Bien Dich Nang Cao-Bai Tap

DE CUONG BIEN DICH NANG CAO - KHOA ANH
BIÊN DỊCH NÂNG CAO

BÀI TẬP
UNIT 1 - EDUCATION
Task 1: Translate the following paragraphs into Vietnamese:
Education in Vietnam:
Some 70 percent of teachers have at least twelve years education (nine

years of primary school and three years of teacher training). Almost all
of those with less than eight years of total education work in remote and
ethnic minority areas. Availability of teachers is adequate on average,
but there are serious shortages in ethnic minority areas. However,
teaching styles tend to be at odds with accepted international best
practice, with an emphasis on passive learning. Dictation, repetition,
copying and testing do not encourage analytical, interpersonal and
problem solving skills. Combined with a heavily theoretical curriculum,
current methods emphasize memorisation and repetition over
communication and creativity.
In 2002, MOET began to phase in a new National Unified Standard

Primary Curriculum. The new curriculum is a major step forward,
particularly in terms of addressing inequalities in education between
different groups. However, increasing mandatory learning time in ethnic
minority areas with high dropout rates may increase these rates if
families are not compensated for the loss of labour time when children
stay at school longer.
Most schools in towns and cites are multi-storey cement buildings, while
many in ethnic minority areas school are constructed from wood and
bamboo. Close to 70 percent of primary schools in all areas have no
water and sanitation facilities, including almost all branch schools in
remote areas. Where schools lack adequate sanitation facilities children
pass diseases on to their classmates, resulting in higher rates of
absenteeism throughout the year in some remote areas (UNICEF and
CEM 2003).
For ethnic minority children the problem of access to quality education is

not restricted to enrolment. Some schools servicing these groups are
poorly equipped and teachers are often poorly trained. Drop out rates
are higher and many children start school late and repeat grades.
Although ethnic minority children make up around 16 percent of
primary-age children, ethnic minority teachers make up only 9 percent
of primary teachers.
Education in Remote Areas is Difficult

A gap remains between mountainous regions and the deltas, and
between rural and urban in access to education. In mountainous
regions, although the school network has been expanded and school
enrolment has increased, the net school enrolment rate is still too low.
The number of repeaters and drop-outs is high and the quality of
education is lower than that of the delta and other regions with more
favorable economic conditions.
In 2001 about 10 per cent of children between the age of 6 and 14 living
in remote areas were not able to go to school. For children in these
regions, the completion rate as well as other indicators remain low.
Ethnic minorities are about 20% of the total population, but have a
significantly lower representation in school enrolment, particularly at the
upper levels of school.
Gender inequality in education and training still exists, especially among

ethnic girls and at higher levels of education. Expenses for basic
education are still too high for children of poor families. Educational fee
exemption policies are not adequate or consistent enough to ensure
basic education with good quality for all.
Quality Issues
The quality of teaching and education is limited, due to ineffective
methodology. Class hours are too few compared to international
standards, training materials, physical facilities and textbooks are
inadequate, especially in remote regions. Teachers are too few and
often of poor quality, due to poor working conditions, unsuitable and
insufficient teacher training, teachers’ ability varies between areas and
regions. Education managers are not sufficiently and suitably trained in
order to carry out new tasks of making and implementing education
plans.
Task 2: Translate the following paragraphs into English:
1.
Gi¸o dôc thanh thiÕu niªn:
MÆc dï tû lÖ nhËp häc ®óng tuæi ë cÊp tiÓu häc ®· ch÷ng l¹i
trong m−êi n¨m qua, nh−ng tû lÖ häc sinh ë cÊp trung häc c¬
së vμ trung häc phæ th«ng ®· t¨ng lªn nhanh chãng. N¨m
1993, cã kho¶ng 2 triÖu trÎ vÞ thμnh niªn vμo häc t¹i çc
tr−êng trung häc c¬ së; ®Õn n¨m 2002 con sè nμy ®· t¨ng lªn
5 triÖu. Møc ®é t¨ng ë cÊp PTTH cßn nhanh h¬n, tõ kho¶ng
300.000 n¨m 1993 lªn 2 triÖu n¨m 2002.
ViÖc ®Çu t− vμo gi¸o dôc häc sinh n÷ bÞ mét sè ng−êi coi lμ
Ýt quan träng h¬n gi¸o dôc häc sinh nam. N÷ thanh thiÕu niªn
vÉn bÞ coi lμ cã tr¸ch nhiÖm gia ®×nh nhiÒu h¬n nam thanh
thiÕu niªn. Çc quan niÖm nμy ¶nh h−ëng ®Õn møc ®é häc
vÊn vμ c¬ héi viÖc lμm cho phô n÷ trÎ. KÕt qu¶ SAVY cho thÊy
19% n÷ thanh thiÕu niªn çc d©n téc thiÓu sè ch−a bao giê
®Õn tr−êng vμ hai phÇn ba sè häc sinh bá häc ë tÊt c¶ çc
tr−êng lμ häc sinh n÷. H¬n n÷a, n÷ thanh niªn n«ng th«n
trong ®é tuæi tõ 22 ®Õn 25 hÇu nh− kh«ng ®−îc ®μo t¹o
viÖc lμm so víi nam thanh niªn n«ng th«n cïng ®é tuæi vμ so
víi n÷ thanh niªn cïng ®é tuæi ë thμnh thÞ.
MÆc dï sè häc sinh tèt nghiÖp líp 12 ®· t¨ng lªn ®¸ng kÓ trong
nh÷ng n¨m gÇn ®©y nh−ng chØ tiªu tuyÓn sinh vμo çc
tr−êng ®¹i häc ë ViÖt Nam t¨ng chËm h¬n. §iÒu nμy ®· dÉn
®Õn sù c¹nh tranh quyÕt liÖt ®Ó ®−îc vμo çc tr−êng ®¹i
häc: trong sè hμng v¹n thanh niªn dù thi vμo ®¹i häc hμng
n¨m, chØ cã 14% ®−îc tuyÓn sinh. NhiÒu thanh niªn ViÖt Nam
coi ®¹i häc lμ h×nh thøc gi¸o dôc cã gi¸ trÞ duy nhÊt sau PTTH,
g©y t©m lý rÊt c¨ng th¼ng cho nh÷ng ng−êi kh«ng ®ç ®¹i
häc. ChØ mét sè l−îng giíi h¹n sinh viªn ®−îc ®μo t¹o t¹i çc
tr−êng ®¹i häc còng g©y l·ng phÝ lín vÒ tμi n¨ng quèc gia vμ
do ®ã k×m h·m sù t¨ng tr−ëng kinh tÕ.
Tû lÖ nhËp häc ë cÊp trung häc c¬ së (THCS) ®èi víi tÊt c¶ çc
nhãm d©n téc thiÓu sè thÊp h¬n ®¸ng kÓ so víi nhãm d©n
téc ®a sè ng−êi Kinh. Sù kh¸c biÖt vÒ d©n téc còng kÐo theo
sù kh¸c biÖt vÒ giíi ë cÊp gi¸o dôc THCS. Theo SAVY, 19% phô
n÷ d©n téc thiÓu sè ch−a bao giê ®Õn tr−êng so víi 2% phô
n÷ d©n téc Kinh. Còng cã sù kh¸c nhau gi÷a çc nhãm d©n
téc, ch¼ng h¹n, cã vÎ nh− nhiÒu häc sinh n÷ ng−êi Nïng, Hoa,
M−êng vμ Tμy ë cÊp THCS h¬n sè häc sinh nam, cßn ®èi víi
d©n téc Kh¬-me, Xu-®¨ng vμ H’m«ng th× ng−îc l¹i. §iÒu nμy
dÉn ®Õn sù chªnh lÖch rÊt lín: n¨m 1998, h¬n 55% sè n÷
thanh niªn d©n téc Tμy trong ®é tuæi ®−îc ®i häc THCS so víi
d−íi 2% sè n÷ thanh niªn d©n téc H’m«ng.
2.
Phæ cËp gi¸o dôc tiÓu häc
ViÖt Nam ®−îc ®¸nh gi¸ ®· ®¹t ®−îc thμnh tùu khÝch lÖ víi
hÖ thèng gi¸o dôc quèc gia thèng nhÊt; quy m« ë çc cÊp bËc
häc kh«ng ngõng t¨ng; lo¹i h×nh ®μo t¹o ®a d¹ng. Tû lÖ nhËp
häc tinh (®óng ®é tuæi) ®· ®¹t ®−îc møc 90% vμo nh÷ng
n¨m ®Çu thËp niªn 1990, tû lÖ nμy cã xu h−íng ngμy cμng

t¨ng, ®¹t 94,4% trong n¨m häc 2003-2004. Sau nhiÒu n¨m tËp
trung triÓn khai Ch−¬ng tr×nh phæ cËp gi¸o dôc tiÓu häc, c¶
n−íc ®· ®¹t chuÈn quèc gia1 vÒ xo¸ mï ch÷ vμ phæ cËp gi¸o
dôc tiÓu häc vμo n¨m 2000. NÕu møc t¨ng tû lÖ nhËp häc
®óng ®é tuæi lμ 0,5 ®iÓm phÇn tr¨m nh− hiÖn nay, ®−îc
duy tr× trong 10 n¨m tíi, ViÖt Nam sÏ c¨n b¶n hoμn thμnh MDG
vÒ phæ cËp gi¸o dôc tiÓu häc ®óng ®é tuæi; xo¸ bá bÊt b×nh
®¼ng trong gi¸o dôc, ®Æc biÖt lμ gi¸o dôc tiÓu häc, b¶o ®¶m
trÎ em trai còng nh− g¸i kh¾p mäi n¬i hoμn thμnh ®Çy ®ñ
gi¸o dôc tiÓu häc vμo n¨m 2015.
Tû lÖ häc sinh hoμn thμnh cÊp tiÓu häc (theo häc tõ líp 1 ®Õn
hÕt líp 5) cã xu h−íng t¨ng dÇn, ®¹t 99,82% vμo n¨m häc
2003-2004. Tû lÖ nμy t¨ng nhanh nhÊt ë khu vùc T©y Nguyªn,
trong khi tû lÖ häc sinh hoμn thμnh cÊp tiÓu häc l¹i gi¶m ë hai
khu vùc §«ng B¾c vμ duyªn h¶i Nam Trung Bé. Khu vùc §ång
b»ng s«ng Hång vÉn lμ vïng cã tû lÖ häc sinh theo häc tõ líp 1
®Õn hÕt líp 5 cao nhÊt.
N¨m 2002, tû lÖ biÕt ch÷ cña ng−êi lín trong ®é tuæi 15-24
®¹t 94,5%. Sè n¨m ®I häc trung b×nh cña ng−êi d©n t¨ng
dÇn, n¨m 2003 ®¹t møc 7,3 n¨m.
Nh×n chung, phæ cËp gi¸o dôc ®· ®¹t ®−îc thμnh tÝch ®¸ng
kÓ ë tÊt c¶ çc khu vùc trong c¶ n−íc. Ngay tõ n¨m häc 2001-
2002, tû lÖ phæ cËp gi¸o dôc tiÓu häc thÊp nhÊt cña mçi vïng
còng ®· ®¹t trªn 90%. Tuy vËy, c«ng t¸c khuyÕn khÝch häc
sinh tiÓu häc ®i häc theo ®óng ®é tuæi cßn ch−a tèt ë mét
sè khu vùc. Tû lÖ häc sinh n÷ theo häc ë çc cÊp nh×n chung
lμ t¨ng trong giai ®o¹n tõ 2001 ®Õn 2004. §iÒu ®¸ng nãi lμ tû
lÖ nμy, kÓ c¶ ë çc cÊp häc kh¸c nhau, kh«ng kh¸c biÖt nhiÒu
l¾m gi÷a çc vïng l·nh thæ cña ViÖt Nam.
UNIT 2 – ECONOMY
1. The Implementation Results of Vietnam’s

