Early  Journal  Content  on  JSTOR,  Free  to  Anyone  in  the  World  
This  article  is  one  of  nearly  500,000  scholarly  works  digitized  and  made  freely  available  to  everyone  in  
the  world  by  JSTOR.    

Known  as  the  Early  Journal  Content,  this  set  of  works  include  research  articles,  news,  letters,  and  other  
writings  published  in  more  than  200  of  the  oldest  leading  academic  journals.  The  works  date  from  the  
mid-­‐seventeenth  to  the  early  twentieth  centuries.    

 We  encourage  people  to  read  and  share  the  Early  Journal  Content  openly  and  to  tell  others  that  this  
resource  exists.    People  may  post  this  content  online  or  redistribute  in  any  way  for  non-­‐commercial  
purposes.  

Read  more  about  Early  Journal  Content  at  http://about.jstor.org/participate-­‐jstor/individuals/early-­‐

journal-­‐content.    

JSTOR  is  a  digital  library  of  academic  journals,  books,  and  primary  source  objects.  JSTOR  helps  people  
discover,  use,  and  build  upon  a  wide  range  of  content  through  a  powerful  research  and  teaching  
platform,  and  preserves  this  content  for  future  generations.  JSTOR  is  part  of  ITHAKA,  a  not-­‐for-­‐profit  
organization  that  also  includes  Ithaka  S+R  and  Portico.  For  more  information  about  JSTOR,  please  
contact  support@jstor.org.  
 ModernPhilology
VOL.IX October, Ipgi No. z

ITERATIVES, BLENDS, AND "STRECKFORMEN"

One of the oldestmethodsof expressingcontinuationor emphasis
is iteration.' This may consist of the repetitionof a clause, a
phrase, or a word or part of a word. In the modern Germanic
languages such repetitionsare very common,especially in popular
usage. They fall naturallyinto the classes given below.2
I. REPETITIONOF THE SAME FORM
1. Chim-chim'talk in a longwinded, undecided way' : chim
'take by small portions,eat nicely' Wr.
2. Choo-choo,word used by little childrento designate a train
of cars, in imitationof the noise made by the engine.
3. Gee-gee'horse' : gee, used by teamstersto their animals in
directingthemto the right S1.
4. How-how'a charwoman,an untidy,slovenlywoman' Wr.
5. Pum-pum'fiddler' S1. : perhapssuggestedby pummel'beat.'
6. Quit-quit'the note of the swallow' Wr.
7. Shally-shally'irresolutely': shall I? Cent.
1For examples see Brugmann, Gdr. der vergl.Gram., II2, 56 ff.
2Examples have been taken fromthe followingsources,thus abbreviated: B. =
Boekenoogen,De Zaansche Volkstaal,Leiden 1897.-B.-L. =Barrbre and Leland, A
Dictionary of Slang, Jargon, and Cant.-Cent. = The Century Dictionary, 10 vols. and 2
new vols.-C. en V. =Idioticon van het AntwerpschDialect opgestelddoor P. J. Cornelissen
en J. B. Vervliet.-Dial. Notes = Publications of theAmerican Dial. Soc.-Fr., =Frischbier,
Wallace, in his Japanese letters.-Jam.=Jamieson,
PreussischesWarterbuch.-Irwin,
Etymological Dict. of the ScottishLanguage.-Koolman, J. ten Doornkaat, Wb. der ostfries.
Sprache.-Schr.=Heinr. Schrtider,Streckformen,
Heidelberg 1906.--S. =Farmer and
Henley, Slang and Its Analogues.-Sund6n, K.= Contributions to the Study of Elliptical
Words in English, Upsala 1904.-Wr. =Wright, The English Dial. Dict. Other examples,
wherethe sourceis not indicated,I have heardmyself.
157] 1 [MODERN PHILOLOGY, October,1911
2 FRANCISA. WOOD

8. Talky-talky
'chatter' S1. : talk.
9. Thud-thudding
'noise made by galloping horses' Caroline K.
Duer (quotedby Leon Mead, Word-Coinage, 144).
10. Tom-tom 'in India, the drum(tamtam)used by musicians,
jugglers,etc.' Cent.
11. Yum-yum 'first-rate,elegant'B.-L., also usedto imitatethe
soundofchewing a deliciousmorsel.
12. Zing-zing'telephone' Harper'sMag., December,1910,p.
100.
13. Zu-zu'the Zouavecontingent in theUnionArmyduringthe
CivilWar' S1. Here onlya partof the wordis repeated.
14. Hupphupp'Wiedehopf, nachseinemGeschrei hupphupp' Fr.
Cf.thesimilarrepetition in Lat. upupa.
15. Kirrie-kirrie,kri-kri'net aan, nog juist, ternauwernood'
B. Cf. Groning. kar-kar,kar 'niet geheel, bijna, nauwelijks'
Molema.
16. Kiskis'broodsop' B.
17. Koeskoes'een mengselvan wittekool,haverdegort, speken
melk,''a porridge of cabbage,oatmeal,bacon,and milk' B.
18. Taai-taai'zekeresoortvan bruine,zeertaaie koek,die van
roggemeelen strop gebakken wordt in den vorm van het sinter-
klaasgoed,''kind of toughcake' B.: taai 'tough.'
19. Wauwau'Hund in der Kindersprache' Fr. Cf.WFlem.
bauwbauw and NE. bow-wow.
Otherexamplesmightbe givenfromotherdialects.

II. REPETITION WITH ABLAUT

Examples of this class are so numerousthat I have taken them

only fromEnglish and East Friesian. In popular English,at least,
theymay be formedat will,almostany wordwithi or a (i.e., ceor a)
being used as a basis. This, the most common variation, comes
fromthe thirdablaut-series,as in sink : sank. This variationmay
exist in the simplewordsof the compound,as jingle-jangle,No. 46,
or it mayoccuronlyin the compound,as kiddle-kaddle
'dawdling'
fromkiddle'dawdle,' No. 47, or kiddle-kaddle
'confusion'from
caddle 'confusion,' No. 48.
1. Bit-bat'bat' : bat Wr.
158
 ITERATIVES,BLENDS, AND " STRECKFORMEN" 3

