OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

This study aims to:

1. To know what causes to have Bronchopneumonia.
2. Discuss the anatomy of the organ involved in Bronchopneumonia.
3. Present other ideal laboratory studies and their implication to support the diagnosis of
the disease.
4. Determine the appropriate nursing diagnosis for the client
5. Create a plan of care appropriate nursing diagnosis for the client
 Definition
noun
1. Inflammation of the lungs, arising in the bronchi or bronchioles.

Bronchopneumonia is a type of pneumonia, a condition that causes inflammation of the lungs. Symptoms can

range from mild to severe and may include coughing, breathing difficulties, and fever. Causes include bacterial,

viral, or fungal chest infections.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), pneumonia is responsible for
around 51,811 deaths each year in the United States, with the majority of these cases being in adults aged 65 years
old or more.

In this article, we look at what bronchopneumonia is, along with its symptoms, causes, and treatment. We also
cover prevention.

The bronchi are the large air passages that connect the windpipe to the lungs. These bronchi then split into many
tiny air tubes known as bronchioles, which make up the lungs.

At the end of the bronchioles are tiny air sacs called alveoli where the exchange of oxygen from the lungs and
carbon dioxide from the bloodstream takes place.
Pneumonia causes an inflammation in the lungs that leads to these alveoli filling with fluid. This fluid impairs
normal lung function, producing a range of respiratory problems.

Bronchopneumonia is a form of pneumonia that affects both the alveoli in the lungs and the bronchi.

Symptoms of bronchopneumonia can range from mild to severe. This condition is the most common type of
pneumonia in children and the leading cause of death from infection in children aged under 5 years of age.

The symptoms, causes, complications, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of bronchopneumonia are typically the
same as that for pneumonia.

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323167.php
Sep 25, 2018
CAUSES:

Many cases of bronchopneumonia are caused by bacteria. Outside the body, the bacteria are contagious and can
spread between people in close proximity through sneezes and coughs. A person becomes infected by breathing in
the bacteria.

Common bacterial causes of bronchopneumonia include:

 Staphylococcus aureus
 Haemophilus influenzae
 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
 Escherichia coli
 Klebsiella pneumoniae
 Proteus species

The condition is commonly contracted in a hospital setting. People who come to the hospital for treatment of other
illnesses often have compromised immune systems. Being sick affects how the body fights off bacteria.
RISK FACTOR:

There are several factors that can increase your risk of developing bronchopneumonia. These
include:

Age: People who are 65 years of age or older, and children who are 2 years or younger, have a higher risk for
developing bronchopneumonia and complications from the condition.

Environmental: People who work in, or often visit, hospital or nursing home facilities have a higher risk for
developing bronchopneumonia.

Lifestyle: Smoking, poor nutrition, and a history of heavy alcohol use can increase your risk for
bronchopneumonia.

Medical conditions: Having certain medical conditions can increase your risk for developing this type of
pneumonia. These include:

 chronic lung disease, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
 HIV/AIDS
 having a weakened immune system due to chemotherapy or the use of immunosuppressive drugs
 chronic disease, such as heart disease or diabetes
 autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus
 cancer
 chronic cough
 swallowing difficulties
 ventilator support
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

The symptoms of bronchopneumonia vary, depending on the severity of the condition.

Symptoms are more likely to be severe in people who have weaker immune systems,
such as young children, older adults, or people who have certain conditions or are taking
specific medications.

Symptoms of bronchopneumonia may include:

 fever
 breathing difficulty, such as shortness of breath
 chest pain that may get worse with coughing or breathing deeply
 coughing up mucus
 sweating
 chills or shivering
 muscle aches
 low energy and fatigue
 loss of appetite
 headaches
 confusion or disorientation, especially in older adults
 dizziness
 nausea and vomiting
 coughing up blood
TREATMENT:

Treatment options for bronchopneumonia include both at-home treatments and medical treatments by prescription.

At-home care

Viral bronchopneumonia normally doesn’t require medical treatment unless it’s severe. It typically improves on its
own in two weeks. Bacterial or fungal causes of bronchopneumonia may require medication

Medical treatment

Your doctor will prescribe antibiotics if a bacterium is the cause of your pneumonia. Most people begin to feel
better within three to five days after starting antibiotics.

It’s important that you finish your entire course of antibiotics to prevent the infection from returning and to make
sure it completely clears.