Development Goals (VDGs):
Economic growth
The economic growth rate has been continuously increasing; in 15
years from 1990 to 2004, the GDP has been increased by 7.5% per
year on the average, in which industries grew at 11% per year;
agriculture has maintained its average annual growth rate of 4% in spite
of many difficulties in terms of climate, weather, etc.; the value of
services has been grown up by about 7% a year on the average; export
has been increased quickly, with the export value increased by 16.2%
per year. The investment capital has been developed quite fast,
equivalence to 38% of GDP as of 2004. The economic structure has
been positively moved to take the comparative advantage of each
sector, each region and each line of products. The national economy is
being developed with contributions from and based on the combination

of different forms of ownership and economic sectors.
Job creation
In the 4 years 2001-2004, about 5.9 million people have got jobs, in
which most of them have been created in agriculture, forestry and
fisheries sectors. Most of these jobs were created through
socioeconomic development programs and by the private sector.
The unemployment rate in the urban areas has experienced a

decreasing trend, from 6.4% in 2000 to 5.6% in 2004, while the rate of
working time used in the rural areas has accordingly increased from
74.2% to 78.3%.
Provision of essential infrastructure and basic services for

extremely disadvantaged communes
Since 1998 the Government of Viet Nam has been adopting special
socio-economic development programs for 2,347 poor communes all
over the country, of which 1,919 communes were considered extremely
disadvantaged (they are located in mountainous areas, border line, and
remoted and isolated regions). By 2004, 97% of the extremely
disadvantaged communes had had car-accessible roads connecting to
the communal centers; 100% of them had health clinics; 90% had
primary schools and kindergartens; 80% had secondary schools based
in concrete buildings; 36% had communal and inter-communal markets;
nearly 70% had cultural-functioned post offices; over 70% had
telephone access; 90% had radio services; and 65% had domestic
water supply facilities, of which 50% of households could use clean

water for domestic purposes.
Improve living standard, preserve and maintain the ethnic minority

cultures
The rate of ethnic minority people taking positions in the agencies
elected by the public and in the authorities of different levels is
becoming higher nowadays. Up to 17.27% of current representatives in
the National Assembly are of ethnic minority origin. 30 minorities in Viet
Nam have had their own script. Languages of the ethnic minorities are
being taught in 25 provinces/cities. In the school year 2004-2005, Viet
Nam had nearly 500 schools, from primary to tertiary education level,
and nearly 100,000 pupils and more than 2,200 teachers teaching and
learning ethnic languages.
Reduce vulnerability
In 2004, 88% of the poor people were granted free medical
examination/treatment cards and health insurance. Every year, more
than 3 million of poor pupils and ethnic minority people are exempted
from tuition and other fees for school development. Poor households
can access quite easily to preferential loans from the Social Policy
Bank, which is a state-owned credit organization. With the decision on
supporting production land to the ethnic minority households, by June
2003, there had been 10.5 thousand households receiving totally 5.1
thousand ha of land as a support.
2.
Viet Nam has continued to accelerate the international economic

integration process, both in terms of scale and speed of change.
Policies have been developed to encourage a clear, transparent and
expanding commercial system; building stable and non-discriminatory
economic relations; improving competitiveness and quality of trade
goods, and encouraging all sectors of the economy to participate in
foreign trade.
There has been a comprehensive reform of business and international

commercial law. Most laws related to commerce, trade and investment
have been revised, including laws governing income, value added and
land use taxes, banking, private and state-owned enterprises,
cooperatives, competition, investment, construction and real estate, and
fisheries.
Viet Nam is a member of the Free Trade Area of ASEAN (AFTA),
gradually liberalizing trade and investment in the framework of APEC.
Negotiations for WTO accession are being vigorously pursued. Bilateral
negotiation to open markets of goods and services have been
conducted with 20 partner countries. 86 bilateral trade agreements and
approximately 47 bilateral investment protection agreements have been
signed or under active negotiation. Vietnamese goods and services are
exported to over 160 countries, especially in the EU, the United States
and Canada. In relation to a number of goods (including rice, processed
fishery products, coffee, rubber, ready made clothes and footwear,
cashew nuts) Viet Nam has established itself as a leading supplier in
international markets. Exports continued to grow during the period
2001-2004 at a high rate, with average growth in exports of 16%, thus
doubling the GDP growth rate. Exports have played a leading role in
economic development.
Inflows of Capital
Although total international ODA are stagnating, the total ODA
committed to Viet Nam during the last 4 years (2001-2004) increased at
a reasonable rate, with total commitments of approximately USD 11.17
billion, of which grants accounted for 15-20%, and estimated
disbursement was USD 6.1 billion.
However, Viet Nam is not aid-dependant as the ratio of ODA to total

investment is only around 5%. Viet Nam has effectively used ODA to
pursue prioritized development goals such as poverty reduction,
development of infrastructure in rural areas (irrigation, a forestation,
aquaculture, road, electricity and water); health care (improved basic
health care networks; implementation of HIV/AIDS and other transmitted
diseases prevention programs; enhanced mother and child health);
education and training (primary, secondary, tertiary and vocational
training); infrastructure (electricity, transportation); strengthened
managerial capacity (administrative reform, laws and economic
management.). ODA has particularly benefited people in disadvantaged
and poor areas.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) continued to increase. During 2001-

2004, total registered capital accounted for USD 13.46 billion, 19%
above the planned target. FDI implemented amounted to USD 10.5
billion or 17% of total investment, an increase of 12% above the
previous period. The percentage of GDP supported by foreign
investment related activities has been gradually increasing over the

period (in 2001: 13.1%; in 2002: 13.9%; in 2003: 14.5% and in 2004:
14.8%).
FDI has been particularly important as a source of modern technology in

such fields as telecommunications, crude oil exploitation, chemicals,
electronics…and some key industrial sectors. By stimulating business
innovation FDI has contributed to competitiveness in domestic market,
stimulating domestic enterprises to improve the quality of products and
adopt modern business practices.
FDI has contributed to export growth and government revenue. Over

2001-2005, the turnover of FDI enterprises (excluding oil) was 2.5 times
higher than the previous period; exports (also excluding oil) were 3
times higher, accounting for over 30% of total export turnover, the
contribution to budget revenues doubled, accounting for around 5% of
total budget revenue. Around 860,000 jobs were created in FDI
enterprises, an increase more than double than in the period of 1996-
2000.
1.
ChÊt l−îng cña ®Çu t− c«ng céng:
§Çu t− c«ng céng chÊt l−îng cao sÏ mang l¹i lîi Ých x· héi lín
nhÊt trªn mét ®¬n vÞ ®Çu t−. NÕu tÝnh ®Õn yÕu tè b×nh
®¼ng vμ bÒn v÷ng vÒ m«i tr−êng th× lîi Ých x· héi cã vai trß
ngang víi lîi Ých vÒ tμi chÝnh. YÕu tè chñ yÕu ®Ó ®¹t ®−îc
tÝnh hiÖu qu¶ vÒ x· héi trong ®Çu t− c«ng céng lμ tr¸ch
nhiÖm gi¶i tr×nh. Nh÷ng quyÕt ®Þnh ®Çu t− c«ng céng xuÊt
ph¸t tõ çc ch−¬ng tr×nh mang tÝnh chÝnh trÞ vμ tõ çc mèi
quan hÖ quyÒn lùc th× chØ phôc vô cho lîi Ých cña mét sè Ýt
ng−êi chø kh«ng ph¶i sè ®«ng. Tr¸ch nhiÖm gi¶i tr×nh ®ßi hái
tÝnh minh b¹ch vμ viÖc trao quyÒn cho çc ®èi t−îng h−ëng
lîi. TÝnh minh b¹ch trong çc ®¸nh gi¸ ®Çu t− c«ng céng lμ
cÇn thiÕt ®Ó lμm râ çc tiªu chÝ lùa chän dù ¸n vμ ®Ó t¨ng
tÝnh nghiªm kh¾c cho qu¸ tr×nh lùa chän, thiÕt kÕ, thùc hiÖn
vμ ®¸nh gi¸ dù ¸n. ViÖc trao quyÒn cho çc ®èi t−îng h−ëng
lîi sÏ t¨ng c−êng tr¸ch nhiÖm gi¶i tr×nh th«ng qua viÖc trao
quyÒn cho nh÷ng ng−êi ®−îc h−ëng lîi nhiÒu nhÊt tõ çc dù
¸n ®Çu t− c«ng céng thμnh c«ng. Çc çn bé nhμ n−íc vμ çc
nhμ thÇu kh«ng ph¶i lóc nμo còng cã ®éng lùc m¹nh mÏ ®Ó
gi¶m l·ng phÝ vμ t¨ng tèi ®a ho¸ lîi Ých. Ng−îc l¹i, çc ®èi
t−îng h−ëng lîi cña dù ¸n (vÝ dô nh− nh÷ng n«ng d©n sö
dông hÖ thèng thuû lîi vμ ng−êi d©n ®Þa ph−¬ng sö dông
®−êng x¸ vμ cÇu cèng) mong muèn çc kho¶n ®Çu t− c«ng
céng mμ ®−a ra ®−îc dßng lîi Ých æn ®Þnh.
Khung ph¸p lý ®Ó ®¶m b¶o tÝnh minh b¹ch vμ viÖc trao

