● MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

● SUBJECT:FLUID MECHANICS
AND HYDRAULICS REPORT NO:1
● TOPIC:TECHNICAL REPORT OF
KOTRI BARRAGE.
● SECTION:A
● NAME: HUZAIFA ALI
● ROLL NO: 18CE193
● SUBMITTED TO: DR KHALIFA
QASIM LAGHARI
REPORT:
Technical Report Of Kotri Barrage.

Introduction To IBIS:
Pakistan 's Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) is the strong heart of the country's economy. Its creation
is a tribute to the British irrigation engineers who created the original system (1847- 1947) that Pakistan
inherited in 1947 and to the Pakistani irrigation engineers and institutions (particularly the Water and
Power Development Authority [WAPDA] and the provincial irrigation departments).
who have spent the last 60 years adding new dams and barrages, building new link and branch canals,
and modernizing and maintaining the world's most complex and extensive irrigation system. From the
1950s onward, the IBIS has also been the product of the generosity and intellectual input of a host of
international experts and international institutions, particularly the World Bank.

The Indus Basin: The First Decade 1947-1957:

Pakistan at this time was overwhelmingly rural. There was a magnificent canal irrigation system based
on the River Indus and its five tributaries (the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas), but it was plagued
by its seasonal nature and lack of surface storage (nearly half the flows went to sea unused in the
summer, with less than 2 feet/acre left for the irrigated land).
The irrigation system during the 1950s (largely inherited pre-1947) consisted of 10 barrages (Thal,
Jinnah, Taunsa, Guddu, Sukkur, Kotri, Trimmu, Dipalpur, Suleimanke, Islam, and Panjnad) and 35,000
miles of canals. India had started depriving Pakistan of water from the three eastern rivers, i.e., the Ravi,
Sutlej, and Beas from March 1948.This led Pakistan to negotiate and sign the Indus Water Accord (I WA)
in 1960, with India giving Pakistan the rights to the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab, and India the rights to
the Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas in perpetuity.
Indus basin water strategies in Pakistan:
Many systems are use in Indus basin water strategies in Pakistan:
1)Barrage:
2)Dam:
3)Headwork.

PAST INDUS BASIN WATER STRATEGY

(BARRAGES):
Introduction to barrages:
A Barrage is an artificial structure or obstruction placed in river or water course , to increase the depth
of water(to some feet), so that the water can be diverted into canals is called barrage OR A type of dam
which consists of a line of large gates that can be opened or closed to control the amount of water
passing the dam.
Difference between barrage and headwork:
The head works are built on river or water course between two banks at the same level of river to
control water, distribute it through canals for irrigation or other purpose of supplying water. Barrage is
made in similar way but main difference is that barrage is designed in such a way so that it could
increase the water level and serve as a storage. Electricity can be produced at a barrage after
construction of hydro power plants but could not be at a head work.

Kotri Barrage in picture(Tour 2020 civil engineering department MUET)

INTRODUCTION TO KOTRI BARRAGE:

Kotri Barrage is a barrage on the Indus River near Hyderabad in Sindh, was built in 1932 and opened in
1955. Kotri Barrage is used to control water flow in the River Indus for irrigation and flood control
purposes. It is also known as the Ghulam Muhammad Barrage.

KOTRI BARRAGE in picture(Tour 2020 civil engineering department MUET)

HISTORY OF ALL BARRAGES OR REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
At present their are overall 10 barrages in Pakistan and 10 headworks but in this report we will discuss
only on barrages:

Barrages:
1)Chashma Barrage(1971)
2)Islam Bamage(1927)
3) Jinnah Barrage(1946)
4)Rasul Barrage(1968)
5)Taunsa Barrage(1959)
6)Trimmu Barrage(1937-1939)
7) Guddu Barrage(1962)
8)Kotri Barrage(1955)
9) Sukkur Barrage(1932)

1)CHASHMA BARRAGE:
Chashma Barrage was constructed in 1971 on the River Indus near the village of Chashma. It was
constructed to divert the water released from Tarbela into River Jhelum through the Chashma-Jhelum
Link Canal, which has a capacity of 21,700 cusecs. Storage capacity 649 ft. The barrage is 3,536 feet long
with 3,120 feet of clear waterway and with a maximum design discharge of 1.1 million cusecs.

