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The spiral casings are provided with inspection holes and pressure gauges. The
material of a casing depends upon the head of water, under which the turbine is working as
discussed below:
Concrete up to 30 m
Welded rolled steel plate up to 100 m
Cast steel more than 100 m
2.2.2 Guide Mechanism
The guide vanes are fixed between two rings in the form of a wheel. This wheel is
fixed in the spiral casing. The guide vanes are properly designed in order to:
1. Allow the water to enter the runner without shock (This is done by keeping the relative
velocity, at inlet of the runner, tangential to the vane angle).
2. Allow the water to flow over them, without forming eddies
3. Allow the required quantity of water to enter the turbine. (This done by adjusting the
opening of the vanes).
41
All the guide vanes can rotate about their respective pivots, which are connected to
the regulating ring by some mechanical means. The regulating ring is connected to the
regulating shaft by means of two regulating rods. The guide vanes may be closed or
opened by rotating the regulating shaft, thus allowing the required quantity of water to
flow according to the need. The regulating shaft is operated by means of a governor,
whose function is to govern the turbine (to keep the speed constant at varying loads). The
guide vanes are generally made of cast steel.
2.2.3 Turbine Runner
The runner of a reaction turbine consists of runner blades fixed either to a shaft or
rings, depending upon the type of turbine. The blades are properly designed, in order to
allow the water to enter and leave the runner without shock.
The runner is keyed to a shaft, which may be vertical or horizontal. If the shaft is
vertical, it is called a vertical turbine. Similarly, if the shaft is horizontal, it is called a
horizontal turbine.
The surface of the runner is made very smooth. The runner may be cast in one piece
or may be made of separate steel plates and welded together. For low heads, the runner
42
may be made of cast iron. But for high heads, the runner is made of steel or alloys. When
the water is chemically impure, the runner is made of special alloy.
2.2.4 Draft Tube
The function of the draft tube is to bring the water pressure back to the pressure of
the tailrace, and during this process to remove the kinetic energy still existing at the runner
outlet. In some rotors the work transfer is accomplished not only while the water is
moving radially but also in a part axial direction. This is done by a judicious choice of
rotor design.
The water, after passing through the runner, flows down through a tube called draft
tube. It is, generally, downed approximately 1 m below the tail race level. A draft tube has
the following functions:
1. It increases the head of water by an amount equal to height of the runner outlet above
the tail race.
2. It increases efficiency of the turbine
2.3 Difference between an Impulse Turbine and a Reaction Turbine
Following are the few points of difference between a reaction turbine and an impulse
turbine:
S. No Impulse Turbine Reaction Turbine
1 The entire available energy of the water The available energy of the water is not
is first converted into kinetic energy. converted from one form to another.
2 The water flows through the nozzles The water is guided by the guide blades
and impinges on the buckets, which are to flow over the moving vanes
fixed to the outer periphery of the
wheel
3 The water impinges on the buckets, The water glides over the moving vanes
with kinetic energy with pressure energy
4 The pressure of the flowing water The pressure of the flowing water is
remains unchanged and is equal to the reduced after gliding over the vanes
atmospheric pressure
5 It is not essential that the wheel should It is essential that the wheel should
43
run full. Moreover, there should be free always run full, and kept full of water
access of air between the vanes and the
wheel
6 The water may be admitted over a part The water must be admitted over the
of the circumference or over the whole whole circumference of the wheel
circumference of the wheel
7 It is possible to regulate the flow It is not possible to regulate the flow
without loss without loss
8 The work is done by the change in the The work is done partly by the change
kinetic energy of the jet in the velocity head, but almost entirely
by the change in pressure head
44
(ii) Outward flow turbines: In such turbines, the water enters at the center of the wheel,
and then flows outwards (toward the outer periphery of the wheel).
45
3. Guide Vanes: These vanes direct the water onto the runner at an angle appropriate to
the design. The motion to them is given by means of a hand wheel or automatically
by a governor.
4. Governing and runner blades: The driving force on the runner is both due to impulse
reaction effects. The number of runner blades usually varies between 16 to 24.
5. Draft Tube: It is a gradually expanding tube which discharges water, passing through
the runner, to the tail race.