quyÒn cho ng−êi d©n ®Þa ph−¬ng ®· tån t¹i d−íi h×nh thøc
NghÞ ®Þnh D©n chñ c¬ së vμ çc s¸ng kiÕn liªn quan. Nh÷ng
bμi häc kinh nghiÖm tõ çc ch−¬ng tr×nh môc tiªu cña ChÝnh
phñ, nh− Ch−¬ng tr×nh 135, còng chøng minh r»ng viÖc trao
quyÒn cho çc ®èi t−îng vμ sù tham gia trùc tiÕp cña hä vμo
çc kh©u lªn kÕ ho¹ch, gi¸m s¸t vμ ®¸nh gi¸ dù ¸n sÏ n©ng cao
hiÖu qu¶ ho¹t ®éng vμ t¸c ®éng cña dù ¸n.
2.
Çc vÊn ®Ò c¶n trë tèc ®é t¹o viÖc lμm:
Khu vùc t− nh©n trong n−íc, mÆc dï vÉn cßn nhá bÐ vÒ mÆt
s¶n l−îng vμ viÖc lμm, nh−ng ®· tá ra rÊt hiÖu qu¶ trong viÖc
t¹o viÖc lμm10. TÝnh trªn mét ®¬n vÞ vèn ®Çu t− th× çc
doanh nghiÖp t− nh©n trong n−íc t¹o ra nhiÒu viÖc lμm h¬n
c¶ khu vùc c«ng céng lÉn çc nhμ ®Çu t− n−íc ngoμi. Çc
c«ng ty t− nh©n cã vÎ chiÕm −u thÕ h¬n trong viÖc tËn dông
nguån nh©n c«ng dåi dμo cña ViÖt Nam vμ h−íng ng−êi lao
®éng vμo nh÷ng ngμnh nghÒ cã n¨ng suÊt cao h¬n. §iÒu nμy
cho thÊy tèc ®é t¹o viÖc lμm liªn quan chÆt chÏ víi sè l−îng vμ
chÊt l−îng cña ®Çu t− t− nh©n trong n−íc. MÆc dï ®· cã
nh÷ng b−íc c¶i thiÖn ®¸ng kÓ trong lÜnh vùc ph¸p lý vμ hμnh
chÝnh, ®Æc biÖt lμ viÖc ban hμnh LuËt Doanh nghiÖp, nh−ng
vÉn cßn mét sè trë ng¹i trong qu¸ tr×nh t¨ng tr−ëng cña khu
vùc t− nh©n. ChÝnh quyÒn ®Þa ph−¬ng cßn thiÕu n¨ng lùc
vÒ thÓ chÕ vμ tÝnh chuyªn nghiÖp trong viÖc khuyÕn khÝch
®Çu t− t− nh©n trong n−íc. T¹i mét sè ®Þa ph−¬ng, çc çn
bé chÝnh quyÒn vÉn ph©n biÖt ®èi xö ®èi víi ho¹t ®éng cña
khu vùc t− nh©n trong n−íc. T¹i mét sè ®Þa ph−¬ng, chÝnh
quyÒn kh«ng thÓ cung cÊp mét m«i tr−êng phï hîp t¹o ®iÒu
kiÖn cho ho¹t ®éng cña khu vùc t− nh©n trong n−íc. H¬n thÕ
n÷a, çc dÞch vô ph¸t triÓn kinh doanh vμ çc hiÖp héi doanh
nghiÖp vÉn cßn ë giai ®o¹n trøng n−íc vμ ®ßi hái ®−îc t¨ng
c−êng míi cã thÓ ®ãng gãp cho sù t¨ng tr−ëng cña khu vùc t−
nh©n.
NÕu kh«ng ®−îc ¸p dông tèt, chÝnh s¸ch di c− néi ®Þa cña
ChÝnh phñ cã thÓ sÏ cã ¶nh h−ëng tiªu cùc ®èi víi vÊn ®Ò t¹o
viÖc lμm. HÖ thèng ®¨ng ký d©n sè bèn cÊp lμm t¨ng chi phÝ
di c− vμ do ®ã g©y ¶nh h−ëng xÊu ®Õn vÊn ®Ò t¹o viÖc lμm
vμ chÊt thªm mét g¸nh nÆng kh«ng cÇn thiÕt lªn nh÷ng ng−êi
nghÌo ®ang t×m viÖc lμm (§Æng Nguyªn Anh 2003). Do tÝnh
t¹m thêi cña c«ng viÖc vμ kh«ng cã ®¨ng ký th−êng tró, ng−êi
lao ®éng di c− kh«ng thÓ tù b¶o vÖ m×nh khái çc nguy c¬
vÒ søc khoÎ vμ an toμn lao ®éng. Trong nhiÒu tr−êng hîp,
ng−êi di c− lμm viÖc trong thêi gian thö viÖc hoÆc ng¾n h¹n,
th× nh÷ng hîp ®ång kh«ng chÝnh thøc nh− vËy kh«ng tr¶ ®ñ
thï lao hoÆc kh«ng b¶o vÖ cho hä. ChÝnh phñ ®· b¾t ®Çu
khëi ®éng bé m¸y ph¸p lý vμ thÓ chÕ ®Ó t¹o mét s©n ch¬i
b×nh ®¼ng gi÷a çc doanh nghiÖp t− nh©n, nhμ n−íc, vμ
n−íc ngoμi. Nh−ng vÉn cßn nhiÒu vÊn ®Ò cÇn gi¶i quyÕt. §Æc
biÖt, viÖc b¶o vÖ ph¸p lý cho çc doanh nghiÖp t− nh©n vμ
viÖc tr«ng cËy vμo mét hÖ thèng ph¸p luËt c«ng b»ng vμ v« t−
sÏ b¶o vÖ quyÒn lîi cho çc doanh nh©n vμ do ®ã khuyÕn
khÝch ®Çu t− t− nh©n. Ngoμi ra, sù t¸ch b¹ch râ rμng gi÷a
çc chøc n¨ng qu¶n lý cña Nhμ n−íc vμ sù can thiÖp trùc tiÕp
cña Nhμ n−íc vμo çc ho¹t ®éng s¶n xuÊt sÏ lμm râ çc ®éng
lùc vμ t¨ng c−êng tÝnh minh b¹ch. Çc doanh nghiÖp t− nh©n
trong n−íc, ®Æc biÖt lμ çc doanh nghiÖp võa vμ nhá, cÇn
mét m«i tr−êng ph¸p lý vμ qui chÕ cã thÓ dù ®o¸n ®−îc

nh»m môc ®Ých thóc ®Èy h¬n lμ kiÒm chÕ ho¹t ®éng cña çc
doanh nghiÖp.
3.
ViÖt Nam ®· ®¹t ®ưîc nh÷ng tiÕn bé trong lÜnh vùc gi¶i
quyÕt toàn diÖn vÊn ®Ò vay nî, tr¶ nî; b¶o ®¶m qu¶n lý nî
bÒn v÷ng.
§Õn cuèi nh÷ng n¨m 1990, g¸nh nÆng nî nÇn ®èi víi nÒn kinh
tÕ ViÖt Nam ®· gi¶m ®¸ng kÓ. Çc cuéc th−¬ng l−îng gi¶i
quyÕt çc kho¶n vay, chñ yÕu trong thêi kỳ chiÕn tranh, tõ
CHLB Nga, Ba Lan, SÐc, Xl«-va-ki-a, Bun-ga-ri, Hung-ga-ri vμ
§øc, ®· gãp phÇn ®¸ng kÓ vμo xu h−íng nμy. §ång thêi, víi sù
hç trî vμ t− vÊn quèc tÕ, ChÝnh phñ ViÖt Nam ®· triÓn khai
nh÷ng dù ¸n gióp t¨ng c−êng n¨ng lùc qu¶n lý nî n−íc ngoμi
mét çch bÒn v÷ng vμ cã hiÖu qu¶.
MÆt kh¸c, ViÖt Nam ®· nç lùc c¶i thiÖn t×nh tr¹ng nî cña çc
doanh nghiÖp nhμ n−íc nh»m t¹o m«i tr−êng tμi chÝnh thuËn
lîi cho ph¸t triÓn, trong ®ã cã xo¸ hoÆc khoanh nî, gi·n nî
nh»m gióp çc c¬ së trªn phôc håi s¶n xuÊt, kinh doanh, t¸i c¬
cÊu.
§Ó c¶i thiÖn tÝnh lμnh m¹nh vμ n©ng cao n¨ng lùc cña nÒn
kinh tÕ, ChÝnh phñ ViÖt Nam ®· tiÕn hμnh nh÷ng b−íc ®i
m¹nh mÏ nh− s¾p xÕp l¹i doanh nghiÖp nhμ n−íc, gi¶i thÓ
nh÷ng doanh nghiÖp kh«ng cã l·i, hç trî khu vùc kinh tÕ t−
nh©n, c¶i thiÖn h¬n n÷a m«I tr−êng ®Çu t−. Theo h−íng
nμy, luËt ®Çu t− trong n−íc vμ n−íc ngoμi sÏ ®−îc thèng nhÊt
chung, nh»m b¶o ®¶m tÝnh c«ng b»ng trong kinh doanh,
khuyÕn khÝch ®Çu t− ph¸t triÓn.
Cßn nhiÒu h¹n chÕ trong viÖc x©y dùng hÖ thèng thư¬ng mại
và tài chÝnh quèc tÕ th«ng tho¸ng, c«ng khai minh b¹ch ho¹t
®éng dùa trªn çc nguyªn t¾c cã thÓ dù b¸o về kh«ng ph©n
biÖt ®èi xö
HÖ thèng th−¬ng m¹i ®a biªn trong suèt qu¸ tr×nh tån t¹i vμ
ph¸t triÓn chñ yÕu vÉn phôc vô lîi Ých cña çc n−íc ph¸t triÓn,
mét phÇn do çc n−íc ®ang vμ kÐm ph¸t triÓn th−êng Ýt cã
tiÕng nãi trong qu¸ tr×nh x©y dùng khu«n khæ luËt lÖ cña hÖ
thèng nμy. Do vËy, x©y dùng mét hÖ thèng th−¬ng m¹i th«ng
tho¸ng, c«ng b»ng, cã thÓ dù b¸o trong giai ®o¹n võa qua
(2001-2005) lμ hÕt søc h¹n chÕ ®èi víi çc n−íc kÐm ph¸t
triÓn vμ çc n−íc ®ang ph¸t triÓn cã thu nhËp thÊp, trong ®ã
cã ViÖt Nam.
UNIT 3 – ENVIRONMENT
1.
N−íc vμ vÖ sinh m«i tr−êng: Kho¶ng 35% d©n n«ng th«n

sö dông n−íc tõ nh÷ng nguån n−íc mÆt kh«ng ®−îc xö lý. Çc
chÊt th¶i tõ çc hé gia ®×nh vμ trong c«ng nghiÖp th−êng
lμm « nhiÔm çc s«ng hå nμy. Bé Tμi nguyªn vμ M«i tr−êng cã
nhiÖm vô qu¶n lý vÊn ®Ò « nhiÔm m«i tr−êng nh−ng l¹i lμ
mét c¬ quan kh¸ míi víi ng©n s¸ch h¹n hÑp. HiÖn t¹i, viÖc gi¸m
s¸t vμ thùc thi çc quy ®Þnh vÒ n−íc hiÖn hμnh, nh− §iÒu 18
cña LuËt Tμi nguyªn n−íc, vÉn ch−a ®−îc thùc hiÖn ®Çy ®ñ.
ViÖc tiÕp cËn kh«ng ®Çy ®ñ víi n−íc s¹ch vμ vÖ sinh m«i
tr−êng lμ nguyªn nh©n chÝnh cña t×nh tr¹ng nhiÔm giun g©y
¶nh h−ëng ®Õn t×nh h×nh dinh d−ìng.
§¶m b¶o tÝnh bÒn v÷ng m«i tr−êng: ViÖc b¶o vÖ m«i
tr−êng ®ßi hái møc tr¸ch nhiÖm gi¶i tr×nh cao. TÝnh minh
b¹ch vμ viÖc trao quyÒn cho ng−êi d©n ®Þa ph−¬ng cã ý
nghÜa thiÕt yÕu ®Ó ®¶m b¶o t¨ng tr−ëng kinh tÕ mang tÝnh
bÒn v÷ng vÒ m«i tr−êng.
Cã Ýt th«ng tin trong khu vùc c«ng céng vÒ viÖc sö dông c¹n
kiÖt çc nguån tμi nguyªn vμ sù xuèng cÊp cña m«I tr−êng.
ViÖc thu thËp vμ phæ biÕn çc th«ng tin liªn quan ®Õn çc
vÊn ®Ò bÒn v÷ng lμ hÕt søc cÊp thiÕt ®Ó gi¶m t¸c h¹i vÒ
mÆt x· héi xuÊt ph¸t tõ viÖc sö dông kh«ng phï hîp çc nguån
tμi nguyªn vμ sù « nhiÔm mμ lÏ ra cã thÓ tr¸nh ®−îc. Ch¼ng
h¹n, cÇn cã th«ng tin ®Çy ®ñ vμ dÔ tiÕp cËn h¬n vÒ chÊt
l−îng n−íc vμ kh«ng khÝ. MÆc dï Bé Tμi nguyªn vμ M«i tr−êng
−íc tÝnh kho¶ng 50% tæng diÖn tÝch ®Êt bÞ ¶nh h−ëng do
xãi mßn vμ tho¸i ho¸ ®Êt ®ai, nh−ng çc th«ng tin cô thÓ
®−îc ph©n lo¹i theo h¹ng ®Êt vμ theo ®Þa ph−¬ng th× vÉn
ch−a cã. ChÝnh phñ cÇn kiÓm so¸t d− l−îng thuèc trõ s©u
trong thùc phÈm vμ phæ biÕn réng r·i th«ng tin nμy cho nh©n
d©n ®Ó khuyÕn khÝch n«ng d©n vμ çc c«ng ty thuèc trõ
s©u sö dông çc ho¸ chÊt nμy mét çch cã tr¸ch nhiÖm.
Ngoμi viÖc cung cÊp thªm th«ng tin ®Õn cho quÇn chóng
nh©n d©n, qu¸ tr×nh ra quyÕt ®Þnh gi÷a çc c¬ quan ChÝnh
phñ vμ khu vùc t− nh©n còng cÇn minh b¹ch h¬n ®Ó ®¶m
b¶o r»ng çc nguy c¬ vÒ m«i tr−êng liªn quan ®Õn ®Çu t−,
s¶n xuÊt vμ tiªu dïng ®−îc ®¸nh gi¸ mét çch kh¸ch quan vμ
chÆt chÏ. VÉn cßn mét sè dù ¸n ®Çu t− c«ng céng ®−îc phª
chuÈn tr−íc khi cã ®¸nh gi¸ kü cμng vÒ t¸c ®éng ®èi víi m«i
tr−êng, vμ khi nh÷ng ®¸nh gi¸ nμy ®−îc thùc hiÖn, kh«ng
ph¶I lóc nμo kÕt qu¶ ®¸nh gi¸ còng ®−îc phæ biÕn réng r·i.
Mét sè kÕ ho¹ch qu¶n lý chÊt th¶i r¾n ®−îc triÓn khai thùc
hiÖn mμ kh«ng tham kh¶o mét çch tháa ®¸ng ý kiÕn cña
quÇn chóng vμ kh«ng thu hót ®−îc sù ñng hé cña quÇn chóng.
ChÝnh phñ ®· thùc hiÖn nhiÒu b−íc quan träng trong viÖc huy
®éng quÇn chóng tham gia ®ãng gãp ý kiÕn cho çc quyÕt
®Þnh vÒ viÖc sö dông çc nguån tμi nguyªn. Ch¼ng h¹n, ®èi
víi viÖc qu¶n lý rõng, chÝnh s¸ch nhμ n−íc hiÖn nay c«ng nhËn
tÇm quan träng cña quyÒn sö dông dμi h¹n cña çc hé gia
®×nh ®èi víi ®Êt rõng. §Ó thùc hiÖn thμnh c«ng chÝnh s¸ch
nμy ®ßi hái ph¶i b¶o vÖ vμ ®¶m b¶o quyÒn sö dông cña çc
hé nhá, ®Æc biÖt lμ ë çc vïng s©u vïng xa vμ nh÷ng vïng cã
®a sè ng−êi d©n téc thiÓu sè sinh sèng. ViÖc ñng hé vμ tham
gia cña ng−êi d©n ®Þa ph−¬ng lμ hÕt søc cÇn thiÕt ®Ó gióp
ChÝnh phñ ®¹t ®−îc môc tiªu trång 5 triÖu hÐc ta rõng nh−
CLPTKTXH giai ®o¹n 2001 - 2010 ®· ®Ò ra.
ViÖc t¹o ®iÒu kiÖn ®Ó ng−êi d©n ®Þa ph−¬ng tham gia
trong viÖc lùa chän, thùc hiÖn vμ ®¸nh gi¸ çc dù ¸n ®Çu t−
lμ cÇn thiÕt ®Ó ®¶m b¶o cho ng−êi d©n nhËn thøc ®−îc vμ
chÊp nhËn çn c©n gi÷a çc chi phÝ kinh tÕ vμ m«I tr−êng víi
çc lîi Ých nhËn ®−îc tõ çc dù ¸n cô thÓ. MÆc dï nguyªn t¾c
“bªn g©y « nhiÔm ph¶i chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm” ®−îc nªu trong
ph¸p luËt vÒ m«i tr−êng cña ViÖt Nam, nh−ng nh÷ng ®iÒu
kho¶n nμy ®«i khi kh«ng ®−îc thi hμnh do thiÕu v¾ng vai trß
râ rμng cña quÇn chóng trong viÖc thi hμnh vμ gi¸m s¸t çc
luËt vÒ « nhiÔm.
Sù ph¸t triÓn kinh tÕ t¹o ra c¬ héi, nh−ng còng ®e do¹ ¶nh