2. Chick-chack(er)'saxicola oenanthe' Wr.

3. Chiff-chaff 'chaffinch' Wr.
4. Chim-cham,same as chim-chimWr., No. I, 1.
5. Chit-chat 'small talk, chatter' : chat Wr.
6. Clap-clopping(of a horse's hoofs) 'clattering' Harper'sMag.,
December, 1910 : clap.
7. Click-clack'chit-chat' : click+clack.
8. Cling-clang'a clanging' : clang.
9. Clinkum-clankum'repeated ringing strokes' : clink+clank
Cent.
10. Clish-clash,clishmaclash'silly talk' : clash Cent.
11. Crick-crack'talk, chat' : crack Wr.
12. Crickle-crackle 'crackle; crackling': crackle.
13. Crim-cram'crevice' Wr. : cram 'fold, wrinkle' Wr.
14. Crink-crank'long words not properlyunderstood' Wr.
15. Crinkum-crankum 'any engineeringor mechanical device or
toy; knick-knack' Wr.
16. Crisscross'a congeriesof intersectinglines; intersectfre-
quently' Cent. : cross.
17. Dilly-dally'loiter, delay, trifle': dally Cent.
18. Dingle-dangle'in a danglingmanner' : dingle+dangle Cent.
19. Ding-dangles'hanging beads or other finery' Wr., Dan,
dingel-dangel'Baumel' :dingle+dangle.
20. Ding-dong 'the sound of a bell' (Dan. dingdang, Swed.
dingdang,dingelidang): ding 'beat, strike' Cent.
21. Driggle-draggle'slovenly; sloven' : driggle 'fall in drops,
trickle'+draggle 'drabble' Wr.
22. Fic-fac,fig-fag, fix-fax'the tendon of the neck' Wr.
23. Fiddle-faddle'toy, trifle; talk nonsense': fiddle'dawdle'+
faddle 'trifle,toy; dawdle' Wr.
24. Fid-fad 'fastidious person,' fiddy-faddy'fastidious, over-
nice' : fad Wr.
25. Fifle-faflement 'triflingand unnecessarywork': faflement,
same, faffle'trifle; fumble' Wr.
26. Fike-fack,fick-fack'a troublesomefinickingjob; needless
bustle,' fike-ma-facks 'nonsense, silly, triflingsayings' : fike, fick
'move restlessly, fidget;kick,struggle;trouble,vex; trifle,flirt'Wr.
159
4 FRANCIsA. WOOD

27. Filly-fally'idle, dilly-dally': perhapsfal- in fal-de-ral,fal-lal

'nonsense,trifling.'
28. Fimble-famble 'a lame excuse, a prevaricatinganswer' Si.:
fimble'touch lightly'+famble'stutter,gabble' Wr.
29. Fish-fash'fuss,bother' : fash 'trouble, disturbance' Wr.
30. Flifty-flaff'fluttering': flaff'flutter,flap' Wr.
31. Flim-flam'idle talk, nonsense' : flim 'whim; illusion'+flam
'sham story,nonsense,humbug, flattery.'
32. Flip-flap 'a flightycreature' SI. : flip+flap.
33. Flipper-de-flapper 'noise, confusion': flipper'flutter,swing'
+flap Wr.
34. Frim-fram'trifle,whim' : fram 'be fractiousor peevish'
Wr.
35. Frimple-frample 'in a confused tangled manner' : frample
'put in disorder' Wr.
36. Frip-fraps 'crackers, which leap about when exploding':
frap 'strike, rap; snap, fizz' Wr.
37. Gibble-gabble 'gabble, nonsense' : gabble S1.
38. Glibber-glabber 'talk idly and confusedly; sb. frivolousand
confusedtalk' : glabber'chatter,gabble; coax,wheedle,'glab'foolish,
idle talk' Wr. (MHG. er-glaffen 'bet6ren, berauschen,'ver-glabet
'sinnlos, ohne Verstand,' ON. gldpr'idiot' etc.).
39. Glim-glam'the game of Blindman's buff':glim 'dim, blind'
Wr.
40. Gweek-gwak 'the noise or squeak of boots' Wr.
41. Higgle-haggle'haggle' : higgle+haggle Cent.
42. Hip-hop 'with a hopping gait,' hippety-hop(pety) 'hopping
and skipping' Cent. : hop.
43. Imble-amble'ambling,' in a nurseryrime : amble.
44. Jig-jog'a jolting motion,jog': jig+jog Cent.
45. Jim-jam'jimcrack,knick-knack,' jimjams 'deliriumtremens':
in
jim- jimcrack Cent.
46. Jingle-jangle'anything that jingles; a jingling sound':
jingle+jangle Cent.
47. Kiddle-kaddle'slow, dawdling' Wr.; kiddle'dawdle, loiter'
Wr.
48. Kiddle-kaddle 'mess, confusion' Wr.: caddle 'confusion,
160
 "
ITERATIVES,BLENDS, AND " STRECKFORMEN 5

disorder' Wr. These two entirelydistinctwords are made, the

one fromkiddle,the otherfromcaddle.
49. kim-kam,-cam 'awry, perverse,'vb. 'bicker, argue, retort':
cam 'crooked,perverse,obstinate,'vb. 'cross, contradict,bicker,
argue' Wr.
50. Kingle-kangle
'loud, confused,and ill-naturedtalk' : cangle
haggle' Wr.
'quarrel,wrangle,
51. Knick-knack'trifle,trinket,toy' : knack'dexterity;ingenious
toy' Cent.
trifle,
52. Miff-maff'nonsense,rot' SI. : miff'a pettyquarrel.'
53. Mingle-mangle
'medley,confusedmixture,'adj. 'irregular,
confused,'ming-mang'confusion' : mingle Wr.
54. Mixie-maxie, mixter-maxter 'heterogeneousmixture' Wr.:
mix,mixture.
55. Mizmaze 'maze, labyrinth' Sl., 'confusion,
bewilderment;
giddy,confused' Wr. : maze.
56. Muxter-maxter heap' Wr.: mux'mixconfusedly.'
'a confused
57. Nibble-nabble
'do anythingby pieces' Wr. : nibble.
58. Niddle-noddle'do anythingin a dreamy,bewilderedway,
dawdle': noddle'nod' Wr. Cf. nid-nod'nod.'
59. Niddy-noddy'simpleton' : noddy,same Wr.
60. Niff-naff'
a trifling
thing, a smallperson;fussi-
knick-knack;
ness of disposition,'niffy-naffy
'an insignificant,
fussyperson': naff
'workin a weak,trifling trifle;walkwithshortsteps' Wr.
manner,
61. Niggedy-naggety
'irritable' : nigg 'fret'+nag 'fret' Wr.
62. Piddle-paddle
'verypoorale' Wr.
63. Pimple-pamples'an imaginarydisease' : pimping, pimpy
'small,paltry,sickly'+pample'pamper' Wr.
64. Pinkle-pankle'make a tinklingsound,' MLG. pinkepanken
'taktmassig mit dem Schmiedehammerschlagen' : E. pink 'hit,
strike,puncture,'LG. pinken 'haimmern,schmieden.'
65. Pitpat, pitapat, pitypat,pitter-patter
'a light quick step, a
pattering'Cent. : pat, patter. Cf. also early E. pitter'murmur,
patter.'
66. Plish-plash'splash' : plash Wr.
67. Plit-plat'expressiveof the sound made by a horse'shoofsas
it trotsalong the road' Wr.
161
6 FRANCISA. WOOD