The water passes through row of fixed guide vanes followed by adjustable guide
vanes. The flow can be varied when the turbine is working at partial loads by changing the
cross- sectional area between the guide vanes. The water then passes through the runner
with radial vanes. The water enters the runner at large radius and leaves the runner blades
at a smaller radius. The interaction between the fluid and runner blades results in torque
46
applied to the runner. The runner is connected to the driving shaft to drive an electric
generator. The turbine shown in the Figure (2.5) is vertical type.
The water after doing the work leaves through the draft tube. It is essentially a
diffuser whose area increases in the direction of the fluid flow. As area increases velocity
decreases and pressure rises.
It produces a negative pressure at turbine exit and thus increases the head over the
turbine which means more power.
There is energy loss at various components from the reservoir to the tail race. There
is energy loss in the penstock conveying water to the turbine losses in fixed guide vanes,
and also adjustable guide vanes, and runner vanes. There is also head loss in the draft tube
and residual kinetic energy loss at exit from the draft tube.
2.5.2 Francis turbine Analysis
The total head of the radial flow turbine ranges from about 500 down to 30 m, and
the dimensionless specific speed from 0.3 to 2.5 rad. The water first enters a volute or
spiral casing. It then passes through a row of fixed guide vanes followed by adjustable
guide vanes, the cross-sectional area between the adjustable vanes being varied for flow
control at part load. The water then passes immediately into the rotor where it moves
radially through the rotor vanes and exits from the rotor blades at a smaller diameter, after
which it turns through 90° into the draft tube.
In considering the flow through the runner of a radial flow turbine and the
theoretical analysis with respect to the velocity triangles, the same assumptions will be
made as for the centrifugal pump. Figure (2.6) shows the total energy line through the
complete system from supply reservoir to tailrace. The free surface of the reservoir is often
called the 'head water'. The fluid experiences a frictional head drop h fp in the pipeline up to
the inlet flange of the turbine at point 0. At this point the fluid enters the volute, the fixed
inlet guide vanes and also the adjustable guide vanes, where a further frictional head loss
hg is experienced. Upon leaving the inlet guide vanes, the fluid moves into the runner
where a frictional head loss hr takes place while energy is supplied to the runner and shaft.
The total energy line decreases to the point 3 where the fluid exits from the draft tube with
a frictional head loss hd occurring in the draft tube, and a residual kinetic energy loss
47
V32 2 g at exit from the draft tube. In considering the overall turbine efficiency, the inlet
48
2.5.3 Velocity Triangles for the runner
The inlet and outlet velocity triangles for the runner are shown in figure (2.7). This
shows the water emerging from the inlet guide vanes at radius r1 , with absolute velocity
C1 at an angle 1 to the direction of rotation. The tangential velocity at inlet is U 1 , and by
subtracting U 1 from C1 , the relative velocity vector W1 is obtained at an angle 1 to the
direction of rotation. 1 , is also the inlet blade angle for shock-free entry. At the outlet
radius r2 , the water leaves the blade at angle 2 to the tangential velocity vector, the
resultant of W2 and U 2 being the absolute outlet velocity C2 . The radial flow velocities Cr1
and Cr 2 are directed towards the axis of rotation.
49
(1) Volume flow rate
The volume flow rate through inward Francis turbine is given by the relations:
Q C r1 .A1
Or Q C r 2 .A2
and H 0 is a maximum when Cu 2 is zero, that is when the absolute and radial flow
velocities are equal at the outlet.
H a H 0 H losses
Ha H0 hf
50
2.5.4 Efficiency of Francis Turbine
(1) Hydraulic Efficiency
Power developed by the runner
Hy
Power supplied to the turbine (Water power)
ρ g Q H0
Hy
ρ g QHa
H0
Hy (2.3)
Ha
P m ρ g Q H 0 (2.4)
(3) Overall Efficiency
Shaft Power
0
Power supplied to the turbine (Water Power)
P
0
ρg QHa
P 0 ρ g Q H a (2.5)
(4) Relation between Efficiencies
P
0
ρg QHa
P H
0 0
ρ g Q H a H0
P H
0 0
ρ g Q H0 Ha
0 m Hy (2.6)
51
Example (2.1)
Consider an inward flow reaction turbine in which radial velocity of flow at inlet is
3.8 m s . The 1 m diameter wheel rotates at 240 rpm and inlet guide vane angle is 160 with
C r1 3.8
C1 13.78 m s
sin 1 sin16
C r1 3.8
Cu1 13.25 m s
tan 1 tan 16
52
Example (2.2)
An electricity generating installation uses a Francis turbine with a rotational speed of
1260 rpm . The net head across the turbine is 124 m and the volume flow rate is 0.5 m 3 s .
