing agents in several ways:
1. They inform us about events;
2. They introduce us to a wide variety of people;
3. They provide an array of view-points on current
issues;
4. They make us aware of products and services that,
if we purchase them, will supposedly help us to be
accepted by others; and
5. They entertain us by providing the opportunity to
live vicariously (through other people’s
experiences).
RESOCIALIZATION
 The process of learning a new and different set of
attitudes, values, and behaviors from those in one’s
background and experience.
1. VOLUNTARY RESOCIALIZATION –
Resocialization is voluntary when we assume
a new status (such as becoming a student, an
employee, or a retiree) of our own free will.
2. INVOLUNTARY RESOCIALIZATION –
Involuntary resocialization occurs against a
person’s wishes and generally takes place
within a total institution.
3. TOTAL INSTITUTION – a place where people
are isolated from the rest of society for a set
period of time and come under the control of
the officials who run the institution.
SOCIAL CULTURE
 is the complex framework of societal institutions
and social practices that make up a society and that
organize and establish limits on people’s behavior.
SOCIAL INTERACTION
 the process by which people act toward or
respond to other people and is the foundation for
all relationships and groups in society.
COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE
1. Status
2. Role
3. Social Group
4. Social Control
STATUS
A socially defined position in a group or society
characterized by certain expectation, rights, and
duties.
 It may exist independently.
 Status set = comprises all the statuses that a
person occupies at a given time.
 4 TYPES OF STATUS SOCIAL CONTROL
1. Ascribed status  Systematic practices that social groups develop in order
 Social position conferred at birth or received to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and
involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over to discourage deviance.
which the individual has little or no control 1. Self-control, we police ourselves.
 Ascribed statuses have a significant influence on 2. Informal controls, our friends reward conformity
the achieved status that we occupy (i.e. race, and punish nonconformity.
ethnicity, gender, age) 3. Formal controls, the state or authorities discourage
2. Achieved status nonconformity.
 Assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice,
merit, or direct effort.
SOCIAL CONTROL SANCTIONS
3. Master Status
 The most important status a person occupies  Rewards or penalties for behavior
“What do you do?”
Status inconsistency
Mismatch between statuses
4. Status Symbols
 Material signs that inform others of a person’s
specific status
Ring = married
Gun, blue uniform = police
G-shock = RK?

ROLE
 A set of behavioral expectations associated with a
given status
Example:
A carpenter (employee) hired to remodel a kitchen is
not expected to sit down uninvited and join the family
(employer) for dinner.
1. Role expectation
 A specific role OUGHT to be played
2. Role performance
 How a person ACTUALLY plays the role
 Role performance DOES NOT always match role
expectation.
 Some role expectations are highly specific, and
some are less-structured (surgeon versus friend)

COMPONENT OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE

1. Role Conflict
 Conflict between roles
2. Role Strain
 Conflict within a role
3. Role Exit
 Disengage from a role

GROUP COMPONENT OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE

1. GROUP SIZE
a. Conformity
 Behaviors and appearances that follow and maintain
the standards of the group.
b. Deviance
 Any behavior, belief, or condition that VIOLATES
significant social norms in the society or group in
which it occurs.