68. Prittle-prattle 'childish talk' : prattle Wr.

69. Rick-rack'a kind of openworktrimmingmade by hand, with
needle and thread,out of a narrowzigzag braid' : rack 'a gratingor
open frameworkof bars, wires,or pegs' Cent.
70. Riffraff'scraps, refuse, trash; rabble': ME. rif and raf,
OFr. rif et raf, rifler,rafler Cent.
71. Rimble-ramble 'nonsense; nonsensical' SI. : ramble'show a
lack of definitedirectionor arrangement.'
72. Riprap 'broken stonesused forwalls, beds, and foundations'
Cent.
73. Rittle-rattle'rattle' : rattle Wr.
74. See-saw 'move backwardand forward,or upward and down-
ward' : saw Cent.
75. Scriff-scraff'odds and ends, rubbish' : scroff,same Wr.
76. Scrittle-scrattle 'a difficulty in making both ends meet' ('a
scrimpingand scraping') : scrattle'scratch, scrape and save, labor
hard,' with which cf. scruttle'scrape together,save money with
difficulty' Wr.
77. Shilly-shally'act in an irresoluteand undecided manner,
hesitate' : shally-shally Cent. Cf. No. I, 7.
78. Skimble-skamble 'rigmarole,nonsense' S1.
79. Slipslap, slipslop 'go slipping and slapping'; 'weak and
sloppy drink'; 'slipshod, slovenly' : slip+slap or slop Cent.
80. Snick-snack'equal shares' : snack'share,equal portion' Wr.
81. Snip-snap 'a tart dialogue with quick replies' Cent.:
snip+snap.
82. Snipper-snapper'whipper-snapper' Cent.
83. Teeter-totter 'see-saw' : teeter +totter.
84. Teeny-tony, teenty-tonty, diminutiveof tiny Dial. Notes.
85. Tittle-tattle'triflingtalk' : tattle Cent.
86. Tick-tack,tick-tock 'a pulsating sound like that made by a
clock or watch' : tick Cent.
87. Trim-tram 'trifle,absurdity,folly' SI. : trim'dress,trapping,
ornament.'
88. Tringum-trangum 'whim, fancy' Sl. : trang(r)am,trankum
'trumpery,trash,' trink 'a trickor fancy,'dial. trinkums'trinkets'
Cent.
162
 " 7
ITERATIVES,BLENDS, AND "STRECKFORMEN

89. Twiddle-twaddle
'gabble,twaddle': twaddle'senselesstalk.'
90. Whim-wham 'trinket,trifle;rubbish,nonsense' S1. : whim.
91. Wibble-wobble
'unsteadily' SI. : wobble,wabble'a rocking,
unequal motion.'
92. Wig-wag 'move to and fro': wag Cent.
93. Wish-wash 'a thin,sloppydrink,'wishy-washy'thinandweak,
sloppy' : wash Cent.
For East Fries.the following are givenby Koolman:
94. Bim-bam,'vom Anschlagen der Glocken,'bum-bam 'deutet
das dumpfere Get6n'einergr6sseren Glockean; 'Schaukel,
Schwebe,'
bumbammen 'hin u. herschlagen, schaukeln': bimmeln, bammeln,
bummeln.
95. Dindan,dindanner 'einer,der einenschwankenden, unsiche-
ren, watschelndenGang hat,' dindannen'sich beim Gehen hin u.
herbewegen': NE. dandle'play with,fondle,toss,'NHG. tcindeln
etc.
96. Flik-flak'klipp-klapp,'flik-flakken 'Schlige od. Klapse
:
geben' flilk 'Schlag,Klapps.'
97. Hik-hak' Zinker,'hik-hakken 'wiederholthacken' : hikken+
hakken'hacken.'
98. Himp-hamp'Stiimper,Hinkender, Humpler,'himp-hampen
'hinken,humpeln': gehampel 'Gezappel' etc. Cf. NE. dial.himp
'limp.'
99. Klik-klak'klipp-klapp' : klik+klak.
100. Klip-klap: klappern.
101. Knip-knap: knappen'knacken.'
102. Krits-krats 'Kritz-kratz,'krits-kratsen'kratzendkritzeln
od. kritzelndkratzen,kratzendu. kreischendgleiten': NHG.
kratzen.
103. Lib-lab, fadesgeschmackloses
lif-laf' Essen;leeresGeschwditz,'
Du. liflaf'geschmacklos, schal,fade','dummesZeug;geschmacklose
Speise,'liflaffen'auf alberneWeise liebkosen':laf 'schlaff,matt,
fade.'
104. Pill-pallen'plaudern,schwatzen': pillern+pallen'schwat-
zen.'
105. Rik-rak'Bewegunghinu. her,'rik-rakken 'hin u. herbewe-
gen od. stossen,wiegen,wackeln' : rikken'(sich) hinu. herbewegen.'
163
8 FRANCISA. WOOD

106. Ruk-rakken'hin u. her bewegen' : rukken,riikken'rucken,

riicken,'NE. rock.
107. Snik-snak 'Schnickschnack' : snak 'Geschwatz,' cf. also
snikken'schluchzen.'
108. Stip-stap 'Doppel-Tritt,' stip-stappen 'mit einem Fuss
hierhinu. mit dem andern Fuss dahin treten' : stap 'Tritt, Schritt,'
stappen'treten.'
109. Swibbel-swabbel-ful'zum Uberlaufenvoll': swibbeln+swab-
beln (swubbeln) 'sich hin u. her bewegen,wogen.'
110. Tik-tak: tikken'ticken; leise anstossenod. bertihren.'
111. Tir-tarren,tir-targen'anhaltend od. wiederholtnecken u.
plagen' : targen'necken.'
112. Trip-trap 'Bezeichnung des wechselweisenNiedersetzens
beider Fiisse nebst dem dadurch verursachtenSchall' : trippeln+
trap 'Tritt.'
113. Wip-wap 'Schaukel' : wip 'GeriSt,das hin u. her od. auf u.
nieder schwebt od. schwingt,' wippen 'auf u. nieder schweben
machen'+wappen 'auf u. niederbewegen.'

III. ITERATIVECOMPOUNDSOF SYNONYMOUS

WORDS
Compoundsof this class are very common,and occur also in the
older periods. E.g. bring, pre-Germ. *bhrenk : bh(e)re-'bear'
+en(e)k- 'bear, carry' (Brugmann,IF., XII, 155 ff.); Gk. Sev-iXXc
'turn the eyes about, glance at': :ove'o 'shake, stir'+OE. tilian
'strive after,' OHG. zilan 'sich beeilen, eifrigstrebennach,' Gk.
&ep&at'hasten'; Gk. Svo-raXlow.'swing, fling about' : Sove'o
'shake'-+7rda'XXo 'shake, brandish'; Gk. 'devour' : epow
8ap-8dr-oW
'flay' ('tear') +8dwrrw'rend,' Lat. daps 'meal' (author,Pub. MLA.,
XIV, 335); OHG. lindwurm: lind 'Schlange'+wurm (Kluge, s.v.
Lindwurm); OHG. sintfluot'Siindflut' : Germ. *sindu-'flood,'Skt.
sindhu-s'stream'+OHG. fluot 'flood' (author, Mod. Lang. Notes,
XVIII, 14). See Persson,Studien,2161; Fay, Class. Rev.,XX, 254.
The examples below are taken from English, the German of
Prussia (Frischbier),and the Dutch dialect of Zaan (Boekenoogen).
Many others could be added fromthe other dialects.
1. Bumbaste'beat soundly' Wr. : bum,bamrn 'beat'+baste 'beat.'
2. Bumbaze 'confound, bewilder,perplex' : bum 'beat, strike'
164
 ITERATIVES,BLENDS, AND "'STRECKFORMEN" 9