The radius of the runner is 0.6 m , the height of the runner vanes at inlet is 0.03 m and the
angle of the inlet guide vanes is set at 180 . Assuming that the absolute flow velocity is
radial at exit, find the torque and Power delivered by the turbine. Calculate the hydraulic
efficiency.
Solution
N 1260 rpm r1 0.6 m
H 124 m b1 0.03 m
Q 0.5 m3 s 1 720
r1 0.6 m
Q 0.5 1
C r1 4.42 m s
A1 0.1131
C r1
tan 1
Cu1
C r1 4.42
Cu1 13.6 m s
tan 1 tan 18
N 1260
U1 2 r1 2 0.6 79.17 m s
60 60
gH0 U1Cu1 U 2Cu 2
53
Power Power 538.4 1000
T T 4080 N m
2
N
2
1260
60 60
(c) The hydraulic efficiency
H 0 109.76
Hy
Ha 124
Hy 0.885 Hy 88.5%
Example (2.3)
An inward flow radial turbine has an overall efficiency of 74 per cent. The net head H
across the turbine is 5.5 m and the required power output is 125 kW . The runner tangential
velocity is 0.97 2 gH while the flow velocity Cr1 is 0.4 2 gH . If the speed of the runner is
230 rpm with hydraulic losses accounting for 18 percent of the energy available, calculate
the inlet runner vane angle, the runner diameter at inlet and the height of the runner at
inlet. Assume that the discharge is radial.
Solution
H a 5.5 m U 1 0.97 2 gH
U 1 0.97 2 gH
Cr1 0.4 2 gH a
H 0 Hy H a
54
4.16
tan 1
4.39 10.08
Q 3.13
A1 0.7524 m 2
C r1 4.16
A1 2r1b1
A1 0.7524
b1 0.286 m b1 28.6 cm
2r1 2 0.837
2
Example (2.4)
An inward flow reaction turbine working under a head of 15 m has an external diameter of
1.08 m and internal diameter of 0.54 m. The turbine is running at 200 rpm. The width of the
turbine at inlet is 240 mm and radial flow velocity through the runner is constant and equal
to 2.16 m s . The inlet flow angle is 100 to the tangent of the wheel and discharge at the
outlet is radial. Draw the inlet and outlet velocity triangles and determine:
(1) The absolute velocity of water at the runner inlet
(2) The whirl velocity at inlet
(3) The relative velocity at inlet
(4) The runner blade angles
(5) Volume flow rate of water
(6) Width of runner at outlet
(7) Hydraulic efficiency of the turbine
(8) Power developed by the turbine
55
Solution
H a 15 m b1 0.24 m
D1 1.08 m C r1 C r 2 2.16 m s
D2 0.54 m 1 100
N 200 rpm
N 200
U 1 D1 1.08 11.31 m s
60 60
N 200
U 2 D2 0.54 5.65 m s
60 60
(1) The inlet water velocity
C r1
sin 1
C1
C r1 2.16
C1 12.44 m s
sin 1 sin10
C r1 2.16
Cu1 12.25 m s
tan 1 tan 10
C r 2 2.16
tan 2 0.3823 2 20.9 0
U 2 5.65
56
Q Cr1 . D1b1 2.16 1.08 0.24 1.76 m3 s
Q C r 2 . D2 b2
H 0 14.12
Hy 0.941 Hy 94.1%
Ha 15
P Hy m ρ g Q H a
P 16247W 16.25 kW
57
Example (2.5)
A reaction turbine works at 450 rpm under a head of 120 m. Its diameter at inlet is 1.2 m and
inlet flow area 0.4 m 2 . The angle made by the absolute and relative velocities at inlet are
200 and 600 , respectively with the tangential velocity. Determine:
N 450
U 1 D1 1.2 28.27 m s
60 60
C r1
(1) tan 1 Cr1 Cu1 tan 1
C u1
C r1
(2) tan 1
Cu1 U 1
Cu1 tan 1
tan 1
Cu1 U 1
Cu1 tan 1
Cu1 U 1
tan 1
C u1 tan 20
C u1 28.27
tan 60
58
9.81 H 0 28.27 35.78 0 H 0 103.11 m
H 0 103.11
Hy 0.86 Hy 86%
Ha 120
P Hy m ρ g Q H a
P 5274562 W P 5274.6 kW
Example (2.6)
The following data refer to an inward flow reaction turbine:
Turbine Head 86.4 m
Speed of the runner 650 rpm
59
P 0 ρ g Q H a
Q C r1 .A1
0.551 7 A1 A1 0.0787 m 2
Q C r 2 .A2
0.551 7 A2 A2 0.0787 m 2
0.0787 D1 0.1D1
A2 .D2 .b2
Cu1 47.31 m s