2)ISLAM BARRAGE:
Islam barrage was constructed in 1927 on the River Sutlej in Hasilpur Tehsil of the Punjab province of
Pakistan. It is used for irrigation and flood control.At 503 metres (1,650 ft) long with a design discharge
of 8,500 cubic metres per second (300,000 cu ft/s), it has two off taking larger canals which irrigate
278,800 hectares (689,000 acres) of land in Southern Punjab and 283,300 hectares (700,000 acres) in
the former Bahawalpur state. Mailsi Canal (150 m3/s) arises from its right bank and Bahawal Canal (150
m3/s) from the left; a third, smaller canal called Qaim Canal (15.8 m3/s) also arises from the left bank.
3)JINNAH BARRAGE:
The jinnah barrage was constructed in 1946 on the River Indus near Kalabagh,Pakistan. It has a
maximum flood height of 8.5 m (28 ft) and it spans 1,152 m (3,780 ft) over the river. The barrage can
discharge up to 27,000 m3/s (950,000 cu ft/s) downstream with 42 spillway gates which are each 18.2 m
(60 ft) wide.
4)RASUL BARRAGE:
Rasul barrage was constructed in 1968 on the River Jehlum between Jhelum District and Mandi
Bahauddin District of the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is situated 72 km downstream of Mangla Dam.It
has a discharge capacity of 24070 cubic meter per second. Water is diverted from this point to Chenab
River at Qadirabad through Rasul-Qadirabad link canal, then ultimately transferred to Sulemanki Barrage
on the Sutlej River. Rasul-Qadirabad link canal has the second largest water discharge capacity after
Chashma-Jhelum link canal. It has 538-m³/s discharge capacity while Chashma-Jhelum link canal has
615-m³/s capacity.
5)TAUNSA BARRAGE:
Taunsa m-rage was constructed in 1959 on near taunsa sharif,River Indus, 18- miles downstream of
Chashma Barrage in district Muzaffargarh. The barrage has a maximum design discharge of 750,000
cusecs. The maximum flood level height of Taunsa Barrage is 26 feet. The length of the left and right
guide bank is 8,327 ft. The gates, 60 x 22.5 feet in size, are manually operated.Storage capacity of
barrage is 1,000,000 Cusec. The feasibility for low-head hydel power has been completed through a
CIDA grant, and 120 MW power station will be installed with 8 pit type turbo generators.
6)TRIMMU BARRAGE:
Trimmu Barrage was constructed between 1937 and 1939 by English engineers on the River Chenab in
the Jhang District of the Punjab province of Pakistan. Trimmu barrage is located downstream of the
confluence of Jhelum and Chenab Rivers and was commissioned in 1939. The barrage was remodeled in
1962 and a new head regulator for the Trimmu-Sidhnai (T-S) Link Canal was constructed in for a
discharge capacity of354 m³/s to supply water to Lower Ravi and Sutlej River commands. The barrage
was designed to pass a maximum flood discharge of 18,264 m³/s.The safe discharging capacity of the
barrage is now reduced to 12,743 m³/s due to sediment deposition as an island upstream of the
barrage. The hydrologic studies indicate that the barrage requires passing a flood of 23,220m³/s.
Enhancing flood capacity of the barrage will reduce flood risks to about 100,000 people.
7)GUDDU BARRAGE:
Guddu Barrage was constructed in 1962 on kashmore,River Indus with a maximum design discharge of
1.2 million cusecs. It is a gate- controlled weir type barrage with a navigation lock. The maximum flood
level height of Guddu barrage is 26 feet. Guddu Barrage is used to control water flow in the River Indus
for irrigation and flood control purposes.
8)KOTRI BARRAGE:
Kotri Barrage was constructed in 1955 on near hydraabad,River Indus with a maximum design discharge
of 875,000 cusecs. The maximum flood level height of Kotri barrage is 43.1 feet.The barrage has 44 bays,
each 18 metres (60 ft) wide.Kotri Barrage was constructed to irrigate Fulleli, Pinyari and Kolari canals
through lined channels and enhance agriculture in the lower Sindh region.

