2ND QUARTER COURSE OUTLINE:
● Atomic Model: Bohr, Rutherford
● Quantum Mechanical Model
● Chemical Bonding: Octet Rule and
Lewis Dot Structure
● Exceptions to the Octet Rule
● Ionic Bond: Naming and Writing
Ionic Compounds
● Covalent Bond: Naming and Writing
Covalent Compounds
● Carbon Atoms
● Organic Compounds
● Hydrocarbons and Other Functional
Groups
● Atomic Mass
● Formula Mass
● Molecular Mass
● Mole Concept: Mass, Moles, and
Number of Particles
● Mole Concept: Mass, Moles, and
Number of Particles
Atomic Model
➢ Ernest rutherford
○ An electron in an orbit
around an atomic nucleus
should emit electromagnetic
radiation (photon)
continuously, because it is
continually accelerating in a
curved path. The resulting
loss of energy implies that
the electron should spiral
into the nucleus in a very
short time. (nucleus can not
exist)
➢ Neils henrick david bohr
○ Bohr proposed that electrons
are restricted to a certain
fixed (quantized) orbits. An
electron can jump, between
orbits by orbits by absorbing
or emitting a photon with
the appropriate precise
wavelength.
➢ Erwin Schrodinger
○ This model is based on
quantum theory, which says
matter also has properties
associated with waves that
it’s impossible to know the
exact position and
momentum of an electron at
the same time. This is known
as the Uncertainty Principle.
○ This model of the atom uses
complex shapes of orbitals
(electron clouds), volumes of
space in which there is likely
to be an electron. So, this
model is based on probability
rather than certainty.
 ○ Atoms combine to achieve
Chemical Bonding: Octet Rule and stability
Lewis Dot Structure ○ Atoms forming a compound
become stable if valence
electrons on their outermost
energy level is complete.

➢ Chemical Bonding - ​A
compound is formed when electrons
are transferred and or shared by to
or more reacting atoms.
➢ Electron Configuration ○ Ionic - metal to non-metal
○ Arrangement or distribution ○ Covalent - non-metal to
of electrons in the orbitals of non-metal
an atom. ○ Mettalic - metal to metal
EXAMPLE: ➢ Lewis dot Structure
Chlorine​ - Cl​17​ = 1s​2​ 2s​2​ 2p​6​ ​3s​2​ 3p​5 ○ a diagram that shows the
➢ 3 is the outermost energy level bonding between atoms of a
➢ s is the sublevel molecule and the lone pairs
➢ 2,5 ​is the valence electron of electrons that may exist in
EXERCISE: ​Find the Electron Configuration the molecule.
of the ff.:
1. Hydrogen
2. Beryllium
3. Boron
4. Krypton
5. Neon
6. Xenon

➢ Octet Rule
○ is a chemical rule that atoms
of main-group of elements
combine in such a way that
each atom has eight
electrons in its valence shell,
giving it the same electronic
configuration as a noble gas.
TERMINOLOGIES:
● Valence Electrons - Are electrons
found at the outermost energy level
(Valence Shell) of an atom that
participates in the formation of a
chemical bond.
● Lone Pair – ​refers to a pair of
valence electrons that are not
 shared with another atom and is ➢ Naming - remain the name of the
sometimes called a non-bonding metal; get the first syllable of the
pair. non-metal then add -ide
● Unpaired Electrons - ​is an electron
that occupies an orbital of an atom
singly, rather than as part of an
electron pair.
EXERCISE:
1. Boron
2. Carbon
3. Fluorine
4. Potassium
5. Neon

IONIC BOND EXERCISE: ​Give the name, formula and

➢ Ionic bond transfer its valence Lewis dot structure of these elements
electron from metal to non-metal 1. Zn + O
➢ When it transfers its electron, it is 2. Mg + Se
not an atom anymore but instead an 3. Na + Br
ion 4. K + Br
➢ Cation - positively charged ion 5. Mg + S
➢ Anion - negatively charged ion 6. Na​+​ + S​2-
7. Sr​2+​ + O​2-
8. K​+​ + NO​2​-
9. Ba​2+​ + Cl​-
10. Li​1+​ + N​3-