h−ëng tíi viÖc sù dông cã hiÖu qu¶ h¬n çc nguån tμi nguyªn
thiªn nhiªn. §¸ng l−u ý nhÊt lμ c«ng nghÖ míi, trong ®ã nhiÒu
c«ng nghÖ ®−îc ph¸t triÓn theo çc tiªu chuÈn m«i tr−êng
kh¾t khe h¬n c¶ çc n−íc c«ng nghiÖp. ViÖt Nam cã thÓ tranh
thñ lîi Ých tõ çc c«ng nghÖ míi ®−îc cung cÊp mét çch nhanh
chãng th«ng qua ®Çu t− trùc tiÕp cña n−íc ngoμi vμ ®Çu t−
trong n−íc.
2.
H¬n m−êi n¨m qua, diÖn tÝch ®Êt cã rõng che phñ ë ViÖt
Nam t¨ng liªn tôc chñ yÕu do çc chÝnh s¸ch hç trî trång rõng
vμ Ch−¬ng tr×nh “Phñ xanh ®Êt trèng ®åi träc”.
Tû lÖ diÖn tÝch ®Êt cã rõng che phñ tõ 27,2% n¨m 1990 lªn
33,2% n¨m 2000 vμ 37% n¨m 2004 (xem biÓu ®å 7.1). MÆc dï
còng trong kho¶ng thêi gian ®ã hμng chôc ngh×n ha rõng bÞ
ch¸y vμ bÞ chÆt ph¸ bõa b·i (n¨m 2002 bÞ ch¸y h¬n 12 ngh×n
ha vμ h¬n 5 ngh×n ha kh¸c bÞ chÆt ph¸) nh−ng trung b×nh
mçi n¨m vÉn cã thªm 0,6% diÖn tÝch ®Êt ®−îc phñ rõng. §Ó
n©ng cao chÊt l−îng rõng, Nhμ n−íc ®· ban hμnh chÝnh s¸ch
®ãng cöa rõng, ngõng viÖc khai th¸c rõng tù nhiªn tõ n¨m
1996.
Tû lÖ ngưêi d©n ®ưîc tiÕp cËn víi nguån nưíc s¹ch và ®iÒu
kiÖn vÖ sinh m«I trưêng ngày mét tèt h¬n
Sau 10 n¨m thùc hiÖn ChiÕn l−îc vÒ n−íc s¹ch vμ vÖ sinh m«i
tr−êng vμ 5 n¨m thùc hiÖn Ch−¬ng tr×nh môc tiªu quèc gia
n−íc s¹ch vμ vÖ sinh m«i tr−êng n«ng th«n, ViÖt Nam ®· cã
kho¶ng trªn 700 ngh×n c«ng tr×nh cÊp n−íc, trong ®ã cã trªn
4,6 ngh×n hÖ thèng cÊp n−íc tËp trung. NÕu n¨m 1996, tû lÖ
ng−êi d©n n«ng th«n ®−îc sö dông n−íc s¹ch lμ 28% th×
®Õn n¨m 2003 con sè nμy ®· lμ 54%. ¦íc tÝnh ®Õn n¨m 2004
con sè nμy lμ 58%.
N¨m 2003, kho¶ng 5 triÖu hé gia ®×nh ë n«ng th«n (41%) ®·

cã nhμ vÖ sinh hîp qui çch. Tû lÖ nμy t¨ng chËm trong thêi
gian gÇn ®©y, nh−ng quan träng lμ ng−êi n«ng d©n ®· ý
thøc h¬n vÒ viÖc gi÷ g×n m«i tr−êng vμ ®ang tõng b−íc thay
®æi tËp qu¸n sö dông nhμ tiªu kh«ng hîp vÖ sinh.
Thμnh c«ng nμy cã ®−îc mét phÇn quan träng nhê chñ tr−¬ng
®óng ®¾n cña Nhμ n−íc ®èi víi khu vùc n«ng th«n.
NÕu so s¸nh víi MDG th× khu vùc n«ng th«n ViÖt Nam ®· ®¹t
chØ tiªu t¨ng gÊp ®«i sè l−îng ng−êi d©n ®−îc tiÕp cËn
nguån n−íc s¹ch vμo n¨m 2005, môc tiªu nμy ®Æt ra trªn ph¹m
vi toμn thÕ giíi vμo n¨m 2015.
ViÖc thu gom và xö lý chÊt th¶i r¾n

Trung b×nh mçi n¨m, ViÖt Nam cã h¬n 15 triÖu tÊn chÊt th¶i
r¾n ph¸t sinh tõ nhiÒu nguån kh¸c nhau, trong ®ã 80% lμ chÊt
th¶i sinh ho¹t vμ gÇn 20% lμ chÊt th¶i r¾n c«ng nghiÖp (xem
biÓu ®å 7.2). ChÊt th¶i ë khu vùc ®« thÞ chiÕm tíi gÇn 50%
tæng l−îng chÊt th¶i sinh ho¹t. NÕu d©n sè thμnh thÞ ë ViÖt
Nam t¨ng lªn gÊp ®«i trong nh÷ng n¨m tíi th× sè r¸c th¶i toμn
quèc còng t¨ng lªn t−¬ng øng kho¶ng 22 triÖu tÊn/n¨m.
Tû lÖ thu gom chÊt th¶i ë ®« thÞ ®· cã nh÷ng tiÕn bé ®¸ng

kÓ, trung b×nh ®¹t kho¶ng 71% vμ ®ang t¨ng dÇn. Çc
ph−¬ng thøc xö lý chÊt th¶i ®ang ®−îc c¶i tiÕn, nh−ng vÉn
cßn lμ mèi hiÓm ho¹ ®èi víi m«i tr−êng. Trong sè gÇn 100 b·i
th¶i trong c¶ n−íc, th× chØ cã 20% b·i ch«n lÊp hîp vÖ sinh,
cßn l¹i phÇn lín ®Òu g©y « nhiÔm m«i tr−êng vμ t¸c ®éng
xÊu ®Õn søc khoÎ con ng−êi. Çc hÖ thèng xö lý chÊt th¶i
nguy h¹i cßn rÊt thiÕu, nªn chÊt th¶i nguy h¹i th−êng bÞ ®æ
bá hoÆc tiªu huû cïng víi chÊt th¶i th«ng th−êng. N¨ng lùc xö
lý chÊt th¶I y tÕ ®ang ®−îc t¨ng c−êng, hiÖn nay ®· cã 32
tØnh/thμnh trong c¶ n−íc cã dù ¸n ®Çu t− x©y dùng b·i ch«n
lÊp chÊt th¶i r¾n hîp vÖ sinh.
ViÖc t¸i chÕ chÊt th¶i lμ kh¸ phæ biÕn, chñ yÕu do t− nh©n
thùc hiÖn mét çch tù ph¸t. Tû lÖ thμnh phÇn h÷u c¬ cao cña
chÊt th¶i sinh ho¹t ë ViÖt Nam t−¬ng ®èi thÝch hîp cho viÖc
chÕ biÕn ph©n tæng hîp h÷u c¬. MÆc dï ®· cã nhiÒu ®iÓn
h×nh tèt, nh−ng ho¹t ®éng nμy vÉn ch−a ®−îc phæ biÕn
réng r·i.
1.
Environmental sustainability:
The SEDS 2001-2010 and other core planning and policy documents
emphasize the importance of environmental sustainability in Viet Nam’s
development. However, some gaps still exists between policy
statements and sustainable development practice. Some large-scale
infrastructure projects are still approved and implemented in the
absence of rigorous environmental assessment. Some agricultural
policies still prioritise productivity over sustainability. Some urban
development projects do not take adequate account of their
environmental impact on the poor.
Environmental degradation undermines the quality of life of many poor

people due to their direct reliance on access to natural resources for
their livelihoods. The poor are often less able to protect themselves from
deteriorating water and air quality associated with urbanisation and
industrialisation, and cannot afford to treat pollution-related health
problems. Poor people suffer more from natural disasters because they
have access to fewer resources to help rebuild their lives. Between
1997 and 2004 typhoons, floods and storms caused over $1.3 billion in
damage.9 Over one million Vietnamese people require emergency relief
every year as a result of natural and man-made disasters. Many of
these people subsist on incomes that are just above the poverty line,
with the result that floods or typhoons are now a major cause of
households falling back into recorded poverty.
2.
Biological Diversity
Significant progress has been made in nature conservation and

biodiversity. The surface of protected areas for biodiversity conservation
is now 8% of the total territory, meeting the requirement 6-10% as
recommended by international development and conservation
organizations. Of the 126 protected areas, some have been recognized
as World Natural Heritages, World Biosphere Reserves or ASEAN
Natural Heritages. The Government is about to establish 17 marine
protected areas. Viet Nam targets to have 11.6% of its territorial surface
under conservation by 2010.
Although plantation forest cover is high and increasing (in 2003 it

accounted for 17% of the total forest cover), quality does not meet
requirements. The quality of forests in the estuaries, along the coast,
and in wetland areas has declined significantly and is at risk of further
degradation. Deforestation, illegal logging, trapping and hunting wild
animals and over-exploitation of the forests continues.
3.
In the past few years, Viet Nam has been frequently affected by natural
disasters, causing loss of life, economic costs and damage to the
environment. Rapidly increased population densities in large cities and
industrial zones exerts pressure on the capacity of the existing
infrastructure, leading to environmental pollution. Uncontrolled,
overexploitation of natural resources is causing environmental
degradation in some areas.
Environmental pollution increases, especially in urban areas and