C r1 7
tan 1 1 8.4 0
Cu1 47.31
2 900
60
(c) The blade angles
C r1 7
tan 1 0.2311 1 130
Cu1 U 1 47.31 17.02
Cr 2 7
tan 2 0.8235 2 39.50
U 2 8.5
61
2.6 Net Head across Francis Turbine
The net head H 0 across the turbine is the difference in the total head between the
inlet flange and the tail water level. Thus
P1 C12
Turbine Runner inlet total head Z1 and
g 2 g
P2 C 22
Turbine Runner outlet total head Z2
g 2 g
Where point (1) is the inlet to the runner and point (2) is the exit from the runner
H loss Head losses through the turbine runner (From point (1) to point (2))
62
At rated load, the velocity at the upstream end of the tube for modern units ranges from
7 m s to 9 m s , representing from 2.7 to 4.8 head. As the specific speed is increased and
the head is reduced, it becomes increasingly important to have an efficient draft tube.
Good practice limits the velocity at the discharge end of the tube from 1.5 m s to 2.1 m s ,
representing less than 0.3 m velocity head loss.
2.7.1 Draft Tube Theory
Consider a turbine fitted with a draft tube (conical) as shown in figure (2.8).
Let: y Distance of the bottom of draft tube from tail race
Patm Atmospheric pressure at the surface of tail race
Applying Bernoulli's equation between point (2) which represents the runner exit or inlet
to draft tube and point (3) which represents the draft tube exit:
P2 V22 P V2
Z 2 3 3 Z 3 hloss in draf ttube
g 2 g g 2 g
P2 V22 P3 V32
y2 0 hloss in draf ttube
g 2 g g 2 g
P2 V22 P3 V32
y2 0 hf
g 2 g g 2 g
63
P2 P V 2 V22
3 y2 3 0 hf
g g 2g
The term y 2 y which represents the vertical distance between the runner exit and
the tail water level is called suction head of draft tube and is denoted by H s .
V22 V32
The dynamic head of draft tube
2g
In this equation the pressure at point (2) is less than the atmospheric pressure
2.7.2 Efficiency of a Draft Tube
The efficiency of draft tube is defined as the ratio of net gain in pressure head to the
velocity head at entrance of draft tube. Thus:
Net gain in pressure head
D.T
Velocity head at entrance of draft tube
V22 V32
hf
ηD.T 2g
V22
2g
ηD.T
V 2
2
V32 2 g.h f
(2.10)
V22
64
2.7.3 Position of turbine above the tail water level Efficiency of a Draft Tube
To enable the turbine to be set above the water level, figure (2.8), a draft tube
provided and connected between the water exit and the tail race level.
A partial vacuum is produced at the upper end of the draft tube, which compensates
for the height at which the turbine runner is set within certain limits. The turbine rotor
could be set at different elevations without altering the available head.
Another function to draft tube is to reduce the exit velocity from the turbine in such
a way that the kinetic energy rejected in tail race could be reduced.
However, the draft tube is considered an integral part of the turbine, hence the term
head loss is omitted and the resulting parameter then covers the combination of runner and
its draft tube. This parameter is known by Thoma cavitation factor;
Patm Pv
H s
g g
c (2.12)
Ha
The value of c at which cavitation occurred is called the critical value of Thoma
cavitation factor. This value could be determined by experiments. This can be done by
varying H s and noting the value of c at which the power and efficiency are started to
change, figure (2.9).