(or bamrn 'alarm,puzzle,bewilder,'Du. verbazen

'in
'delude')-+baze
Wr.
Bestiirzungbringen'
3. Bam-bodze'abuse, domineerover, push about' : bamrn
'beat,
strike,browbeat,bully'+booze,perhapsan ablaut-form to baze.
4. Bam-bo6zle'deceive,cheat,imposeupon, confuse,muddle'
bamrn 'play a trickor joke on a person,imposeupon,delude,'sb.
'joke, trick,hoax' (probablythe same wordas bam'beat, bully')
+boozle. Cf. Nos. 2, 3.
5. Barn-bosh'humbug,deceit' Sl : bam 'trick, hoax'+bosh
'nonsense,trash.'
6. Bam-,bum-fodzle 'play tricksupon,deceive,humbug' Wr.,
bum-foozle, fuzzle'bewilder'Dial. Notes : bam+foozle'a man who
is easilyhumbugged, fool' B.-L. CompareNHG. faseln.
7. Biff-bang 'jarringracket'("the biff-bang of the looms,"Ida
M. Tarbell,Am. Mag., January,1911,p. 351) : biff+bang. Com-
poundslikethismaybe formed at pleasure. Theyare madeup of
wordsexpressive ofa noisecausedby a blowor a fall. Whencom-
posed of two syllables,theyhave levelor nearlylevelstress,with
a tendencyto accentthe last word. Otherexamplesare : crash-
bang; slam-bang;slap-bang; slap-dash; smack-dab;stam-bang
(stam'stamp' Wr.); stam-ram; stram-bang Wr.; thump-thud-dash-
clash; nickety-knock 'with throbbings, with palpitations' Wr.
fromnick 'click'+knock; lickety-cut, lickety-larrup, lickety-split,
lippety-click, all of
lippety-clip, expressive rapid motion. From
such wordsare formedte-lick, te-smdck,etc. 'as fast as possible'
Wr.
8. Cag-mag,keg-meg 'gossip,newsmonger;chatter,idle talk';
vb. 'nag,grumbleat' : cag,keg'annoy,vex,chatter, gossip'+mag
'chatterer, garrulousperson'; vb. 'prattle,chatter' Wr.
9. Clamjrdmfry 'crowd,mob, raffle; rubbish,trumpery'Wr.
clam'pinch,press'Wr.+jam 'press,crowd.'
10. Clapperclaw 'scratch,maul,fightin an unskilful manner':
clap+claw Wr.
11. Cobble-nobble 'rap on the head' : cobble'knock,beat'+
nobble 'strike,esp. on thehead' Wr.
12. Cram-jam'a densecrowd': cram+jam.
13. Creepy-crawly
'in a creepingand crawlingmanner' Wr.
165
10 FRANCIs A. WOOD

14. Dumfo6zled 'confounded, puzzled' SI. : dumb+foozle, cf.

Nos. 6, 30.
15. Dum(b)fo4nder 'confuse, stupefy, stun' : dumb+founder
'cause to stumble; dismay,strikewith fear or astonishment' Wr.
Cf. bogfoundered 'perplexed': bog 'stick in the mire; confuse'+
foundered Wr.
16. Dumfoztter'bewilder, tease, annoy' : dumb+fouter,footer
'ridicule,disapprove,hinder' Wr.
17. Fef(f)nicute,feffmecute 'hypocrite, mean, sneaking person,'
'fawn,play the hypocrite' : fef 'fawn, play the hypocrite'+cute
'shrewd, sly' (?) Wr.
18. Flamdoodle 'nonsense, vain boasting' S1. : flam 'nonsense,
humbug'+doodle 'nonsense.'
19. Flapdoodle 'transparent nonsense, gammon' S1. : flap+
doodle.
20. Flimslimp 'soft' Wr. : flimsy+limp.
21. Haphdzard'chance' : hap 'chance'+hazard 'chance' Cent.
22. Hobgoblin'a mischievousimp or sprite' : hob 'sprite,elf'+
goblin'elf, sprite' Cent.
23. Hoblob 'clown, lout' : hob 'clownish fellow'+lob 'a dull,
sluggishperson,lout' Cent.
24. Howdy-towdy : howdy+towdy, cf. No. VI, 3.
25. Hugger-mugger 'privacy, secrecy'; adj. 'clandestine, sly';
vb. 'hush, smother; take secret counsel' Cent. : hugger'lie in
ambush, lurk; muffle,conceal' Cent., 'wrap up, hoard' Wr.
(cf. hug 'crouch, huddle, cuddle, cling to etc.,' NHG. hockenetc.)
+mugger 'save, hoard' or smugger'hide, conceal' Wr. (cf. Swed.
i mjugg'heimlich,verstohlen,'EFries. mogeln'heimlich u. hinter-
listighandeln').
26. Humpty-dumpty 'short and broad'; 'name of the egg in the
nursery rime' Cent. : humpty'humped, hunchbacked'+dumpty
'short and thick, squat.'
27. Lamback 'beat, cudgel' Cent. : lam 'beat, thrash'+back
'beat, thrash; conquer' Wr.
28. Lambdste'beat severely,thrash' : lam 'thrash, beat'+baste
'beat' Cent. Cf. bumbaste No. 1.
29. Pull-haul 'bicker, contend' Dial. Notes, III, 414.
166
 " 11
ITERATIVES, BLENDS, AND STRECKFORMEN"

30. Ram-foozle'disorder,turn topsy-turvy' Wr. : ram+foozle.

See Nos. 6, 14.
31. Ram-feezle'fatigue,exhaust' :ram+feeze 'drive, urge, beat,
worry' Cent.
32. Ram-jam'a surfeit,'vb.'stuff' Si., adj. 'tightlypacked' Wr. :
ram 'cram'+jam 'cram.'
33. Ram-scallion,-scullion'an offensivelydirty person' : ram
'offensivein smell or taste'+scallion 'shallot, onion, leek' Wr.
Compare "as ram as a scallion," said of a person of disagreeable
contact.
34. Ram-st(r)am'precipitately,with headlong speed' Wr. : ram
as in ram ahead 'plunge ahead'+ stram 'spring with violence.'
Cf. stam-ram'walk noisily and roughly': stam 'stamp' Wr.+
ram.
35. Rapscallion 'rascal, vagabond' : rap 'a cheat, impostor,a
person of bad character'+scallion in ram-scallionNo. 33. Cf.
raskallion'a thoroughrascal,' No. V, 37.
36. Skado6dlesof money'a great deal of money' Dial. Notes,
III, 94 : skads 'a large amountor number' (skads of money)+oodles
of money 'a great deal of money' ibid., 401.
37. Stravdig,-vag,-vague'wander about aimlessly,stroll,saunter'
Wr. :stray+vaig, vag etc. 'roll, stroll,wander' Wr.
38. Splatter-dash'splash about, scatter liquids or semi-liquids
farand wide' Wr. : splatter+dash.
39. Teeny-weeny,tiny-winy,tinny-winny'very small' Wr.,
teentsy-weentsy, tintsy-wintsy (pron. taintsi-waintsi)'diminutively
small' Dial. Notes, III, 380, also weenty-teenty : tiny (pron. taini,
tini, tini)+weeny 'very small, tiny, wee' Wr., perhaps fromwee
'winzig.' Cf. twiny 'tiny' Wr., apparently from tiny+weeny.
Cf. No. II, 84.
40. Dummddtsch 'iiberaus dumm' : dumm+ddtsch'stumpfsinnig'
Fr.
41. Hakkepiel 'stoffelig,onhandig, onbedreven person,' hak-
kepielen 'met stomp gereedschap hakken en snijden, onhandig
bezig zijn,' 'hack and haggle' : hakken+pielen'met een stomp mes
snijden,met een stompebijl hakken' B.
42. Hakkepdffen'slecht schaatsenrijden,''skate clumsily,with
167
12 FRANCIS A. WOOD