industrial zones as follows:
- The air in most urban areas and industrial zones is severely polluted
with dust and hazardous fumes. Dust contamination exceeds set
standards by 1.3 to 3 times, and even 12-20 times in some places. SO2
contamination is 1.1 to 2.7 times permitted levels in areas surrounding
some factories and enterprises. Acid rain affects some localities,
especially in the Southeast. The most important sources of air pollution
are transport, industry, and construction activities.
However, lead contamination in most road systems has sharply reduced

by 40-45% each year since 2002 and air quality in many rural and
mountainous areas is still very good.
- Greenhouse gas emission is low, but rising. CO2 emission will sharply
increase by the end of this decade without effective action. Greenhouse
gas emission was estimated at 103.8 million tons of CO2 equivalent in
1994, of which the largest share (52.4 million tons) was from agricultural
activities (livestock, rice cultivation, waste burning at fields, grass
burning, etc.); the energy sector (25.6 million tons); the forestry sector
(19.4 million tons); and the industry sector (6.4 million tons).
The main greenhouse gases are CO2 (4.3 million tons), CH4
(equivalent to 52.5 million tons of
CO2), NO2 (equivalent to 12.4 million tons of CO2). In the coming
period the energy, agriculture and forestry sectors and changes of land
use will be the main sources of greenhouse gas emission. It is
estimated that greenhouse gas emission in Viet Nam will amount to 140
million tons in 2010 and 233 million tons in 2020 (see Table 7.2).
- Water environment: water quality measured at specific points near

towns and industrial zones, in the main rivers in the north (Cau, Thai
Binh, Cam, and Red rivers) and the South (including Dong Nai and Sai
Gon rivers) does not meet the standards for household water supply,
although meeting standards for other uses such as aquaculture
activities and swimming pools. Water in rivers in the central region (Han
and Huong rivers) is still of good quality and can be used for water
supply. Water in most small rivers, lakes and canals in large cities like
Hanoi, Da Nang, Hue and Ho Chi Minh City is polluted to alarming level
with all indicators exceeding permitted standards by 4-5 times, even 70
times. This is mainly the result of direct discharge of municipal and
industrial wastewater into rivers, lakes and canals without treatment.
However, except for those small rivers flowing through urban areas and
industrial zones, the water quality in all large rivers, including Red or
Mekong, is lightly polluted at some points, but still within standards for
aquaculture activities.
- Groundwater: The infiltration of saltwater has increased in coastal

areas. The average value of
BOD5 and COD concentration in the groundwater is within standard
levels; however the value of nitrogen, phosphate and concentration of
heavy metals in some areas adjacent to industrial zones has been
increasing. In some cities, groundwater levels have declined sharply,
even causing land subsidence in Hanoi.
UNIT 4 – HEALTH

1.
Nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò c¬ b¶n trong lÜnh vùc y tÕ còng t−¬ng tù nh−
trong çc dÞch vô x· héi kh¸c: kh¶ n¨ng tiÕp cËn víi dÞch vô vμ
phÝ dÞch vô; chÊt l−îng dÞch vô; kh¶ n¨ng cung cÊp dÞch vô ë
®Þa ph−¬ng; vμ vÊn ®Ò tμi chÝnh. VÊn ®Ò kh«ng ®ñ kinh
phÝ ®· g©y ¶nh h−ëng tiªu cùc ®èi víi hÖ thèng c¬ së vËt
chÊt vμ nh©n viªn y tÕ. BÖnh viÖn, tr¹m x¸ vμ çc tr¹m y tÕ x·
ph¶i ch¨m sãc sè bÖnh nh©n lín h¬n nh−ng l¹i nhËn ®−îc sè
tiÒn trªn mçi bÖnh nh©n Ýt h¬n. MÆc dï cã nhiÒu b¸c sü
®ang chuÈn bÞ tèt nghiÖp, nh−ng çc bÖnh viÖn n¬i hä sÏ lμm
viÖc l¹i cã Ýt gi−êng bÖnh h¬n vμ sè y sü vμ y t¸ trªn mét
bÖnh nh©n còng Ýt h¬n so víi gi÷a nh÷ng n¨m 1980.
Vμo cuèi nh÷ng n¨m 90, çc bÖnh viÖn cã 50% doanh thu tõ
phÝ do ng−êi bÖnh tr¶, so víi 10% n¨m 1993 (Bé Y tÕ 2002d).
HÖ thèng thanh tra vμ quy ®Þnh ®èi víi phÇn lín çc phßng
kh¸m vμ hiÖu thuèc t− nh©n ®−îc thμnh lËp trong m−êi n¨m
qua kh«ng ®Çy ®ñ ®¸p øng yªu cÇu, kÕt qu¶ lμ kh«ng thÓ
®¸nh gi¸ ®−îc chÊt l−îng cña nh÷ng dÞch vô cung cÊp.
Ngoμi nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò vÒ c¬ cÊu nμy cßn cã çc vÊn ®Ò míi

xuÊt hiÖn vÒ mÆt y tÕ, nh− HIV/AIDS, tû lÖ sö dông çc
ph−¬ng ph¸p tr¸nh thai hiÖn ®¹i thÊp, tû lÖ n¹o ph¸ thai cao,
çc vÊn ®Ò søc khoÎ liªn quan ®Õn thuèc l¸ vμ vÊn ®Ò
th−¬ng tÝch. Mét lÇn n÷a, nhiÒu vÊn ®Ò trong sè nμy cã vÎ
trÇm träng h¬n ë çc vïng nghÌo vμ khã kh¨n h¬n. Trong sè
nh÷ng ng−êi bÞ ¶nh h−ëng nÆng nhÊt lμ nhãm dÔ bÞ tæn

th−¬ng nhÊt, trong ®ã cã trÎ em.
Suy dinh d−ìng: MÆc dï ®· cã nhiÒu c¶i thiÖn, nh−ng nhiÒu

ng−êi d©n sèng ë nh÷ng vïng khã kh¨n ph¶i chÞu ®iÒu kiÖn
vÖ sinh kÐm, kh¶ n¨ng tiÕp cËn víi n−íc s¹ch bÞ h¹n chÕ, vμ sù
ch¨m sãc kh«ng ®Çy ®ñ ®èi víi trÎ em, trÎ vÞ thμnh niªn vμ
phô n÷. Ngay c¶ nh÷ng vïng cã møc sèng cao nhÊt (vïng §«ng
Nam vμ ®ång b»ng ch©u thæ S«ng Hång) còng cã tû lÖ trÎ
thiÕu c©n vμ chËm ph¸t triÓn cao bÊt th−êng, trong ®ã cho
thÊy çc yÕu tè v¨n ho¸ vμ x· héi ®ãng mét vai trß quan träng
trong vÊn ®Ò suy dinh d−ìng trÎ em ë ViÖt Nam. VÊn ®Ò suy
dinh d−ìng cßn trÇm träng h¬n ë çc vïng d©n téc thiÓu sè vμ
trong nh÷ng ng−êi d©n nghÌo ë n«ng th«n, vμ tû lÖ nghÞch víi
tr×nh ®é gi¸o dôc cña ng−êi mÑ (GSO 2003a). ViÖc gi¶m tû
lÖ nghÌo l−¬ng thùc vμ t¨ng tr−ëng n«ng nghiÖp nhanh chãng
cña ViÖt Nam, ®−îc thÓ hiÖn qua viÖc ViÖt Nam xuÊt khÈu
hμng triÖu tÊn g¹o, rau, qu¶, thÞt vμ ç hμng n¨m, cho thÊy
t×nh tr¹ng thiÕu dinh d−ìng kh«ng chØ lμ vÊn ®Ò thiÕu l−¬ng
thùc, mÆc dï ®óng lμ cã nhiÒu gia ®×nh thiÕu ¨n ë ViÖt Nam.
Tû lÖ chËm ph¸t triÓn lμ hËu qu¶ cña chÕ ®é dinh d−ìng kÐm
tr−íc vμ trong qu¸ tr×nh mang thai, trong s¸u th¸ng ®Çu sau
sinh vμ trong nh÷ng n¨m ®Çu ®êi cña trÎ. ViÖc thiÕu çc yÕu
tè vi l−îng (ch¼ng h¹n nh− Vitamin A, s¾t, i-èt) còng ¶nh
h−ëng ®Õn mét phÇn lín d©n sè. Theo ®¸nh gi¸ cña ViÖn
Dinh d−ìng Quèc gia, 27% sè bμ mÑ cã thai bÞ suy nh−îc c¬
thÓ kinh niªn vμ h¬n 30% bÞ thiÕu m¸u. Theo kÕt qu¶ cña
§iÒu tra d©n sè vμ søc kháe ViÖt Nam, d−íi 10% çc bμ mÑ
nu«i con hoμn toμn b»ng s÷a mÑ trong s¸u th¸ng ®Çu cña trÎ.
Ngoμi ra, h¬n mét nöa trong sè nμy cã nh÷ng biÓu hiÖn cËn
l©m sμng cña t×nh tr¹ng thiÕu Vitamin A vμ kh«ng cã ®ñ
Vitamin A trong s÷a cña m×nh (ViÖn Dinh d−ìng Quèc gia
2003). Çc bμ mÑ th−êng cho con ¨n n−íc ch¸o, còng nh− çc
thøc ¨n vμ ®å uèng kh¸c khi trÎ ®−îc hai th¸ng tuæi.
Mét nguyªn nh©n chñ yÕu n÷a cña t×nh tr¹ng suy dinh d−ìng
ë trÎ lμ do bÖnh tËt. Theo ®¸nh gi¸ cã kho¶ng 60% trÎ tõ 2 ®Õn
5 tuæi bÞ nhiÔm giun ký sinh. H¬n n÷a, kho¶ng 20% sè trÎ 6 -
11 th¸ng tuæi bÞ tiªu ch¶y trong hai tuÇn tr−íc khi cuéc ®iÒu
tra ®−îc thùc hiÖn (GSO 2003b).
2. HIV/AIDS
Tiªm chÝch ma tóy vμ t×nh dôc kh«ng an toμn lμ nh÷ng con

®−êng l©y lan HIV chÝnh ë ViÖt Nam. ViÖc thùc hiÖn kiªn
quyÕt vμ s©u réng nh÷ng ho¹t ®éng ng¨n ngõa HIV nh− lμ
çc ch−¬ng tr×nh cung cÊp b¬m kim tiªm s¹ch cã thÓ lμm
gi¶m l©y lan HIV b»ng çch b¶o vÖ nh÷ng ®èi t−îng tiªm
chÝch ma tóy vμ b¹n t×nh cña hä, hoÆc con çI cña nh÷ng
phô n÷ tiªm chÝch ma tóy. Lμn sãng di c− tõ n«ng th«n ra
thμnh thÞ ngμy mét phæ biÕn còng cã thÓ lμm t¨ng sè ng−êi
mua d©m. HIV võa lμ nguyªn nh©n, võa lμ hËu qu¶ cña sù
nghÌo ®ãi ë ViÖt Nam. Nh÷ng gia ®×nh cã ng−êi nhiÔm AIDS
ph¶i ®èi mÆt víi g¸nh nÆng bÖnh tÊt, lμm gi¶m kh¶ n¨ng thu
nhËp vμ chi phÝ thuèc thang ngμy mét t¨ng (theo

