STRUCTURAL DESIGN – mixture of art and Truss/bracing member connections are used to

science; Salmon and Johnston 1990 connect two or more truss members together.
CIVIL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES Only the axial forces in the members have to be
 Buildings transferred through the connection for continuity.
 Bridges
 Transmission Towers Simple shear connections are the pin connections

 Dams used to connect beam to column members. Only

 Highways/ Pavements the shear forces are transferred through the

 Aircraft Landing Runways connection for continuity. The bending moments

 Retaining Walls are not transferred through the connection.

MEMBERS AND ELEMENTS

 Beams Moment connections are fix connections used to
connect beam to column members. Both the shear
 Columns
forces and bending moments are transferred
 Shear Structural Elements
through the connections with very small
 Trusses
deformations (full restraint).
 Steel Rods
 Connection Elements
Partially restrained are flexible connections used
OWNER – use and occupancy
to beam to column members. The shear forces are
ARCHITECT – plans and layout; aesthetically
transferred fully through the connection. However,
pleasing
the bending moment is only transferred partially.
ENGINEER – structural framework; safety and
STRUCTURAL LOADS:
serviceability; designing the bldg. to carry the loads
 DEAD LOAD – are permanent loads acting on
safely.
the structure. They are usually gravity loads.
FABRICATOR – designed members and
 LIVE LOADS – non permanent loads acting
connections are fabricated economically.
due to its use and occupancy. They cannot be
CONTRACTOR/ERECTOR – ensuring that the
estimated with same accuracy as dead loads.
members and connections are economically
 WIND LOADS – are in the form of pressure or
assembled.
suction. They cause horizontal lateral loads.
BUILDING OFFICIAL – satisfies the appropriate
Causes uplift of light roof systems.
bldg. codes accepted by the Gov’t.
 SNOW LOADS – loads due to snow, subjected
CHOICES FOR MATERIAL IN STRUCTURAL
to variability due to seasons and drift.
DESIGN:
 ROOF LIVE LOAD – caused during the design
 Steel
life by planters, people or by workers, etc.
 Reinforced Concrete
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS – prediction of the
 Steel – Concrete Composite Construction
performance under prescribed loads and/or other
TENSION MEMBER – tensile axial force only
effects.
COLUMN OR COMPRESSION MEMBER –
STRUCTURAL DESIGN – the art of utilizing the
compressive axial force only
principles of statics, dynamics and mechanics of
TENSION/COMPRESSION MEMBER –
materials.
tensile/compressive axial forces
FUNCTIONAL DESIGN – ensures that intended
BEAM MEMBER – flexural loads; shear force and
results are achieved.
bending moment only.
STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK DESIGN – is the
BEAM – COLUMN MEMBER – combined axial and
selection of the arrangement and sizes of structural
flexural loads.
elements.
SAFETY – deflections and vibrations are not so
great or to cause unsightly cracks.
COST – needs to keep in mind the factors that can
lower cost without sacrificing the strength.
PRACTICALLITY – should try to fit their work to
the fabrication facilities available; more probable it
is that reasonably practical and economical
designs.
ADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS A STRUCTURAL
MATERIAL:
 HIGH STRENGTH – weight of the structure
that is made of steel will be light.
 UNIFORMITY – properties of steel don’t change
as oppose to concrete.
 ELASTICITY – steel follows Hooke’s Law very
accurately
American Concrete Institute (ACI) – reinforced
concrete structures
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
– structural steel design
YIELD STRESS, Fy – which the stress-strain curve
exhibits a well-defined increase in strain without
an increase in stress.
TENSILE STRENGTH, Fu – largest unit stress
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, E – the slope of the
initial straight-line portion of the stress strain
diagram. 200,000 MPa for design calculation for all
structural steel.

 DUCTILITY – can withstand extensive DUCTILITY – large inelastic deformations without

deformation without failure under high tensile fracture.

stress. TOUGHNESS – ability of the material to absorb

 TOUGHNESS – steel has both strength and energy

ductility. WELDABILITY – ability of steel to be welded

DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS A STRUCTURAL without changing its basic mechanical properties

MATERIAL: POISSON’S RATIO – ratio of transverse strain to

MAINTENANCE COST – susceptible to corrosion longitudinal strain.

 FIREPROOFING COST – strength is reduced SHEAR MODULUS – ratio of shearing stress to

tremendously at high temperature. shearing strength during initial elastic behavior.

 BRITTLE FRACTURE – Fatigue type loadings

and very low temperatures trigger the situation. TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF A36 STEEL
E = 200,000 MPa
 SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BUCKLING – as the
Fy = 248 MPa
length and slenderness of a compressive
Fu = 400 MPa
column is increased, its danger of buckling
increases. Endurance Strength = 207 MPa
ρ = 7780 kg/m³
 FATIGUE – strength can be reduced if the
μ = 0.3
member is subjected to cyclic loading.
G = 77,200 MPa
1777 – 1779 – began with cast iron, used on a 100
α = 11.7 x 10-6 / °C
ft (30 m) arch built in England.
1780 – 1820 – number of cast iron bridges were
built
1846 – 1850 – Britannia Bridge was built in Menai
Strait in Wales.
1840 – wrought iron replacing cast iron
1855 – dev’t of Bessemer Process, which help
producing steel in large quantities and at cheaper
prices.
1989 – steel shapes having yield strength of
24,000 to 100,000 psi were produced.

American Association of State Highways and

Transportation Officials (AASHTO) – design of
steel bridges
American Railway Engineering Association
(AREA) – Railroad Bridges