clatter and clump,' hakkepoffer 'onbedreven schaatsenrijder'

hakken'hack'+poffen 'met een bofneerkomen,''clump,clatter' B.
43. Hdlje-travdlje'overhaast, hals over kop,' 'precipitately' :
hals 'neck'+travalje 'halter' (?) B. Cf. Pruss. holl iiberboll 'fiber
Hals u. Kopf, in gr6ssterEilfertigkeit,' perhapsfromhalsiiberboll(e)
'Hals tiber Kopf,' Du. bol 'Kugel, Ball, Kopf,' OHG. hirni-bolla
'Hirnschale.' Westf.has holl 6wer troll'alles kraus u. bunt tiber-
einander.'
44. Hemmeteutje 'een teutig,onhandigvrouwsperson,''a drawl-
ing, dawdling woman' B. : Du. hemmen'hem! roepen (om de aan-
dacht te trekken; kuchenom de keel te schrapen(v66r men begint
te spreken),' 'hem and haw'+teuten 'moeilijk, langzam spreken;
langzam te werk gaan,' 'drawl; dawdle.'
45. Hoesteproesten : hoesten'husten'+proesten 'schnauben, nie-
sen' B.
46. H6lterbliffig
'hblzern,stupide, schwervon Begriff': holterig
'h6lzern'+anblaffen'dumm, starr ansehen' Fr.
47. Holtertolterig'plump, tdlpelhaft,'holtertolter 'ein holzerner,
plumper, t*lpelhafter Mensch' : holter(ig) 'h6lzern'+tolterig
'plump,' toltern'ungeschickt, plump sich bewegen, unsicher u.
polterndgehen,taumeln' (cf. OE. tealtrian'stagger,not stand firm,'
tealt'unsteady' etc.) Fr.
48. Hotsklots'hotsend en klotsend' B. Cf. WFlem. hutseklutsen
'waggelende schudden.'
49. Hucheldibuchel 'Klangname fiUr das Ei im Ri~tsel' Fr. : MHG.
hiichen 'kauern, sich ducken'+biicken. Cf. NE. humpty-dumpty
No. 26 and Westf.huckepucke 'Eichel.'
50. Hucksducks 'geheimes Einverstandnis' : hucken 'hocken,
sich ducken'+ducks 'geheimes, parteiischesEinverstiindnisdem-
jenigengegeniiber,der sein Recht sucht' Fr.
51. Hunkebunk'zur Bezeichnungeines sehr magern Menschen,
eines schlechtenPferdes' Fr. : LG. hunke'abgenagterKnochen'+
bunke'Knochen.'
52. Hutzbutz'im Volksriitseldie Eichel,welche im Hutz butzend
auf den Boden fiillt' : hutzen'schlagen'+butzen 'zu Boden fallen'
Fr. Cf. WFlem. hotsbots'tout d'un coup,' Du. hossebossen'rtit-
teln, stossen.'
168
 "
ITERATIVES,BLENDS, AND "STRECKFORMEN 13
53. Juchtelfuchtel Kornbranntwein'Fr. : juche'diinne
'fuseliger
Briihe,schlechtesBier,' MLG. 'Jauche,Briihe'etc.+fucht-el from
fucht'feucht'and Fusel 'schlechterBranntwein, bes. Kornbrannt-
wein.'
54. Klempeinigen'peinigen,qualen,foltern,einenin derKlemme
haben' : klemmen+peinigen Fr.
55. Kuckeluren'lauerndgucken' Fr., EFries. kukeliiren 'von
einemVersteckaus wonachkuckenu. spAhenetc.' : by analogy
and feelingconnectedwith kucken'gucken' and IWren'lauern,'
but actuallytransformed fromMDu. kokerolien 'cochleae vitam
agere,domilatitare.' Cf. Koolman,II, 394.
56. Kikkebik'moment,'in the expression alle kikkebikken 'alle
: kik
oogenblikken' 'Laut, Ton,' kikken 'einen leisenLaut von sich
geben'+bikken'hacken' B.
57. Kikkemik'moment': kik(ken) +mik(ken). Cf. Du. geen
kikofmikzeggen, kikkennochmikken etc. B.
58. Klikkebik'moment': klik,klikken 'click'+bik B.
'voortdurendheenen weerbewegen,beweeglijk
59. Krikkemikken
'Kranbock' B. :
zijn, raggen,''move to and fro,'Du. krikkemik
MDu. cricke,crucke,crocke'kruk, haak, iets met een dwarshout;
stokmeteen dwarsstuk ofkruk,krukwaaropmengaat; stelt,staf,
rechterstaf'+mikken.
60. Slikkebikken dat
'slikken,''verschlucken'(in the expression
ken-je si. 'dat mocht je willen') B.: slikken+bikken 'uithakken;
pikken,eten, schransen,''behacken, picken,essen.'
61. Ukkedop'iemand die kleinis in zijn soort,dwerg,dreumes' :
uk,ukkie'iemanddie kleinvan gestalteis, dreumes'(accordingto
B. a by-formof hurk)+dop, here indicatingsomethingsmall and
dumpy (cf. MLG. dop, doppe 'Schale, bes. von Eiern,Kapsel, Kelch,
compoundsare :
Topf; Kreisel; Knopf'). Similar synonymous
urkedop: (h)urk 'iemand die klein van gestalteis, dwerg'+dop :
(h)uppedop : upper 'een klein kind, dreumes'+dop; utterdop:
'iemanddie kleinis in zijn soort,dreumes,kleinkind'+
uttertje
dop; ukkepuk: ukkie,uk+puk 'een klein kind; een menschof dier
dat kleinis in zijn soort,'NE. pucketc. B.
62. Verhapsnappen'naschen,' hapsnap 'Mund' : happen'schnap-
pen, einbeissen'+snappen 'schnappen' B.
169
14 FRANCISA. WOOD