UNDP/AUSAID n¨m 2003).
Ở ViÖt Nam còng nh− nhiÒu n¬i kh¸c trªn thÕ giíi, nghiÖn ma
tóy vμ nh÷ng hμnh vi t×nh dôc cña chång hay b¹n t×nh lμ
nh÷ng nguy c¬ l©y nhiÔm HIV lín nhÊt ë phô n÷. HÇu hÕt phô
n÷ ViÖt Nam bÞ nhiÔm HIV th«ng qua con ®−êng duy nhÊt lμ
b¹n t×nh, th«ng th−êng lμ chång cña hä. Tû lÖ phô n÷ trong sè
nh÷ng ng−êi míi bÞ l©y nhiÔm HIV ®ang ngμy mét t¨ng khi
mμ HIV ngμy cμng l©y nhiÔm qua ®−êng t×nh dôc.
Nh÷ng quan niÖm vÒ v¨n hãa c¶n trë phô n÷ cã ®−îc kiÕn
thøc vÒ giíi tÝnh vμ t×nh dôc ®· g©y khã kh¨n cho phô n÷
trong viÖc tháa thuËn vÒ t×nh dôc an toμn hoÆc lμ ®Ò xuÊt
sö dông bao cao su mμ kh«ng lμm tæn h¹i ®Õn quan hÖ cña
hä. Mét sè phô n÷ lμ n¹n nh©n cña n¹n b¹o hμnh trong gia
®×nh th−êng kh«ng cã quyÒn hμnh ®éng khiÕn cho hä rÊt
dÔ bÞ nhiÔm tõ b¹n t×nh.
Mét trong nh÷ng nhãm chÝnh chÞu ¶nh h−ëng cña HIV/AIDS lμ
trÎ em. Mét phÇn nhá sè con em cña nh÷ng phô n÷ nhiÔm HIV
cã kÕt qu¶ xÐt nghiÖm d−¬ng tÝnh. Mét sè em bÞ cha mÑ bá
r¬i hoÆc ®ang sèng trong nh÷ng bÖnh viÖn trªn c¶ n−íc.
HiÖn nay, ng−êi ta tin r»ng sè trÎ em nμy ®ang ngμy mét t¨ng.
MÆc dï ch−a cã ®ñ ®é tin cËy vÒ nh÷ng sè liÖu, mét nghiªn
cøu ®¸nh gi¸ míi ®©y cña UNICEF vμ BL§TBXH, −íc tÝnh r»ng
HIV/AIDS ë ViÖt Nam ®· ¶nh h−ëng ®Õn cuéc sèng cña h¬n
283.000 trÎ em, trong ®ã h¬n 263.000 em hiÖn ®ang sèng víi
cha mÑ bÞ nhiÔm HIV vμ h¬n 19.200 em ®· bÞ nhiÔm HIV.
Trªn c¬ së nh÷ng sè liÖu trªn, BL§TBXH −íc t×nh r»ng sè trÎ
em bÞ t¸c ®éng bëi HIV chiÕm 36% sè trÎ dÔ bÞ tæn th−¬ng ë
ViÖt Nam (theo UNICEF vμ BL§TBXH n¨m 2002).
3.
ChiÕn l−îc chèng HIV/AIDS thμnh c«ng ph¶i xãa bá n¹n ph©n
biÖt ®èi xö vμ b¶o vÖ quyÒn cña nh÷ng ng−êi nhiÔm
HIV/AIDS. §¹i dÞch nμy ph¸t triÓn m¹nh lμ do nh÷ng ®Þnh
kiÕn, do ®ã chØ cã thÓ gi¶i quyÕt th«ng qua viÖc chÊp nhËn
vμ nh÷ng dßng th«ng tin tù do. VÉn cßn mét sè lÜnh vùc cÇn
tiÕp tôc nghiªn cøu ®Ó gi¶i quyÕt vÊn ®Ò HIV/ AIDS. Nh÷ng
lÜnh vùc nμy bao gåm t¸c ®éng cña di c− trong viÖc truyÒn
bÖnh, còng nh− mét sè vÊn ®Ò nh¹y c¶m kh¸c nh− lμ quan
hÖ ®ång tÝnh ë nam giíi.
Mét sè tån t¹i và th¸ch thøc

BÖnh sèt rÐt mang ®Æc tÝnh ®Þa ph−¬ng cao, chñ yÕu tËp
trung ë çc vïng s©u, vïng xa, vïng biªn giíi. Tû lÖ m¾c bÖnh tõ
n¨m 2002 ®Õn 2004 gi¶m chËm. BÖnh sèt rÐt diÔn biÕn phøc
t¹p vμ cã biÓu hiÖn t¸i ph¸t ë ph¹m vi th«n x· ë mét sè ®Þa
ph−¬ng ®Æc biÖt lμ vïng T©y Nguyªn, miÒn Trung vμ §«ng
Nam Bé.
TËp qu¸n l¹c hËu vμ ý thøc phßng chèng bÖnh nμy cña mét bé
phËn ng−êi d©n ®ang lμ nh÷ng rμo c¶n chÝnh ®èi víi nh÷ng
nç lùc ®Èy lïi bÖnh sèt rÐt. C«ng t¸c gi¸o dôc truyÒn th«ng tuy
cã tiÕn bé, nh−ng ch−a tËp trung ®óng ®èi t−îng (ng−êi d©n
vïng s©u, vïng xa, vïng biªn giíi). ChÊt l−îng çc biÖn ph¸p can
thiÖp (phun thuèc vμ tÈm mμn) cßn thÊp t¹i mét sè ®Þa
ph−¬ng. C¬ së h¹ tÇng y tÕ t¹i nhiÒu vïng cã nguy c¬ m¾c
bÖnh sèt rÐt cao cßn yÕu kÐm, nªn viÖc tiÕp cËn çc c¬ së y
tÕ cña d©n ë çc vïng nμy rÊt khã kh¨n.
Cßn nhiÒu yÕu tè ¶nh h−ëng tíi c«ng t¸c phßng chèng sèt rÐt
(PCSR) t¹i çc vïng sèt rÐt l−u hμnh nh− thiªn tai, mÊt mïa
thiÕu ®ãi, di biÕn ®éng d©n c− khã kiÓm so¸t.
Gi¶i ph¸p và nguån lùc thùc hiÖn môc tiªu

Cã chÝnh s¸ch huy ®éng vμ tËp trung çc nguån lùc, n©ng cao
hiÖu qu¶ PCSR t¹i çc vïng träng ®iÓm sèt rÐt cña c¶ n−íc.
Duy tr× çc biÖn ph¸p can thiÖp nh− phun thuèc chèng muçi,
tÈm mμn t¹i çc vïng sèt rÐt l−u hμnh nÆng; ph©n vïng dÞch
tÔ sèt rÐt thùc hμnh s¸t víi nhu cÇu thùc tÕ cña çc ®Þa
ph−¬ng hiÖn nay; b¶o ®¶m ®ñ thuèc phßng vμ ch÷a sèt sÐt
mçi n¨m 1,75 triÖu liÒu, sö dông çc lo¹i thuèc míi (CV-8, test
chÈn ®o¸n nhanh).
TËp trung nghiªn cøu vμ ¸p dông çc biÖn ph¸p thÝch hîp cho
çc ®èi t−îng cã nguy c¬ cao (d©n di c− tù do, ng−êi ®i rõng,
ngñ rÉy, d©n khu vùc biªn giíi, c«ng nh©n thi c«ng çc c«ng
tr×nh thuû ®iÖn, trång rõng...). §Èy m¹nh ph¸t triÓn çc yÕu tè
bÒn v÷ng trong PCSR. T¨ng c−êng c«ng t¸c tuyªn truyÒn, gi¸o
dôc vμ vËn ®éng nh©n d©n tù phßng chèng sèt rÐt cho b¶n
th©n vμ gia ®×nh (n»m mμn 100%, vÖ sinh m«i tr−êng, uèng
®óng thuèc vμ ®ñ liÒu khi m¾c bÖnh sèt rÐt). §Èy m¹nh c«ng
t¸c ®μo t¹o vμ ph¸t triÓn y tÕ th«n b¶n, cñng cè y tÕ x·,
huyÖn, qu¶n lý y d−îc t− nh©n... b¶o ®¶m chÊt l−îng ch¨m
sãc søc khoÎ ban ®Çu trong PCSR. Thùc hiÖn viÖc trao ®æi,
häc tËp kinh nghiÖm gi÷a çc ®Þa ph−¬ng trong n−íc ®Ó
lμm tèt c«ng t¸c PCSR.
X©y dùng mét hÖ thèng gi¸m s¸t m¹nh ®Ó ph¸t hiÖn vμ xö lý

nhanh nh¹y çc diÔn biÕn cña sèt rÐt tõ Trung −¬ng ®Õn ®Þa
ph−¬ng víi ®éi ngò çn bé ®ñ sè l−îng, tr×nh ®é chuyªn m«n
tèt vμ trang bÞ kü thuËt tiÕn bé. X©y dùng vμ ph¸t triÓn hÖ
thèng th«ng tin nèi m¹ng phôc vô c«ng t¸c PCSR, tr−íc m¾t
tËp trung tuyÕn Trung −¬ng víi çc tØnh, nh÷ng n¨m sau tíi
çc huyÖn träng ®iÓm sèt rÐt ë vïng s©u, vïng xa. Lång ghÐp
chÆt chÏ c«ng t¸c PCSR trong çc ho¹t ®éng y tÕ chung, trong
çc dù ¸n ph¸t triÓn kinh tÕ x· héi vμ x· héi ho¸ cao tõ Trung
−¬ng ®Õn ®Þa ph−¬ng.
1.
Accidents and injuries:

Accidents and injuries led by road traffic accidents and drowning,

account for most deaths. Traffic accidents in particular are a growing
problem in all parts of the country, and are now the second leading
cause of death among children of all ages. Traffic accidents are more
frequent in cities but more severe in rural areas, and affect males more
than females. Most road and traffic accidents involve motorbikes.
Most youth regularly ride a motorbike, including over 90 percent of

urban males between 18 and 25 years of age. Of these, only one-
quarter wear a helmet. Although it is illegal to ride a motorbike without a
helmet, helmet laws, especially in cities, are rarely enforced. Stricter
enforcement of helmet laws on rural highways is reflected in higher
helmet-use rates for rural youth.
Smoking: Smoking is a significant health issue for Viet Nam, especially

for males. Vietnamese smokers start on average at 17 years of age. It is
considered unbecoming for a woman to smoke, and very few do. Over
half of young men between 18 and 24 years of age smoke more than
once per week, and the number is growing. According to the National
Cancer Institute, lung cancer is already the most common form of
cancer among males.
Reproductive health: While it is traditional for girls experiencing

puberty to discuss reproductive health and related issues with their
mothers, it is much less common for boys to do so with any family
member (GSO and MOH 2004). There are numerous gaps in
knowledge. Only 30 percent of girls responding to SAVY were aware of
peak fertility periods in the reproductive cycle. Low levels of awareness
among the ten to 24 age group are reflected in high abortion rates
among single women and a dramatic increase of sexually transmitted
infections and HIV/AIDS prevalence (EC and UNFPA 2003). While the
majority of young people continue to disapprove of premarital sex,
around 30 percent of respondents to SAVY believe that it is acceptable
when both sexual partners consent, when they are about to get married
or are able to prevent pregnancy.
Prevalence: Viet Nam’s Ministry of Health estimates that the number of

people living with HIV in Viet Nam increased during the four-year period
between 1999 and 2003 from approximately 96,000 to 245,000.
Estimates extending back to 1990 indicate that the rate of increase is
exponential. Young people between 15 and 24 years of age represent
40 percent of those reported with HIV, up from 10 percent in 1994. HIV
cases have been reported in all provinces. There are a number of ‘hot
spots’ with particularly high numbers of reported HIV/AIDS infections or
prevalence levels, including Ho Chi Minh City, Hai Phong, Quang Ninh,
and Can Tho (Government of Viet Nam 2004). Figures from the Ministry
of Health (MOH) show that by 2003, an estimated one in 75 households
had a family member who was living with HIV/AIDS.1 The national HIV
prevalence for injecting drug users (IDUs) is 33 percent, and for female
sex workers is 6 percent (Government of Viet Nam, 2004). However,
more than 60 percent of IDUs are infected in HCM City, Hai Phong, and
Quanh Ninh. Over 25 percent of female sex workers are infected in Ho
Chi Minh City, and 15 percent in Ha Noi. Ministry of Health figures show
the majority of reported HIV cases to be IDUs, accounting for 56.9
percent of reported HIV cases at end March 2004. However, this may
partly reflect HIV testing practices, since many IDUs in state institutions
have compulsory HIV testing. There is an increasing trend of injecting