The above expression is usually used to determine the maximum elevation above
the tail water surface at which a turbine can be set without resultant cavitation as
following;
Patm Pv
Hs c .H a (2.13)
g g
A given turbine running at given N s is to work under increased head, the turbine
must be lowered, i.e. the greater the total head the less the suction head must be.
The critical cavitations number depends upon the type of turbine and is a function of the
specific speed.
65
Fig. (2.9): Location of draft tube in relation to vertical shaft Francis turbine
66
(3) Elbow type with varying cross section: the transition from a circular section in the
vertical portion to a rectangular section in the horizontal part as shown in figure (2.10c) is
incorporated in the design to have a higher efficiency of the draft tube. The horizontal
portion of the draft tube is generally inclined upwards to lead the water gradually to the
level of the tail race and to prevent entry of air from the exit end.
(a) Straight type (b) Simple elbow type (c) Elbow type with varying
cross section
Fig. (2.10): Draft Tube Types
2.7.5 Turbine Losses
The losses can once again be related in terms of an energy balance through the turbine:
P Pm Pr Pc Pl Ps (2.14)
where Ps shaft power output, Pm mechanical power loss, Pr runner power loss,
Pc casing and draft tube loss, Pl leakage Joss and P water power available.
67
Pc gQ hc N.s m (2.18)
The total energy balance of Eq. (1.14) thus becomes
gQH Pm g hr Qr hc Q H r q Ps (2.19)
Then we have
Shaft output power
Overall efficiency
Fluid power available at inlet flange
Ps
0 (2.20)
gQH a
The term Ps Pm gQH of Equation (2.21) is the theoretical energy transfer per unit
weight of fluid flow.
2.7.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Francis Turbine over a Pelton wheel
(A) Advantages
The Francis turbine claims the following advantages over Pelton wheel:
1. In Francis turbine the variation in the operating head can be more easily controlled
2. In Francis turbine the ratio of maximum and minimum operating heads can be even two
3. The operating head can be utilized even when the variation in the tail water level is
relatively large when compared to the total head
4. The mechanical efficiency of Pelton wheel decreases faster with wear than Francis
turbine
5. The size of the runner, generator and power house required is small and economical if
the Francis turbine is used instead of Pelton wheel for same power generation
(B) Disadvantages
As compared with Pelton wheel, the Francis turbine has the following disadvantages
1. Water which is not clean can cause very rapid wear in high head Francis turbine
2. The overhaul and inspection is much more difficult comparatively
3. Cavitation is an ever – present danger
4. The water hammer effect is more troublesome with Francis turbine
68
5. If Francis turbine is run below 50 percent head for a long period it will not only lose its
efficiency but also the cavitation danger will become more serious.
Example (2.7)
An inward Francis turbine rotates at 200 rpm and discharges 0.8 m 3 s . The radial
velocity at inlet C r1 3 m s , the physical data are: r1 0.5 m , r2 0.2 m , 1 150 , 2 600 ,
the pressure head at exit is 6 m . Assuming a loss of head of 2 m , and the discharge is
radial, find:
(a) Theoretical overall head
(b) Power delivered by the turbine
(c) The pressure head at entrance
Solution
C r1 3 m s N 200 rpm
Q 0.8 m3 s 1 150
r1 0.5 m 2 600
r2 0.2 m H loss 2 m
N
U1 2 r1
60
200
U 1 2 0.5 10.47 m s
60
N
U 2 2 r2
60
200
U 2 2 0.2 4.19 m s
60
C r1
tan 1
C u1
C r1 3
Cu1 11.2 m s
tan 1 tan 15
Cr 2
tan 2
U2
69
9.81 H 0 10.47 11.2 0 H 0 11.95 m
C 2 C r 2 7.26 m s
p C2 p C2