Compounds like the above are very common in Hungarian,'

the elementsbeing related both by meaning and by sound, as :
nyal-fal 'lick-devour'; ken-fen'smear-daub'; csusz-masz 'creep-
crawl,' etc.
IV. RIMING COMPOUNDS2
These are not essentiallydifferent fromthose in class III, some
of whichmightbe given here. However,I have aimed to give here
only those compoundswhich have a rimingelementthat is not a
word by itself,as churchy-wurchy No. 3. Here wurchyis merely
a rimingelement. In popular speech such compounds are quite
frequent,and it is highlyprobable that many new wordshave been
formed by abstractingthe riming element from the compound.
This would help to account forthe large numberof rime-words.
1. Argle-bargle'argue, haggle' : argle 'argue disputatiously,
haggle' S1. (cf. V, 3). The second part was perhaps suggested
by bargain. Cf. argue-bargue De Morgan.
2. Cag-mag,keg-meg 'tough, inferiormeat; carrion' : cag 'bad or
inferior meat; carrion' Wr.
3. Churchy-wurchy 'little church' De Morgan, Somehow Good,
477.
4. Coxy-roxy'merrilyand fantasticallytipsy' : coxy 'conceited,
arrogant [cocky]; of horses,restive' Wr. Perhaps roxywas sug-
gested by rock'sway.'
5. Cushle-mushle 'a confusedmutteringand movement,hubbub':
mushle'confusion' Wr.
6. Curly-berly'ornaments,'curly-merly 'bric-a-brac,'curly-wurly
'fantastic ornamentationon buildings and on stone work' Wr.:
curly-(cue) 'a twisted flourish.' Curly-berlybelongs properly in
III. Cf. burl 'a knot or excrescenceon walnut and othertrees,
used forornamentalveneering.'
7. Dimmy-simmy 'languishing,affected' Wr. : simmy,properly
a shortenedformof simpering'affected,silly.' Cf. sim-kin'simple-
ton' Wr. fromsim-pleton. Cf. No. I, 13, and 9 below.
1The examplesgiven here and elsewherein this articleare furnished by Mr. Alex-
anderGreen,Collegeofthe Cityof New York.
2 For rimingcompoundsin whichboth parts exist as separate wordscf. Nos. III,
fur A.
8, 9, 11, 12, 22-26, 32, 34, 39, 43, 45, 47-60. See also H. Willertin Pestschrift
Tobler, pp. 437-58. MUller, Die Reim- und Ablautkomposita des Englischen, was not
at mydisposal.
170
 "
ITERATIVESY BLENDS, AND ",STRECKFORMEN 15

8. Eckle-feckle'cheery,merry,gay; alert,shrewd' : feck'strong,

vigorous' Wr.
9. Eeksie-peeksie'equal' Wr. : eq-ual.
10. Fuzzy-wuzzy'fuzzy' : fuzzy Wr.
11. Helter-(s)kelter 'head-foremost,all together; with great
speed, withoutintermission' Wr. : skelter'hurry,scamper,beat a
hasty retreat,'kelter'move at full speed; headlong speed' Wr.
12. Higgledy-piggledy'in confusion, topsy-turvy,''a riming
compoundof no definiteelements' Cent.
13. Hob-nob'drink together; be on very friendlyterms' : nob
'drinkwith a companion' Wr.
14. Hocus-pocus 'juggler, trickster; juggler's trick; juggle,
deceive,cheat' Cent. : hocus'a stupid fellow,fool,'hoke'romp or
play, gambol' Wr.
15. Howdy-towdy 'push' : howder'push; blow fitfully,'howdle
'move up and down, sway, rock; crowd together,swarm,' howd
'sway, rock,bump up and down' Wr., NHG. dial. hutzen'stossen,'
hotzeln'schiitteln,' MHG. hotze'Wiege.'
16. Hubble-bubble'a continued bubbling or gurglingsound' :
bubble Cent.
17. Huddle-duddle'a decrepit person' : huddle'an old decrepit
person' Cent., cf. Pruss. huddeln' z6gern,langsam arbeiten.'
18. Hufty-tufty 'swaggeringmanners': hufty'a swagger' Cent.
19. Hurly-burly 'tumult,bustle, confusion': hurly,same, Cent.,
hurl 'throw with violence, send whirlingor whizzingthroughthe
air,' earlyE. hurl,hurlment 'tumult,confusion.' Burly 'boisterous'
(prop. 'bulky,large') probablytook its meaningfromthe compound.
20. Hurry-burry 'hurly-burly,'hurry-durry 'rough, hasty' : hurry
'move or act with haste' Cent. Cf. hurry-scurry from hurry+
scurryand scurrie-whurrie, skirry-whirry fromscurry+whir.
21. Kabbie-labby'altercation, wrangle,' kebbie-lebby 'altercation
in which a numberof people are talking at once' : kebbie'chide,
quarrel' Wr.
22. Kicksy-wicksy 'flickering,restless' : kick Cent.
23. Ocker-docker 'a black pebble stripedwith some othercolor' :
ocky'dirty,nasty' Wr.
24. Pinny-ninny'a Christmasgameplayedwithpins' Wr. : pin.
171
16 FRANCISA. WOOD

25. Peery-weery'blinking, small-eyed' : peery 'peeping, peer-

ing' Wr.
26. Piggy-wiggy'a pet name for pig' S1. : pig.
27. Roister-doister
'a roisterer' : roister Cent.
28. Ranty-tanty 'very angry':ranty'wildlyexcitedwith pas-
sion' Wr.
29. Razzle-dazzle 'dazzle and confuse': dazzle Cent.
30. Roly-poly 'the act of rollingoverand over' Wr., 'a sheet
of pastespreadwithjam and rolledup, to forma pudding;round,
pudgy': roll Cent.
31. Rory-tory 'loud, noisy' Wr. : roar.
32. Tissy-wissy 'a dryticklingcough' : tissick'a cough,esp. a
dryticklingcough' Wr.
33. Tol-loll(ish) (cf.Nos. 7 and9).
'tolerable' S1. : tol-intolerable
'melancholy' : colly(-cholly)+
Similarlywe may explain colly-molly
frommelan-). Cf. No. I, 13.
molly(transformed
34. Twilly-willy
'woolen dressmaterial,a stuffgown' Wr. : twill.
Willywas probablysuggestedby wool.
35. Fiselrisel'ein Leichtftissiger, : fiseln'unruhig,
Leichtfertiger'
unstitumherlaufen, sichzwecklosumhertreiben,'
Jisel'leichtbeweg-
liche, hin u. her fahrende,alberne Person' Fr.
36. Hetzefetze, hetzchefetzche etc.'
leichtfertig,
'fibereilt,fltichtig,
Fr.: hetzen.Othersynonymous associated,are:
forms,differently
with which cf. NE. dial. clarty-farty
hirz(e)firz(e),hirzfirzig, 'mov-
ingbrisklyabout,frisking,unsettled'
and NHG. dial.ferzeln 'umher-
fahren, hinu. herlaufen' Weinhold,
geschiiftig Schles.Wb.,19.
37. Hakkepak'iemanddie onbedreven is, die onhandigdoet,''a
clumsyperson' B : No.
hakke(piel) III, 41. Notice the.changein
accent.
38. Heutemeteut 'teut, dreutel,onhandigpersoon,' 'clumsy,
B.
dawdlingperson' : (hem)meteutje No. III, 44.
39. Holterdepolter, 'zur Bezeichnung
hollerdeboller
hulterdepulter,
einespolternden
Gerauschesund derlirmendenHast, mitder eine
Sache abgemachtwird' Fr. : poltern,
MLG. bulderen'poltern,'bulder,
buller'Gepolter.' The firstpartofthewordwas perhapssuggested
by holla or hallen. Similarly holterdetolter
:toltern 'unsicher u.
polterndgehen,taumeln,'cf. No. III, 47.
172
 ITERATIVES,BLENDS, AND "STRECKFORMEN" 17
40. Hurrdeldurrdel 'Saus und Braus' Fr. : EFries. hurdel'sau-
sender Windstoss, Wirbelwind; kurzdauernderLarm u. Zank,'
hurdeln'brausen,sausen,wirbeln.' The last part is probablysimply
a rimingaddition,thoughif therewerea Germ.durd-'roar,' it might
be comparedwith Ir. dordaim'briille,' Lett. darddt'knarren,'etc.
41. Ickepicke'Klangwort als Ritselname fiirden Krebs' Fr. :
picken.
42. Lanterfanteren 'mtissiggehen,sichumher-
B., Du. lanterfanten
treiben,' WFlem. lantefanteren, Kil. landtrefanten'ociose vagari,'
landtrefant,land-trouwant :
'vagabundus' trouwant'vagabundus,'
trouwanten'otiose vagari,' OFrench truant,whence NE. truant.
Here the word was at firsta compoundlike MDu. lantlaper,lant-
striker,witha later assimilationof the secondpart to the first,which
was perhaps associated with lenteren'lente et ignave agere,' Fr.
lanterner,also in WFlem. lanterlullen'niet of weinig en traagzam
werken,' 'loiter, dawdle.'
With the above compareHungarianiterativesin whichthe initial
sound of the second part is changed, usually to b, as: csiga-biga
csiga 'snail'; ingd-bing6: ingd 'movable,' etc.