drug use among female sex workers in a number of cities or provinces.
Female sex workers also run the high risk of HIV infection due to
unprotected sex with male clients, many of whom are also IDUs. The
number of infections due to heterosexual transmission appears to be
increasing. Four provinces show greater than one percent of pregnant
women attending antenatal care or more than one percent of young
men attending pre-recruitment medical exams for military service to be
HIV positive.
As a result of the increasing HIV prevalence rate among adults, the

number of HIV positive newborns is increasing. The current HIV
prevalence is 0.39 percent among Viet Nam’s two million pregnant
women every year (VTWG 2003). The mother-to-child transmission rate
is estimated at 30 to 40 percent. In 2002, 44 percent of pregnant women
were provided with treatment to prevent mother to child transmission,
which is an increase over past years.
Regional context: Viet Nam’s experience is similar to that of other

countries in the region, with the initial spread of the disease through
IDUs, then through sex worker to the general population. This is cause
for concern in view of the high prevalence rates in neighbouring
countries. Based on current trends, Asia will have more HIV infections
than sub-Saharan Africa by 2010. Viet Nam must act swiftly is the
country is to avoid replication of this pattern.
2.
Maternal healthcare services have been improved in the past years, but
not equally among areas. In the mountainous and remote areas,
maternal healthcare conditions remain difficult, with a substantial
proportion of women receiving no health care. The Safe Motherhood
services in some areas are of poor quality; means supplying these
services are insufficient or not of the appropriate technical standard; and
some healthcare workers have insufficient training or motivation.
The proportion of women having no antenatal care, one antenatal check

and no obstetrics care service is estimated to be 13%, 10% and 13%,
respectively. Pregnant women’s accessibility to maternal care varies
according to their education levels and localities. 48.4% of illiterate
women and 32.2% of women who have not finished primary education
(compared to 10.1% of women who finished primary education) do not
have access to obstetrics care services; 27.2% of women living in the
Central Highlands and 23.2% of women living in the North West and the
North East received no obstetrics care services. The proportion of
pregnant women in rural areas who did not receive any antenatal care is
three times higher than the proportion in urban areas.
Poor Physical Conditions for Maternal Healthcare

While the demand for Safe Motherhood services by people living in poor
communes and difficult areas in mountainous, remote and densely-
populated areas with high birth rates is great, the system cannot provide
timely, convenient and sufficient services. Many people, even married
couples at the reproductive age, have got limited knowledge of Safe
Motherhood service, so they do not attend Safe Motherhood services.
The rate of women having a third child, and of those who suffer from
sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS remain too high.
Steps required include:
 Increase education and communication to improve knowledge of and

commitment to Safe
 Motherhood goals and contents.
 Extend the medical system and develop human resource for
medical services.
 Strengthen coordination between the health facilities, and child,
maternal healthcare and family planning facilities in both state sector
and private sector.
 Integrate Safe Motherhood principles into other programs, such
as those for population and family planning, nutrition and HIV/AIDS.
 Train medical personnel on reproductive health policies.
 Allocate sufficient equipment and drugs to raise standards of
health diagnosis, disease prevention, emergency service, and
treatment.
 Improve supporting policies and laws (e.g. on gender equality).
 Encourage the use of contraceptive methods and enhance the
specialist contraceptive knowledge of medical personnel.
 Attract medical personnel to work in poor and remote areas.
 Establish appropriate regulations covering aided conception,
surrogate parenthood, sex transformation, etc.
 Promote co-operation between agencies including the private

medical sector and mobilize popular participation, to implement
reproductive health policies.
 Diversify consultant services on reproductive health.
 Increase international co-operation and non-government
operations in the reproductive health field.
 Increasingly mobilize resources from outside the State budget, to
free budget resources for expenditures in disadvantaged areas.
3.
Combat Tuberculosis
By 1999, DOTS12 was applied in all districts. From 1997-2002, 532,000
TB cases of all forms were detected, the detection rate was 82 percent
of the estimated number (WHO target was 70%); 261 thousand
pulmonary TB patients AFB (+) were treated with a 92% successful
recovery rate. Viet Nam met the target in TB detection and treatment,
and, was the first Asian country to reach WHO target in 1996, an
achievement that has been recognized internationally.
From 1995, in the face of negative changes in global epidemiology of

TB, Viet Nam decided to make TB prevention a Targeted National
Health Program. With the support of international friends such as the
Netherlands, WHO... Viet Nam committed and implemented DOTS.
Thanks to DOTS, TB patients were treated successfully at home.
Community participation, including health personnel, private
pharmacists, prison personnel, volunteers, students, etc. helped bring
medicine to patients and eliminate TB discrimination. As a result Viet

Nam has already achieved the MDG in combating tuberculosis.
Difficulties and Challenges

DOTS implementation in mountainous, remote, border, island areas for
groups including prisoners, homeless, free migration, mental patients,
elderly, etc. faces difficulties.
There has not been any integration of TB activities into private health
system. TB medicine can be found easily on the market, but the quality
of the medicine, as well as the un-monitored implementation of DOTS
lead to the resistance of TB virus, which has become a global concern.
UNIT 5 – SOCIAL ISSUES
1.
GIẢI PHÁP CHO BÌNH ĐẰNG GIỚI

TiÕp tôc x©y dùng, hoμn thiÖn hÖ thèng luËt ph¸p, c¬ chÕ
chÝnh s¸ch theo h−íng b¶o ®¶m sù b×nh ®¼ng giíi trong ®êi
sèng x· héi. Sím so¹n th¶o vμ th«ng qua LuËt B×nh ®¼ng giíi
gãp phÇn tÝch cùc thóc ®Èy b×nh ®¼ng nam n÷ ë ViÖt Nam
trong giai ®o¹n tíi.
T¨ng c−êng n¨ng lùc vμ hiÖu qu¶ ho¹t ®éng cña Uû Ban quèc
gia v× sù tiÕn bé cña phô n÷ ViÖt Nam tõ Trung −¬ng tíi c¬
së. Coi träng c«ng t¸c ®μo t¹o ®éi ngò chuyªn gia Vò giíi ë çc
Bé ngμnh chøc n¨ng ®Ó chñ ®éng triÓn khai ho¹t ®éng lång
ghÐp giíi. Kinh phÝ dμnh cho çc ho¹t ®éng v× sù tiÕn bé cña
phô n÷ sÏ ®−îc quan t©m ®Çu t− tho¶ ®¸ng h¬n. Héi Liªn
hiÖp phô n÷ ViÖt Nam lμm tèt vai trß ng−êi ®¹i diÖn vμ b¶o
vÖ lîi Ých chÝnh ®¸ng cña phô n÷. Çc çn bé lμm c«ng t¸c Héi
cÇn ®−îc n©ng cao n¨ng lùc ®Ó tham gia cã chÊt l−îng h¬n
vμo c«ng t¸c qu¶n lý nhμ n−íc ë çc cÊp theo quy ®Þnh cña
ph¸p luËt. Phô n÷ çc ngμnh, çc cÊp cÇn ®−îc t¹o thªm c¬ héi
vμ ®iÒu kiÖn ®Ó t¨ng c−êng kiÕn thøc vμ n¨ng lùc. §Èy m¹nh
h¬n n÷a viÖc ®−a yÕu tè giíi vμo qu¸ tr×nh ho¹ch ®Þnh
chiÕn l−îc, kÕ ho¹ch ph¸t triÓn vμ thùc thi chÝnh s¸ch ë tÊt c¶
çc cÊp, çc ngμnh; thùc hiÖn viÖc lång ghÐp giíi vμo çc chØ
tiªu kÕ ho¹ch ph¸t triÓn kinh tÕ - x· héi.
§Èy m¹nh c«ng t¸c xo¸ ®ãi gi¶m nghÌo vμ t¹o viÖc lμm lμ gi¶i
ph¸p tÝch cùc nh»m t¨ng c−êng b×nh ®¼ng giíi ë ViÖt Nam.
T¨ng c−êng ®Çu t− cho c«ng t¸c gi¸o dôc, d¹y nghÒ, khuyÕn
n«ng vμ ®μo t¹o n©ng cao tr×nh ®é mäi mÆt cho phô n÷.
T¨ng c−êng c«ng t¸c tuyªn truyÒn, gi¸o dôc n©ng cao nhËn
thøc vÒ b×nh ®¼ng giíi, vÒ luËt ph¸p, chÝnh s¸ch dμnh cho
phô n÷. Tμi liÖu tuyªn truyÒn ®−îc giíi thiÖu víi çc h×nh thøc
®¬n gi¶n, dÔ nhí, ®−îc dÞch ra çc tiÕng d©n téc vμ phæ
biÕn réng r·i h¬n tíi ng−êi d©n, nhÊt lμ ®èi víi chÞ em phô n÷
ë çc vïng s©u, vïng xa ®Ó hä biÕt vμ thùc hiÖn quyÒn cña
m×nh. §Êu tranh chèng tÖ ng−îc ®·i phô n÷ trong gia ®×nh ë
tÊt c¶ çc ®Þa ph−¬ng trªn toμn quèc. T¨ng c−êng çc th«ng
tin mang tÝnh c¶nh b¸o vÒ tÖ m¹i d©m, bu«n b¸n phô n÷ vμ
ph¸t triÓn çc ho¹t ®éng trî gióp ph¸p lý, trî gióp n¹n nh©n
trong c«ng t¸c phßng ngõa, h¹n chÕ tèi ®a çc tæn h¹i cã thÓ
x¶y ra ®èi víi phô n÷.
2.
Tû lÖ tiÕp cËn víi çc dÞch vô x· héi ë ViÖt Nam cao h¬n so víi
hÇu hÕt çc quèc gia cã cïng møc thu nhËp tÝnh theo ®Çu
ng−êi. Tû lÖ biÕt ch÷ ë ng−êi lín trong toμn quèc lμ trªn 90%
vμ tû lÖ nhËp häc ®óng tuæi ë cÊp tiÓu häc còng ë møc
t−¬ng tù chÝnh lμ kÕt qu¶ cña qu¸ tr×nh liªn tôc phÊn ®Êu
h−íng tíi môc tiªu phæ cËp gi¸o dôc c¬ b¶n. Tû lÖ tö vong ë trÎ
s¬ sinh vμ trÎ em d−íi 5 tuæi cña ViÖt Nam lμ 25 vμ 32 trªn
1000 trÎ sinh ra, kh¸ thÊp so víi nhiÒu quèc gia cã møc thu
nhËp trung b×nh. Tû lÖ tiªm phßng lao, b¹i liÖt, b¹ch hÇu, ho
gμ, uèn v¸n vμ sëi ®Òu ®· t¨ng ®Õn kho¶ng 90% (GSO
2003b). ViÖc bæ sung Vitamin A cho trÎ tõ 6 ®Õn 36 th¸ng