H 0 1 1 Z1 2 2 Z 2 H loss
g 2 g g 2 g
p
11.95 1
11.62 0 6 7.262 0 2
g 2 9.81 2 9.81
p1
11.95 6.86 6 2.69 2
g
p1 p1
11.95 3.83 15.78 m
g g
Example (2.8)
A vertical shaft Francis turbine has an overall efficiency of 90 % and runs at 428 rpm
with a water discharge of 15.5 m3 s . The flow velocity Cr1 at the inlet of the runner is
8.5 m 3 s and the pressure head and kinetic head at this point is 140 m , the centerline of
the casing being 3 m above the tail water level. The peripheral velocity of the runner is
30 m s . The hydraulic efficiency is 90 % . Determine:
70
Cr1 8.5 m s p1 C12 0 0.9
140 m
g 2 g
Q 15.5 m3 s Hy 0.9
Hs 3 m
N 428 rpm U1 30 m s
p1 C12
H 0 H s H loss
g 2 g
H 0 140 3 0 143 m
0 Hy m
0.9 0.9 m m 1
P 21743865W 21743.8 kW
(b) The dimensionless specific speed
H0 143
Ha 158.89 m
Hy 0.9
N P
N s
gH a 5 4
428
21743.8 1000
N s 60
10009.81158.895 4
N s 0.11 rev
C r1 8.5
tan 1 1 10.30
Cu1 46.76
8.5
tan 1
46.76 30
71
8.5
tan 1 1 26.90
16.76
Example (2.9)
A Francis turbine has a diameter of 1.4 m and rotates at 430 rpm . Water enters the runner
without shock with a flow velocity Cr1 of 9.5 m s and leaves the runner without whirl
with an absolute velocity of 7 m s . The difference between the sum of the static pressure
and potential heads at entrance to the runner and at the exit from the runner is 62 m . If
the turbine develops 12250 kW and has a flow rate of 12 m3 s of water when the net head
is 115 m , find
(a) The absolute velocity of the water at entry to the runner
(b) The flow angle of the inlet
(c) The entry angle of the runner blades and
(d) The head lost in the runner.
Solution
H a 115 m Cr1 9.5 m s
P 12250 kW Cr 2 7 m s C2
N 430 rpm p1 p
Z1 2 Z 2 62 m
D1 1.4 m g g
N 430
U1 D1 1.4 31.52 m s
60 60
P m gQH 0
p p C2 C2
H 0 1 Z1 2 Z 2 1 2 H loss
g g 2g 2g
p1 p2 C12 C22
H 0 Z1 Z 2 H loss
g g 2g
104.1 62
33.762 7 2
H
2 9.81
loss
Example (2.10)
Show that the hydraulic efficiency for a Francis turbine having radial flow velocity
component through the runner is constant, is given by the relation:
2
Hy
tan 2 1
2
tan 1
1
tan 1
Solution
(1) From Euler equation:
g.H 0 U1Cu1 U 2Cu 2
g.H 0 U1Cu1 0
U 1C u1
H0
g
73
C 22
Ha H0
2g
U 1Cu1 C 22
Ha
g 2g
2U 1Cu1 C 22
Ha but C 2 C r 2 C r1
2g
2U 1Cu1 C r21
Ha
2g
C r1
(ii) tan 1
Cu1 U 1
tan 1
U 1 Cu1 1
tan 1
74
tan 1
2C u1 C u1 1
tan 1
Hy
tan 1
2C u1 C u1 1 C u21 tan 2 1
tan 1
tan 1
21
tan 1
Hy
tan 1
21 tan 2 1
tan 1
2
Hy
tan 2 1
2
tan 1
1
tan 1
Example (2.11)
An inward flow vertical shaft reaction turbine runs at a speed of 375 rpm under an
available net total head from inlet flange to tailrace of 62 m . The external diameter of the
runner is 1.5 m and the dimensionless power specific speed based on the power transferred
to the runner is 0.14 rev. Water enters the runner without shock with a flow velocity of
9 m s and leaves the runner without whirl with an absolute velocity of 7 m s . It enter the
draft tube at 7 m s and discharges to the tail race with a velocity of 2 m s . The mean height
of the runner entry plane is 2 m above the tailrace level while the entrance to the draft tube
is 1.7 m above the tail race. At entrance to the runner the static pressure head is 35 m above
atmospheric pressure, while at exit from the runner the static pressure head is 2.2 m below
atmospheric pressure. Assuming a hydraulic efficiency of 90 per cent, find
(a) The runner blade entry angle,
(b) The runner blade entry angle,
(c) The head lost in the volute casing and guide vanes, in the runner and in the draft tube.
(d) Runner exit diameter if the blade height at exit is 0.389 m
(e) If the flow inlet to draft tube with the same velocity at runner exit, determine the inlet
and exit diameter of draft tube.