V. BLENDS
No doubt everyonehas had the experienceof combiningtwo
synonymouswordsin one, as when one says plish,havingplate and
dish in mind at the same time, or snangleforsnarl and tangle,etc.
What thus comes about by accident may be done in entionallyor
may even grow into fixedusage. Certain it is that many words
owe their originto a crossingor contaminationof one word with
another.
With the examples given below compare the followingfromthe
French:
Comparattre : compar(oir)+(par)attre; clabousser: ecla(ter)+OFr.
(es)bousser;meugler: m(ugir)+(b)eugler; OFr. oreste:or(age)+OFr.
(temp)este;phalanstere,mot cree par Fourier : phalan(ge)+(mona)-
stire; selon : Lat. se(cundum)+longum; (argot) foultitude: foule+
(mul)titude; radicanaille : radi(caille)+canaille etc. (cf. Nyrop,
Gram. hist.2,?? 526 f.); ridicoculiser: ridiculiser+co(cu) Rostand.
Here again the Hungarian furnishesparallels : kellembe'in my
173
18 FRANCISA. WOOD

breast': k(eblembe) +(m)ellembe;kutaskodik 'he searches': kuta(t)+

(kere)skedik,with vowel assimilation accordingto rule; tiirtizteti
:
tir 'endure,suffer'+(tar)t'hold'+Oz (6z), inceptivesuffix+tet,
causativesuffix+i,3d sing.ind. termination, i.e., we have herea
blendof tiurteti+tart6ztatja. Numerousotherexamplesof blending
occur.
1. Animule'animal,esp. the mule' : ani(mal)+mule S1.
2. Austerne 'austere' (Wyclif): au(stere) +stern.
3. Argle'argue disputatiously, haggle' S1. : arg(ue)+(hagg)le.
4. Baffably 'affably' Irwin : +affably. In likemanner
b(landly)
Irwinformstaffable, in reference to the Taftsmile.
5. Beautilitarian GoodHousekeeping Magazine,March, 1911,p.
281: beau(ty)+ (u)tilitarian.
6. Brunch(OxfordUniv.slang)'a mealwhichtakestheplaceof
breakfastand lunch' : br(eakfast) +(l)unch Cent.
7. Canoodle(Oxford)'paddle a canoe' : canoe+(pad)dle S1.
8. Chortle'exclaimexultingly, witha chuckle': ch(uck)le+(sn)ort
Cent.
9. Cussnation, used as an expletive: cuss'curse'+(dam)nation
Wr. In principlesuch blendsare like Eng. wordswithLatin or
Romanceendings,as: acknowledgment, riddance, starvation,etc.
10. Dink 'deck, dress' Cent.: d(eck)+(pr)ink.
11. Discombobbelate 'discompose,confuse': discom(pose) +(ca)-
bobbleNo. VII, 1.
12. Discomfuffle 'incommode': discom(mode) +fuffle'throwinto
disorder' Wr. Cf. No. VII, 9.
13. Discomfuddle 'discompose': discom(pose) +fuddle. Cf.No.
VII, 8.
14. Doggery 'a low groggery' : dog+(grog)gery B.-L.
15. Drummure 'grave,serious,sad' : drum'melancholy'Jam.+
(de)mure.
16. Dum(b)foi4nd 'confound, perplex': dumb+(con)found Cent.
Or thismaybe a shortened formofdum(b)founder No. III, 15. Cf.
baffound 'perplex':baf(fle) + (con)found Wr.
17. Dwizzened'wrinkled, wizzened' Wr. : d(windle) +wizzened.
18. Fidgitated 'uneasy,agitated' Irwin: fidg(ety)+ (ag)itated.
19. Flimsical Irwin : fl(ighty)
+(wh)imsical.
174
 ITERATIVES, BLENDS, AND "STRECKFORMEN" 19
20. Frockawaycoat Irwin : frock+(cut)away coat.
21. Fruice 'drink made fromfruit-juice': fr(uit)+(j)uice.
22. Grandiferous: grand+(aur)iferous B.-L. Similarly formed
are splendiferous fromsplendid,and grandificent : grand+ (magn)ifi-
cent. B.-L.
23. Happenstance'casual circumstance': happen(ing)+ (circum)-
stance.
24. Hellophone'telephone' : hello+(tele)phone S1.
25. Imperence: imper(tinence) +(impud)ence S1.
26. Kazzardly,cazzardly'precarious,risky,uncertain' : cazz(elty)
(dial. formof casualty)'casual, accidental; precarious,risky,uncer-
tain'
Wr.+-(haz)ard.
27. Loistering 'loitering' Irwin : (lei)s(ure)+loiter.
28. Mouncing 'exulting' Irwin : m(ounting) +(b)ouncing.
29. Mux 'mix confusedly': m(i)x+(m)u(ss) 'put into disorder.'
30. Needcessity'necessity' Dial. Notes : need+(ne)cessity.
31. Pecurious 'very minutely and scrupulously exact' Wr.:
pe(culiar)+curious.
32. Plumpendicular 'perpendicular' : plumb+ (per)pendicular
Wr. Similarlyformedis slantendicular Cent.
33. Pupmatic'dogmatic in a puppishmanner' : pup+ (dog)matic.
34. Pushency'urgency' Dial. Notes : push+(urg)ency.
35. Rambust'robust' Wr. : ram'a headstrongfellow'+ (ro)bust.
36. Ranshackle'pillage, ransack' : ran(sack)+(ram)shackle S1.
37. Raskallion'rascal' : ras(cal) +(rap)scallion Wr., No. III, 35.
38. Recomember: reco(llect) Similarlyremollect:
rem(ember)+ (rec)ollect. +-(re)member.
39. Roaratorio: roar+(or)atorio S1.
40. Rumfle'ruffle,rumple' Wr. : rufle+(ru)m(ple).
41. Sklap 'slap, strikewithseverity' Wr. : s(lap) +clap. Other
examples of the addition of an s- from synonymouswords are:
sclasp 'clasp' Wr. : clasp+s(natch); sclatch'a large clot of mud or
filth': clatch 'mess, slop'+s(latch) 'dabble in mire' Wr.; sclimb
'climb': climb+s(crimb)'climb' Wr.; splunge 'plunge': plunge+
s(plash), "A see 'em sploshin an' splungeinin the watter" Wr.;
squench 'quench, allay thirst' : quench+s(quelch) 'quench thirst'
Wr. These and otherslike them are in no sense examples of a
175
20 FRANCIS A. WOOD