tuæi ®· ®¹t 80% (ViÖn Dinh d−ìng Quèc gia 2002).
Tuy nhiªn, vÉn cßn nhiÒu th¸ch thøc cÇn ph¶i gi¶i quyÕt. Tû lÖ
tö vong ë bμ mÑ tö vong n¨m 2002 lμ kho¶ng 165 trªn 100.000
ca sinh sèng. Tû lÖ tö vong ë trÎ míi sinh cao ë møc b¸o ®éng,
víi kho¶ng 55% trong tÊt c¶ çc tr−êng hîp tö vong cña trÎ em
d−íi 5 tuæi ë ViÖt Nam x¶y ra ë th¸ng thø nhÊt sau khi sinh14.
Theo Tæ chøc N«ng nghiÖp vμ L−¬ng thùc cña LHQ, cã
kho¶ng 23% d©n sè kh«ng ®−îc hoÆc cã kh¶ n¨ng sÏ kh«ng
®ñ l−¬ng thùc vμ h¬n mét phÇn ba trÎ em ViÖt Nam d−íi 5
tuæi bÞ thiÕu c©n vμ chËm ph¸t triÓn: chiÒu cao trung b×nh
cña ng−êi lín ë ViÖt Nam thÊp h¬n kho¶ng 5cm so víi chiÒu
cao trung b×nh trªn thÕ giíi vμ thÊp h¬n kho¶ng 12cm so víi
chiÒu cao trung b×nh ë çc n−íc ph¸t triÓn. MÆc dï tû lÖ häc
sinh häc tiÓu häc lμ cao, nh−ng chÊt l−îng vÉn lμ mét vÊn ®Ò.
Mét nghiªn cøu ®¸nh gi¸ r»ng sè giê häc trªn líp cña trÎ em
ViÖt Nam chØ b»ng 40% so víi Th¸I Lan (C¬ quan Ph¸t triÓn
quèc tÕ vμ Tæ c«ng t¸c vÒ NghÌo ®ãi 2002). ChØ mét tû lÖ
nhá trÎ em ë çc gia ®×nh nghÌo ®−îc miÔn çc kho¶n häc
phÝ chÝnh thøc15. ChØ 10% ng−êi nghÌo nhËn ®−îc sù trî gióp
vÒ çc chi phÝ y tÕ (Ng©n hμng ThÕ giíi 2004, tr. 84).
Nh÷ng kh¸c biÖt vÒ vïng vμ nhãm d©n téc vÉn tån t¹i vμ,
trong mét sè tr−êng hîp, cßn ®ang t¨ng lªn. Ch¼ng h¹n, tØnh
Cao B»ng ë vïng T©y B¾c cã tû lÖ bμ mÑ tö vong lμ 411 trªn
100.000 ca sinh ®Î trong khi con sè nμy chØ lμ 45 ë tØnh cã
kinh tÕ kh¸ h¬n h¬n lμ B×nh D−¬ng; tû lÖ tö vong ë trÎ s¬
sinh cña tØnh Gia Rai vïng T©y Nguyªn cao gÊp h¬n 3 lÇn so
víi tû lÖ nμy ë d©n téc Kinh (WHO 2004, 98); vμ trong khi
kho¶ng çch vÒ kh¶ n¨ng tiÕp cËn víi n−íc s¹ch gi÷a çc hé gia
®×nh ë thμnh thÞ vμ n«ng th«n ®ang dÇn dÇn thu hÑp l¹i,
th× kho¶ng çch gi÷a çc hé gia ®×nh ng−êi Kinh vμ ng−êi
d©n téc thiÓu sè l¹i t¨ng gÊp ®«i trong giai ®o¹n 1993 – 2002
(Ng©n hμng ThÕ Giíi 2003a, 68).
Trong khi tû lÖ theo häc tiÓu häc ë trÎ em çc d©n téc thiÓu sè
®· t¨ng ®¸ng kÓ trong nh÷ng n¨m ®Çu thËp niªn 90 lªn tíi
kho¶ng 80%, th× vÉn cßn sù chªnh lÖch rÊt lín gi÷a çc nhãm
d©n téc: vÝ dô, cã tíi 90% trÎ em ë ®é tuæi tiÓu häc cña d©n
téc M−êng, Tμy vμ Nïng ®i häc tiÓu häc, trong khi chØ cã 40%
trÎ em H’m«ng trong ®é tuæi nμy ®−îc ®i häc (Baulch vμ çc
céng sù, 2002). MÆc dï møc ®é hiÓu biÕt vÒ Ýt nhÊt mét
ph−¬ng ph¸p tr¸nh thai hiÖn ®¹i lμ kh¸ cao, nh−ng tû lÖ sö
dông çc ph−¬ng ph¸p tr¸nh thai hiÖn ®¹i vÉn cßn thÊp. 77%
phô n÷ ®· lËp gia ®×nh hiÖn ®ang sö dông çc biÖn ph¸p
tr¸nh thai, nh−ng chØ 56% sö dông çc ph−¬ng ph¸p hiÖn
®¹i. Cho ®Õn nay, ph−¬ng ph¸p tr¸nh thai phæ biÕn nhÊt ë
ViÖt Nam lμ ®Æt vßng (38%) nh−ng nh÷ng biÖn ph¸p phæ
biÕn thø hai l¹i lμ ph−¬ng ph¸p truyÒn thèng (22%) vμ sau ®ã
lμ xuÊt tinh bªn ngoμi (14%). Bao cao su vμ thuèc tr¸nh thai
®−îc sö dông Ýt h¬n nhiÒu, chØ 6% sè phô n÷ ®· lËp gia
®×nh sö dông. Gi÷a viÖc sö dông çc biÖn ph¸p truyÒn thèng
vμ tû lÖ n¹o ph¸ thai còng cã mét mèi quan hÖ rÊt râ rμng.
49% sè ca n¹o ph¸ thai x¶y ra ë nh÷ng phô n÷ sö dông çc

biÖn ph¸p truyÒn thèng (Tæng côc Thèng kª 2003a).
1.
Globally, gender equality is closely associated with rapid economic

growth. In his highly regarded history of development entitled The
Wealth and Poverty of Nations, David Landes concludes that ‘in
general, the best clue to a nation’s growth and development potential is
the status and role of women’ (1998, p. 413). Societies that do not
invest in and ensure equal access to social and productive resources for
both women and men such as land, formal bank credit, education and
training and employment opportunities, fail to capitalize fully on the
productive and creative potential of the population.
In some circumstances, Vietnamese women continue to face

discrimination in the workplace, in the community and within the
household. The gender division of labour based on traditional roles and
beliefs effectively relegates women to a subordinate status in the labour
market and therefore contributes to the ‘feminisation’ of poverty. A
gender division of labour also exists in some professions, in which men
dominate the technical and scientific disciplines while women are
concentrated in social service provision. In the home, women bear the
double burden of domestic work and income-generating employment,
and therefore work substantially longer hours than men (World Bank
2000). Men still lead economically and in terms of access to resources.

The gender wage gap is sizable, estimated in 2002 at 28 percent (FAO
and UNDP 2002). Unequal legal protection, for example of household
assets such as land, forces women into a position of dependence within
the household and limits access to the formal credit market. These
factors and others represent real obstacles to the human development
of Vietnamese women, and thus to economic and social development of
the country as a whole.
Women are under-represented in the political system at both the

national and local levels. Although six provinces have achieved gender
equality in terms of their National Assembly delegations, the ratio of
female to male deputies is only one to four in the other provincial
delegation. A striking indicator of gender disparities in the political
system is that women chair the People’s Committees in only three of the
64 provinces.
2.
Current Inequality Issues
Firstly, gender bias and the mentality of man preference still exist in all
societal groups. Some specific aspects are favoring male children,
perceiving housework and taking care of children as women’s duties,
sons receiving the largest share of inheritance, investing more on
educating sons than on daughters...There are around 67.9% of
households in Viet Nam that are seen as maleheaded simply because
men are considered the breadwinner and decision-maker in the family.
The average working time of women has been measured as 13 hours a

day while men work only 9 hours. Women, in addition to their
involvement in the production process like men, also have to do
housework and take care of children. Women have little time for learning
to improve their qualification, for relaxation, entertainment and social
activities. In some areas, where the matriarchal system is in place,
women have to bear not only all household burdens, but also are the
breadwinner in their family.
Access to education and training of girls and women from ethnic

minority groups in mountainous, remote and isolated areas is more
difficult than boys and men (Chart 3.5). In 2002, girls in mountainous
areas have to work for their families, and have little chance to enroll in
boarding schools, and early marriage customs also limited their
education. The proportion of women with the highest education levels is
still low in comparison with men – in 2000 female professors made up
only 3.5% and associate professors 7.2% of the total professors and
associate professors.
Gaps between legal provisions and their practical implementation have

also affected the achievement of gender equality.
Though women’s representation in politics and management has
improved significantly recently, it is still low and does not adequately
reflect the female role in the labor force.
In employment though there is not a great difference in male and female
participation rates, the real average income of women is 21% lower than
that of men.
The level of training female workers is much lower than for men. Female
workers with technical certificates are about half of the rate for men11.
Female workers with high school and above levels are only 42% of
men. This is one of the main reasons for women’s lower earnings.
Maltreatment of women in families still exists in both urban and rural

areas in all social groups. It is still perceived as private matter within the
family. Therefore the many efforts to root out this negative social
phenomenon made by government and mass organizations have not
yet yielded positive results.

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DE CUONG BIEN DICH NANG CAO - KHOA ANH

BIÊN DỊCH NÂNG CAO

Task 1: Translate the following paragraphs into Vietnamese:

Some 70 percent of teachers have at least twelve years education (nine

In 2002, MOET began to phase in a new National Unified Standard

For ethnic minority children the problem of access to quality education is

Education in Remote Areas is Difficult

Gender inequality in education and training still exists, especially among

Task 2: Translate the following paragraphs into English:

Gi¸o dôc thanh thiÕu niªn:

n¨m ®Çu thËp niªn 1990, tû lÖ nμy cã xu h−íng ngμy cμng

Task 1: Translate the following paragraphs into Vietnamese:

1. The Implementation Results of Vietnam’s

being developed with contributions from and based on the combination

The unemployment rate in the urban areas has experienced a

Provision of essential infrastructure and basic services for

water supply facilities, of which 50% of households could use clean

Improve living standard, preserve and maintain the ethnic minority

Viet Nam has continued to accelerate the international economic

There has been a comprehensive reform of business and international

However, Viet Nam is not aid-dependant as the ratio of ODA to total

Foreign direct investment (FDI) continued to increase. During 2001-

investment related activities has been gradually increasing over the

FDI has been particularly important as a source of modern technology in

FDI has contributed to export growth and government revenue. Over

Task 2: Translate the following paragraphs into English:

Khung ph¸p lý ®Ó ®¶m b¶o tÝnh minh b¹ch vμ viÖc trao

mét m«i tr−êng ph¸p lý vμ qui chÕ cã thÓ dù ®o¸n ®−îc

Task 1: Translate the following paragraphs into English:

N−íc vμ vÖ sinh m«i tr−êng: Kho¶ng 35% d©n n«ng th«n

Sù ph¸t triÓn kinh tÕ t¹o ra c¬ héi, nh−ng còng ®e do¹ ¶nh

N¨m 2003, kho¶ng 5 triÖu hé gia ®×nh ë n«ng th«n (41%) ®·

ViÖc thu gom và xö lý chÊt th¶i r¾n

Tû lÖ thu gom chÊt th¶i ë ®« thÞ ®· cã nh÷ng tiÕn bé ®¸ng

Task 2: Translate the following paragraphs into Vietnamese:

Environmental degradation undermines the quality of life of many poor

Significant progress has been made in nature conservation and

Although plantation forest cover is high and increasing (in 2003 it

Environmental pollution increases, especially in urban areas and

However, lead contamination in most road systems has sharply reduced

- Water environment: water quality measured at specific points near

- Groundwater: The infiltration of saltwater has increased in coastal

Task 1: Translate the following paragraphs into English:

Ngoμi nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò vÒ c¬ cÊu nμy cßn cã c¸c vÊn ®Ò míi

nh÷ng ng−êi bÞ ¶nh h−ëng nÆng nhÊt lμ nhãm dÔ bÞ tæn

Suy dinh d−ìng: MÆc dï ®· cã nhiÒu c¶i thiÖn, nh−ng nhiÒu

Tiªm chÝch ma tóy vμ t×nh dôc kh«ng an toμn lμ nh÷ng con

nhËp vμ chi phÝ thuèc thang ngμy mét t¨ng (theo

Mét sè tån t¹i và th¸ch thøc

Gi¶i ph¸p và nguån lùc thùc hiÖn môc tiªu

X©y dùng mét hÖ thèng gi¸m s¸t m¹nh ®Ó ph¸t hiÖn vμ xö lý

Task 2: Translate the following paragraphs into Vietnamese:

Accidents and injuries:

Accidents and injuries led by road traffic accidents and drowning,

Most youth regularly ride a motorbike, including over 90 percent of

Smoking: Smoking is a significant health issue for Viet Nam, especially

Reproductive health: While it is traditional for girls experiencing

Prevalence: Viet Nam’s Ministry of Health estimates that the number of

have compulsory HIV testing. There is an increasing trend of injecting

As a result of the increasing HIV prevalence rate among adults, the

Regional context: Viet Nam’s experience is similar to that of other

The proportion of women having no antenatal care, one antenatal check

Poor Physical Conditions for Maternal Healthcare