KOTRI BARRAGE in picture(Tour 2020 civil engineering department MUET)

APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY:

HYDROLIC GATE OF KOTRI BARRAGE in picture(Tour 2020 civil engineering department MUET)

KOTRI BARRAGE in picture(Tour 2020 civil engineering department MUET)

The reason to built the kotri barrage was to provide the water to lower sindh region like
thata,badin..The Barage also provides water to Kalri Lake which is the main source of water for
Karachi.Kotri Barrage is used to control water flow in the River Indus for irrigation and flood control
purposes.it feed the 32 lak acrs. kotri barrage have fish leader.fish leder are the main component of this
barrage.like ever living thing that is growing with the help of barrage (ecosystem) fishes do grow
there.fishes need that water to serviov as it is very huge barrage and huge amount of water flows
through it with a high discharge.fishes need less then 10ft/sec of discharge to serviov and give eggs and
increase there population,because sea is near to the kotri engineers decided to build fish leder with zig
zag ship on the right side of barrage pocket wall so that water flow decrease there and fishes can easily
give eggs.

FISH LADDER OF
KOTRI BARRAGE in picture(Tour 2020 civil engineering department MUET)
Only kotri barrage has ship block.ship bloks are formed becouse sea is near on 158 km from kotri
barrage and ships,boats and batle ships can cross from here,indus river to sea or from sea to indus
river.so engineers dicides that it will be helpful for every one to make a ship block.its is 60ft in weidth it
is made left side of kotri barrage.it has a huge gate and any ship with weidth of 60ft or lesser can cros
through it.befor they pass ship through they conformed that ship weidh is 60ft or less then 60 ft,if ship is
greater then 60 ft it will stuck insider the block.

water is diverge to the canals with the help of their pokets.kotri barrage has 2 pocket or pond one is on
left side and on is on right side.left pond is bigger then right one because there are two canal so they
need more water.two walls are perpendicular to gates are called divide walls.water is stocked in the
ponds,the velocity decrease there and silt get on the bottom of the pond and then water is allowed to
pass through canals.silt is very bad for canals,it can decrease discharge of water,damages the gates
e.t.c.the silt is then removed from the ponds time by time.length of left divide wall is 481 ft.total
discharge of left side combined canals is 28240 cusec.

"CUSEC= Cusec is a measure of flow rate and is informal shorthand for cubic feet per second or volume
per unite time."

SALIENT FEATURES OF KOTRI BARRAGE:

SALIENT FEATURES OF KOTRI

BARRAGE in picture(Tour 2020 civil engineering department MUET).

K.B FEEDER(PERENIAL) AND ITS DESIGN DATA:

K.B FEEDER(PERENIAL) DESIGN DATA OF KOTRI BARRAGE in picture(Tour 2020 civil engineering
department MUET)

K.B FEEDER(PERENIAL) OF KOTRI BARRAGE in picture(Tour 2020 civil engineering department MUET)

SCALE OF MEASURING REDUCE LEVEL,PAVEMENT,SLOPES AND GLACIS OF THE

RIVER IN KOTRI BARRAGE:
Kotri barrage is provided with scales to measure the R.L,Pavements and glacis:
 SCALES FOR MEASURING R.L OF RIVER in KOTRI BARRAGE in picture(Tour 2020 civil engineering
department MUET)

SCALES FOR MEASURING

PAVEMENTS,SLOPES AND GLACIS OF RIVER in KOTRI BARRAGE in picture(Study Tour 2020 civil
engineering department MUET)
ENGINES MADE BY RANSOME AND RAPIER FOR LIFTING BARRAGE GATE IN
KOTRI BARRAGE:

ENGINES MADE BY RANSOMES AND RAPIER FOR LIFTING BARRAGES GATE FOR KOTRI BARRAGE in
picture(StudyTour 2020 civil engineering department MUET)