Solution
N 375 rpm Cr1 9 m s p2 p
atm 2.2 m
g g
H a 62 m Cr 2 7 m s C2
75
D1 1.5 m Hs 2 m V2 7 m s
N s 0.14 rev p1 p V3 2 m s
atm 35 m
g g
Hy 0.9
N
U1 D1
60
375
U1 1.5 29.45 m s
60
H 0 Hy H a 0.9 62 55.8 m
C1 Cr21 Cu21
P 4577704W 4577.7 kW
P m gQH 0
9 9
tan 1
18.59 29.45 10.86
tan 1 0.8287
1 140.350
76
p0 V02 p V2
Z 0 1 1 Z1 H loss
g 2 g g 2 g
p0 V02 p C2
Z 0 1 1 Z1 H loss
g 2 g g 2 g
62 35
20.652 2 H loss H loss 3.27 m
2 9.81
Head Lost in Volute Casing 3.27 m
p
55.8 atm 35
20.652 2 patm 2.2 72 1.7 H
g loss
g 2 9.81 2 9.81
55.8 58.73 2 H loss
Q Cr 2 2r2b2
77
A2 D22
4
1.194 D22 D2 1.233 m
4
(ii) The draft tube exit diameter
Q 8.36
A3 4.18 m 2
V3 2
A3 D32
4
4.18 D32 D3 2.3 m
4
Example (2.12)
In a vertical shaft inward flow reaction turbine, the sum of the pressure and kinetic heads
at entrance to the spiral casing is 120 m and the vertical distance between this section and
the tail race level is 3 m. The peripheral velocity of the runner at entry is 30 m/s, the radial
velocity of the water is constant at 9 m/s and the discharge from the runner is without
whirl. The estimated hydraulic losses are:
(1) Between turbine entrance and exit from the guide vanes 4.8 m.
(2) In the runner 8.8 m.
(3) In the draft tube 790 mm.
(4) Kinetic head rejected to the tail race 460 mm.
Calculate the inlet flow angle, the runner blade angle at inlet and the pressure head at entry
to the runner.
78
Solution
U1 30 m s Losses12 4.8 m
Cr 3 Cr 2 9 m s Losses3e 8.8 m
P1 C12
Ho H s Losses
g 2 g
H o 120 3 4.8 8.8 0.79 0.46
H o 12314.85 H o 108.15 m
Cr 3 9
tan 3 3 14.30
Cu 3 35.33
9
tan 3 1.6886
35.33 30
79
3 59.360
C3 C u 3 2 C r 3 2
P3 (36.49) 2
120 4.8
g 2(9.81)
P3 (36.49) 2 P3
Pressure head 120 4.8 47.3 m
g 2(9.81) g
Example (2.13)
A conical draft tube having inlet and outlet diameters 1.2 m and 1.8 m discharges water at
outlet with a velocity of 3 m s . The total length of the draft tube is 7.2 m and 1.44 m of the
length of draft tube is immersed in water. If the atmospheric head is 10.3 m of water and
loss of head due to friction in the draft tube is equal to 0.2 velocity head at outlet of the
draft tube, determine:
(a) Pressure head at inlet
(b) Efficiency of the draft tube
Solution
D2 1.2 m
D3 1.8 m
V3 3 m s
y 7.2 m
y 2 1.44 m
p atm
10.3 m
g
V2
h f 0.2 3
2g
Q V2 A2 V3 A3
V2 A2 V3 A3
V2 . D22 V3 . D32
4 4
80
V2 1.2 3 1.8 V2 6.75 m s
2 2
h f 0.2
V32
0.2
32 0.092 m
2g 2 9.81
P2 6.752 32
10.3 5.76 0.092
g 2 9.81
P2
10.3 5.76 1.8635 0.092
g
P2 P2
10.3 7.5315 2.7685 m
g g
ηD.T
V 2
2
V32 2 g.h f
V22
ηD.T
6.75 2 2
3 2 9.81 0.092
6.752
36.5625 1.805 34.7575
ηD.T 0.763 ηD.T 76.3 %
45.5625 45.5625
Example (2.14)
A Francis turbine installation is working under a head of 20 m develops 1120 kW . when
running at 355 rpm . The efficiency of the draft tube is expressed as the ratio of head
gained to the inlet kinetic energy. The cross-sectional area of draft tube outlet is four
times the inlet area, loss in divergence due to friction is
0.2
inlet velocity - outlet velocity2 .