COVALENT BOND
➢ Covalent bond shares is electron
with another atom
➢ You cannot share an atom if it
➢ Criss-cross method - Write the
already has a pair.
symbols for the cation and the
anion. Use a superscript for the
charge (+/-) of each ion. Criss-cross
the superscript of the cation to the
subscript position of the anion
(disregard the signs).
EXERCISE: ​Give the bond formation ■ Bonding Structure:
1. HF
2. NCl​3
3. SeO
4. PF​3
5. SeBr​2

➢ Naming - retain the name of the first
formula; give the name of the
second element using the suffix -ide.
EXCEPTIONS TO THE OCTET RULE
➢ Molecules with an odd number of
electrons
○ Example: Nitrogen monoxide
(NO)
■ Electrons: 11
■ Bonding Structure:
➢ Molecules in which an atom has less
than an octet
○ Example: Boron trifluoride
(BF​3​)
■ Electrons: 24
■ Bonding Structure:
➢ Molecules in which an atom has
more than an octet
○ Example: Phosphorous
pentachloride (PCl​5​)
■ Electrons: 40
➢ The 'octet' rule is based upon
available ns and np orbitals for
valence electrons (2 electrons in the
s orbitals, and 6 in the p orbitals)
EXERCISE: ​Identify if the following
compounds are Octet, More than an Octet,
Less than an Octet
1. CH​4
2. CO​2
3. H​2​O
4. NaCl
CARBON ATOMS
What is so special about carbon?
➢ Carbon atom can form multiple
covalent bonds; single, double and
triple bonds.
➢ This property of Carbon atom is
responsible for the formation of
numerous carbon compound.
➢ This property of Carbon atom lead
to a major field of study called
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.
 ➢ ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Field of
chemistry that deals with the study
of the structure, properties and
reactions of carbon compounds.
➢ JON JAKOB BERZELIUS - Organic
compounds are substances
produced by living organisms while
inorganic compounds are produced
from nonliving processes.
➢ FRIEDRICH WOHLER - Accidentally
synthesized UREA a constituent of
urine after mixing ammonium
chloride and silver cyanate hoping to
produce ammonium cyanate.
1. Identify the longest parent chain
(hex)
2. Add the following suffix to the stem
to the name; -ane for alkane, -ene
for alkene, -yne for alkyne. (hexane)
3. Number the side chain from the
parent chain from left to right. (2,4
____ hexane)
4. Count how may side chains present
and add the given prefixes.
(2,4-di____ hexane
5. Identify the side chain present.
(2,4-dimethyl hexane)
EXERCISE:

➢ Organic - with carbon

➢ Inorganic - without carbon

HYDROCARBONS
➢ Are organic compounds which are
made up of Hydrogen atom and
carbon atom only.
GROUPINGS OF HYDROCARBONS:
● Alkane - linked by single bonds;
(C​n​H​2n+2​)
● Alkene - linked with at least one
double bond; (C​n​H​2n​)
● Alkyne - linked with at least one
triple bond; (C​n​H​2n-2​)
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
STEPS NAMING HYDROCARBONS:
AMINE = Alkyl group + -amine (ethylamine)
AMIDE = Alkyl group + -amide (Ethylamide) ETHERS = Alkyl Group + ether (Diethyl
ether)

ALDEHYDE = Alkyl group + aldehyde (methyl

aldehyde); or Alkane(-al) (Methanal)

HALIDE = Alkyl group + halogen(-ide) (Ethyl

chloride)

KETONES = Alkyl group + ketone (dimethyl

ketone); or Alkane(-one) (2-propanone)

HYDROXYL = Alkyl group + alcohol (ethyl

alcohol; Or Alkane(-ol) = 2-ethanol

CARBOXYLIC ACID = Alcohol(-ic acid)

(Ethanoic acid)
ESTERS = Alcohol(-ate) (Ethanoate)