ENGINES MADE BY RANSOMES AND RAPIER FOR LIFTING BARRAGES GATE FOR KOTRI BARRAGE in
picture(StudyTour 2020 civil engineering department MUET)
LIFTING IRON RODS FOR GATES in KOTRI BARRAGE in picture(StudyTour 2020 civil engineering
department MUET)

9)SUKKUR BARRAGE:
It is the largest barrage of pakistan and was build during british rule. It was known as Lloyd Barrage.
Sukkur Barrage was constructed in 1932 on near sukkar,River Indus. It is among the few large barrages
in the world, and has a maximum design discharge of 1.5 million cusecs. The maximum flood level height
of Sukkur barrage is 30 feet.The Sukkur Barrage, is the pride of Pakistan's Irrigation system as it is the
largest single Irrigation network of its kind in the world. The introduction of barrage-controlled irrigation
system resulted in more timely water supplies for the existing cultivated areas of Sindh Province of
Pakistan.
KOTRI BARRAGE:

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

1) Habitat fragmentation by barrages:
The occurrences of Indus dolphin consistently decreased in the upstream ranges from approximately
3,400 km of the main channel and its tributaries in the 1870s(Anderson 1879) to approximately 1,000
km of the main channel today. An estimated 99% of the Indus dolphin population occurs in only 690
linear km, correspond-ing to an 80% reduction in the area of occupancy. The study conducted by Braulik
et al. 2014 concluded that there is a strong relationship between low dry-seasonriver discharge and the
decline of the Indus dolphin.Where dolphins are still extant, the median monthly dry season river
discharge averaged 873 cumec (ranged 205–1,332 cumec), as compared to an average of 227 cumec
(range 0–1,076 cumec) in locations from which dolphins have been extirpated (Braulik et al. 2014). In
general, river stretches where dolphins are still present were fragmented by barrages later, are farther
from the range periphery, are of the longer length, have a shal-lower slope, and greater dry season
discharge compared to those river stretches where dolphins are no longer present. Reduced discharge
of the Indus River directly affects dolphins by reducing the living space available to them, reducing
average water velocity and depth, and increasing water temperatures.

2)IMPACTS OF BARRAGES ON FISH MIGRATION:

During the early stage of migration (january–February) during the monsoon floods. The persistence of
Beas River of hilsa, there is hardly any water available in downstream dolphin demonstrates that in the
presence of sufficient Kotri (Figure 5) for hilsa to migrate to upstream. The fisher- water, and in the
absence of other threats, river dolphins man catch the fish in the deltaic region only. However, later can
persist for decades even in relatively small fragments migration during summer monsoon floods (April–
july), of habitat near the periphery of their range. Based on means that the palla fishing is carried out
from jamshoro the historical pattern of decline, Indus dolphins are most to Keti Bunder, on the
downstream of Kotri Barrage.

Annual hilsa catch of last six decades indicate that in the 1950s annual catch was close to 13,000 t,
which decreased to 2,700 t in 1962 and then again started to increase with peak annual catch of 11,800t
in 1973 (Table 3).Over the last four decades, hilsa annual catch has been reduced from 9,098 t in 1974 to
269 t in 2013 (FAO2015).The changes in annual hilsa capture trend may have different factors, but the
most logical one could be the construction of Kotri Barrage in 1955 and subsequent obstruction of
migration patterns. The catch declined up to 1961 (7,800 tons) but not significantly and a major capture
of 11,800 t in 1973 may be explained due to the super flood of 19 August 1973, during which hilsa were
able to travel through the flood plains in upstream locations and were caught by the fisherman.
scale. The major factor severely threatening the fishery is the low flow of fresh water to the sea
beginning from the upstream barrages including Guddu, Sukkur and Kotri and hilsa appears to be the
most vulnerable due to its fluvial migration toward the Indus River (Jafri 1988). Hilsa fishery has been
providing a livelihood to a large number of fisherman in Sindh, some of whom migrate to Jamshoro area
from Sukkur and Larkana districts during hilsa migration periods.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS:

RECOMMENDATIONS:

1) Maintenance:
Ensuring critical levels of water flow in riverine habitats of dolphins: The survival of the Indus
River dolphin and a host of other aquatic wildlifeare dependent on riverine ecology in general
and the maintenance of an optimum water flow. Based on systematic and continued research
and regular monitoring with the involvement of hydrologists and other multi-disciplinary
professionals, critical water flow and minimum depths for river dolphin habitats should be
determined, and management actions should be set in place to maintain such flow and depth.