2g
(a) Find the highest position possible of the turbine relative to the tail race, assume
the hydraulic efficiency 0.85.
(b) Calculate the efficiency of the draft tube.
81
(c) What will be the reading of a pressure gauge set at the inlet of the draft tube, if
the inlet area of the draft tube 3 m 2 . (Assume atmospheric pressure 1.03 bar
vapour pressure 0.05 bar ). Take the critical cavitation factor is 0.25.
Solution
H a 20 m patm 1.03 bar
c 0.25
A2 3 m 2
A3 4A2
H 0 Hy H a
H 0 0.85 20 17 m
P m g Q H 0
(a) The highest position possible of the turbine relative to the tail race
p atm p v
Hs cHa
g g
Q 6.716
(1) V2 2.24 m s
A2 3
Q 6.716
(2) V3 0.56 m s
A3 12
(3) h f
0.2
V2 V3 2
2g
82
hf
0.2
2.24 0.562 0.0288 m
2 9.81
V22 V32
hf
ηD.T 2g
V22
2g
2.242 0.562
0.0288
2 9. 81
ηD.T
2.24 2
2 9.81
0.24 0.0288
ηD.T 0.825 ηD.T 82.5%
0.25574
(c) The reading of a pressure gauge set at the inlet of the draft tube
P2 Patm V 2 V32
H s 2 hf
g g 2g
P2 2.242 0.562
0 5 0.0288
g 2 9.81
P2 P2
5 0.2398 0.0288 5.211 m
g g
Example (2.15)
A vertical shaft inward flow Francis turbine is to be installed in a situation where a
much longer draft tube than usual must be used, the turbine runner is 760 mm diameter and
the circumferential area of flow at inlet is 0.2 m 2 . The overall operating head is 30 m and
the speed is 6.25 rev s . The guide vane angle is 150 and the inlet angle of the runner blades
is 750 . At outlet, water leaves the runner without whirl. The axis of the draft tube is
vertical, its diameter at the upper end is 450 mm . The friction loss plus the kinetic energy
rejected to the tail race is given by:
H loss meters 0.03 Q 2 L
where Q m3 s is the flow rate and L m the length. If the absolute pressure head at the top
of the tube is not to fall below 3.6 m of water, calculate the hydraulic efficiency of the
turbine and show that the maximum permissible length of draft tube above the level of the
83
tail race is about 5.35 m . (The length of the tube below tail water level may be neglected.
Atmospheric pressure 10.3 m water head).
Solution
A2 0.2 m 2
H a 30 m
N 6.25 rev s
1 150
1 750
D2 450 mm
V32
H loss 0.03Q L h f
2
2g
C r1
Cu1 U 1
tan 1
Cr1
Cu1 14.9
tan 75
C r1
tan 1
Cu1
tan 15
C r1
14.9 0.268C r1
Q Cr1.A1
84
H 0 24.4
Hy 0.813
Ha 30
Q Q 0.86
V2 5.4 m s
A2 D 2 0.452
2
4 4
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between (2) and (3):
The pressure at inlet to the draft tube:
P2 Patm V22 V32
H s hf
g g 2g
P2 Patm V 2 V 2
H s 2 3 h f
g g 2g 2g
P2 Patm V 2 V 2
H s 2 3 h f
g g 2g
2g
V22
3.6 10.3 H s
0.03Q 2 L
2g
5.42
3.6 10.3 L
0.03 0.86 L
2
2 9.81
3.6 10.3 L 1.486 0.0222L
(a) The maximum permissible height of the turbine above the tail race, given that
the atmospheric pressure Patm 1.03 bar , vapor pressure is 0.05 bar, and the relation
between the specific speed and the critical Thoma cavitation factor is given by:
Specific speed (rad) 0.1653 0.41324 0.66121 0.9918
85
Critical Thoma cavitation factor 0.04 0.15 0.35 0.8
Solution
H a 57 m N 200 rpm
Q 10 m3 s Pa 1.03 bar
D1 5 m Pv 0.05 bar
P 0 gQH a
N P
Ns
gH a 5 / 4
200
460560
Ns 60 0.0263 rev 0.1653 rad
10009.81 575 / 4
Pa P
Hs v cHa
g g
86