In cases of a viral infection like influenza, your doctor may prescribe antivirals to help reduce the length of your
illness and the severity of your symptoms.
Hospital care

You may need to go to the hospital if your infection is severe and you meet any of the following criteria:

 you’re over age 65

 you have difficulty breathing
 you have chest pain
 you have rapid breathing
 you have low blood pressure
 you show signs of confusion
 you need breathing assistance
 you have chronic lung disease

Treatment in the hospital may include intravenous (IV) antibiotics and fluids.
Anatomy and Physiology:

The respiratory system is situated in the thorax, and is responsible for gaseous exchange between the circulatory
system and the outside world. Air is taken in via the upper airways (the nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx) through
the lower airways (trachea, primary bronchi and bronchial tree) and into the small bronchioles and alveoli within
the lung tissue.
Move the pointer over the coloured regions of the diagram; the names will appear at the bottom of the screen)

The lungs are divided into lobes; The left lung is composed of the upper lobe, the lower lobe and the lingula (a
small remnant next to the apex of the heart), the right lung is composed of the upper, the middle and
the lower lobes.

Mechanics of Breathing

To take a breath in, the external intercostal muscles contract, moving the ribcage up and out.
The diaphragm moves down at the same time, creating negative pressure within the thorax. The lungs are held to
the thoracic wall by the pleural membranes, and so expand outwards as well. This creates negative pressure within
the lungs, and so air rushes in through the upper and lower airways.

Expiration is mainly due to the natural elasticity of the lungs, which tend to collapse if they are not held against the
thoracic wall. This is the mechanism behind lung collapse if there is air in the pleural space (pneumothorax).
PATIENT’S PROFILE:
 Patient D
 64 years old/Male/Saudi
 3 among 6 siblings
rd

 Married and with 4 children

HISTORY OF ILLNESS
 Admitted in Procare Riaya Hospital on 17/09/19 at 1500H under the service of Dr. Z with complaints of cough, fever difficulty
of breathing and body weakness

PAST MEDICAL HISTORY:

 Diagnosed of COPD 8 years ago in SAAD Hospital
 Known with mild hypertension on maintenance of Concor tablet
 Allergic to banana and beans
SOCIAL HISTORY:
 Works as chemical engineer in a refinery company in Dammam
 Lives in 2-storey house in main road along Khobar
 Has 2-pack-per day smoking habit
 Every end of the month, he goes out with his friends and hang around
 Fond of eating spicy foods
 Drinks coffee twice a day
 No regular exercise
  Drinks approximately 4 to 6 glasses of water daily

VITAL SIGNS:
On the day of admission)
Temperature:
Height:
Weight:
Pulse:
RR:
BP:

(On the day of discharge)

Temperature:
Height:
Weight:
Pulse:
RR:
BP:

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:
I. General Survey: Weak-looking
Conscious and coherent

Area Assessed Technique Findings Evaluation

II. Head Inspection
1. Eyes Inspection using
2. Ears Otoscope

3. Nose Inspection

4. Mouth Inspection using

torch and tongue
depressor
III. Neck Palpation
IV. Chest Auscultation
V. Abdomen Inspection
Auscultation
Percussion
Palpation
VI. Skin Inspection
Palpation
VII. Nails Inspection
Palpation
 DRUG STUDY
IN-PATIENT MEDICATION

Generic Brand Classification Route Dosage and Caregiver’s

Name Name Frequency Responsibilities
 DRUG STUDY
HOME MEDICATION
Generic Brand Classification Route Dosage and Caregiver’s
Name Name Frequency Responsibilities
LABORATORY FINDINGS

TEST RESULT NORMAL VALUE INTERPRETATION

NURSING CARE PLAN:

Assessment Nursing Plan Intervention Rationale Evaluation

Diagnosis
 a. Short c. Short term
term evaluation:
goal:
d. Long term
b. Long evaluation:
term
goal:

Nursing Care Plan for Bronchopneumonia

Nursing Assessment for Bronchopneumonia

1. Medical History
 History of respiratory tract infection: cough, runny nose, fever.
 Anorexia, difficulty swallowing, nausea and vomiting.
  History of immunity-related diseases such as malnutrition.
 Other family members have respiratory tract illness.
 Productive cough, breathing nostrils, rapid and shallow breathing, restlessness, cyanosis.

2. Physical Examination
 Fever, tachypnea, cyanosis, respiratory nostril.
 Auscultation of lung wet Ronchi

 Laboratory of leukocytosis, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate or normal.

 Abnormal chest X-ray (spotting, consolidating scattered in both lungs).

3. Psychological factors / developments to understand the action

 Age level of development.

 Tolerance / ability to understand the action.

 Coping.

 Experience separated from family / parents.

 The experience of previous respiratory tract infections.

4. Knowledge of family / parents.

 The family of knowledge about respiratory diseases.

 The experience of the family of respiratory tract disease.

 Readiness / willingness of families caring for a child to learn.
DISCHARGE PLANNING

On the day of follow up after discharge, we instructed the patient to do the following:
M- Medications
1
2
 3
E- Exercise
1
2
3

T- Treatment
1
2
3

H- Health teachings
1
2
3

O- OPD (follow up check up)

 1
2
3

D- Diet
1
2
3