2) PREVENTION FOR ENTRY OF DOLPHINES AND ENDANGERED FISHES:

There is no comprehensive data base available on Indus dolphins.Detailed surveys are required to
develop an understanding and knowledge on the species and to
develop a detailed management plan for conservation of dolphins.
• Setting up of no fishing zones in the Game Reserve:Occurrences and identification of river
stretches that support breeding and feeding grounds of dolphin, critical dolphin habitats will be
identifiedthat require protection from fishing.
 Education and awareness: Education and awareness program to be conducted to increase the
awareness level of all spectrums of the society about dolphin, its habitat requirements, and
itscurrent threatened status. For example, declaring the dolphin a National Aquatic Animal will
create lot of public awareness.

BARRAGE REHABILITATION:
The main purpose of the barrage rehabilitation is to continue the sustained supply of water through the
canals for irrigation. However, it is utmost important that the precious water is also used effectively by
the farmers without wasting it. Reduced wastage of irrigation water will allow more water to be
discharged in to the downstream of the barrages, which eventually help maintaining the environmental
flow in the downstream and reduce negative impacts on dolphin and hilsa.

CONCLUSION:

I think that kind of study tour should be made so that student can realy enjoy study. Study tours are
designed to be both fun and educational.I enjoyed most because it was amazing standing on the barrage
and taking lecture about it there,& it make my mind easy to understand that what is going on.every
moment i feel,I don't have to imagine, it was all right frount of me.teachers should teach their student
by giving them demonstration.and take the student to the study tour.I realy thank my teacher who take
us to this tour to kotri barrage DR.Khalifa Qasim Laghari and spacial thanks to those engineers who
guides us and said if you need any help you can came.

REFERENCES:
Lomolino MV, Channell R. 1995. Splendid isolation: patterns
of geographic range collapse in endangered mammals. J
Mammal. 76:335–347.
Narejo NT, Ali SS, Jafri SIH, Hussain SM. 1999. A study on the
age and growth of Palla, T. ilisha, from the River Indus. Pak
J Zool. 31:25–29.
Panhwar SK, Siddiqui G, Ayub Z. 2011. Reproductive pattern
and some biological features of anadromous fish T. ilisha
from Pakistan. Indian J Mar Sci. 40:687–696.
Qureshi MR. 1968. Problems concerning fishery of hilsa, Hilsha
ilisha (Ham.). Pakistan J Sci Ind Res. 11:85–94.
Reeves RR, Chaudhry AA, Khalid U. 1991. Competing for water
on the Indus Plain: is there a future for Pakistan’s river
dolphins? Environ Conserv. 18:341–349.
Shah AH, Gill KH, Syed NI. 2011. Sustainable salinity
management for combating desertification in Pakistan. Int
J Water Resour Arid Environ. 1:312–317.
Sindh Wildlife Department and Global Environmental
Management Services. 2012. Baseline study of Indus dolphin
Guddu to Sukkur Barrage and Sukkur to Kotri Barrage. Sindh,
Pakistan.
The World Bank. 2010. Project Appraisal document of Punjab
Barrages Improvement Phase-II Project. Report no. 51016-
PK. Sustainable Development Department, Agriculture and
Rural Development Sector Unit, South Asia Region.
Waqas U, Malik IM, Khokhar LA. 2012. Conservation of Indus
River dolphin (Platanista gangetica minor) in the Indus River
System, Pakistan: an overview. Sukkar: WWF-Pakistan, Indus
River Dolphin Conservation Centre Lab-e-Mehran.
No other references were taken only the material of srudy tour was used with simple definition and
pictures.