"movable s-," but of an s- added analogically. Moreover s is not

thus added more than othersounds (cf. author,IF., XXII, 133-71).
42. Screwmatics 'rheumatics' : screws(s) -rheumatics' Wr.+
(rheu)matics.
43. Silkpipe hat Irwin : silk (hat)+(stove)pipe hat.
44. Skeddddle'spill, scatter; disperse in flight; retreatprecipi-
tately' Wr. : skee(t) 'squirt; spread, distribute,scatter; hasten,
move quickly' (cf. scoot)+daddle 'walk unsteadily,stagger,waddle'
Wr.
45. Skee-weep'a dash, smear' Wr. : skee(t)'squirt, eject fluid'
(skeetle'drop') +weep 'drip, exude, leak' Wr.
46. SkittenishIrwin : s(kittish)+kittenish.
47. Skrauky'ungainly' ('a skraukylong-leggedthingin a white
pinafore' Chicago Record-Herald,December 11, 1910) : scraw(ny)
'raw-boned,lean'+(gaw)ky 'awkward, ungainly.'
48. Smothercate 'smother' Wr. : smother+(suffo)cate.
49. Snangle 'snarl, tangle' : sn(arl)+(t)angle. This word was
used by a girl of eleven,who unconsciouslywould frequentlymake
such blends.
50. Snash 'snap, bite' Wr.: sn(ap)+(gn)ash.
51. Sneekretly 'slyly' Irwin :
52. Solemncholy S1. : solemn+ sneak+-(sec)retly.
(melan)choly.
53. Squarson 'a squire who is also a parson' S1. : squ(ire)+
(p)arson. Similarlysquishop: squ(ire)+(b)ishop S1.
54. Squiggle'wriggle,squirm' Wr. : squ(irm)+(wr)iggle Wr.
55. Striked'striped' in the expression'ring-streakedand striked'
Dial. Notes, III, 363 : stri(p)ed+(strea)k(ed). Cf. ringstrakedand
spottedGen. 30: 35.
56. Sumple 'supple, pliant' Wr. : supple+ (li)m(ber).
57. Swellegant:swell 'elegant, stylish'+ (el)egant.
58. Tow-row'noise, racket' Wr. : tou(se) 'pull, seizure,disturb-
ance' +row.
59. Wegotism'the excessiveuse of 'we' in journalism' S1. : we+
(e)gotism.
60. Yellocution: yell+-(el)ocution.
61. Kaseln 'dumm u. untiberlegtreden, kosen, faseln' Fr.:
(k)osen+ (f)aseln.
176
 BLENDS, AND "STRECKFORMEN"
ITERATIVES,. 21
62. Kaputnieren'verschneiden,kapaunen' : kapunieren+(kapu)t
Fr.
63. Karfunkel:kar(b)unkel+f(unke) Kluge.
64. Leckkuchen 'Lebkuchen, Honigkuchen' : leck(er)+(Leb)-
kuchen. Fr. Cf. Swiss Leckerli'Zuckergebick.'
65. Verlustieren 'belustigen,amiisieren' Fr. : verlust(igen)
(MLG.
vorlustigen 'belustigen')+ (amils)ieren.
66. Verrungenieren 'ruinieren, verderben,zu Grunde richten'
Fr. : ver(ri)ng(ern)+ru-inieren.
67. Schmieralien'Bestechungsgeschenke;schlechtesGeschreibe':
schmier(e)+(materi)alien Weigand5.
68. Schimpfieren 'verspotten'in late MHG. is a blendofschimpfen
and schumpfieren 'besiegen; beschimpfen'from OFr. descumfire,
desconfire'd6confire.' The second meaningof schumpfieren is like-
wise due to schimpfen. For the same reasonthenoun schumpfentiure
'Niederlage,Besiegung' (OFr. desconfiture) has the by-formschimpf-
entiure(cf. Weigand5,713).

VI. HAPLOLOGIC BLENDS

Two wordsmay be so combinedthat a sound or combinationof
sounds in one part of the compoundmay be suppressedbecause the
same or similar sounds occur in the other. E.g. Skt. fdvrdha-s
'lieb, wert' from*veva-vrdha-s : Gk. taIopev6 forahcfieopew 'a two-
handled jar'; rcard~efor cara rdSe 'afterthis'; Lat. medidlisfrom
*medidialis; OHG. swibogo'Schwebebogen' from *swibi-bogo, etc.
(cf. Brugmann,Kz. vgl.Gram.,24); Frenchdevasteurforddvastateur;
OFr. hipotamefor hippopotame;idoldtrefor idololdtre;tragicom6die
fortragico-comedie, etc. (Nyrop,Gram.hist.2,? 514).
Especially interestingare the examples of syllabic dissimilation
in words in which the similar sounds are not juxtaposed. E.g.
Skt. marydda for maryddayddat. 'der Grenze'; Gk. 'X'6cpdvov
'point oftheelbow' from*0Xevo-Kpdvov; Lat. lapicida forlapidicida,
etc. (Brugmann,244 f.); French bedondainefrombedon+(be)daine;
(argot) radicanaille fromradi(caille)+canaille; rdpublicoquinfrom
r6publi(cain)+coquin (Nyrop, ?? 526, 527).
In Germanic,examplesof syllabicsuperpositionand dissimilation
occur in large numbers. Many have been collected by Heinrich
177
22 FRANCISA. WOOD

Schr6der in his book, Streckformen, ein Beitrag zur Lehre von der
Wortentstehung u. der germ.Wortbetonung, Heidelberg 1906. Most
of these are certainlyhaplologic blends, not extended formsof a
simpleword. Schrodercan at least be thankedforhis collectionof
material if not congratulatedon his theory.
Now if the so-called"Streckformen"are blends,wherewould the
accent be ? The stress would naturallyrest on the same syllable
in the blend as in the compound. In otherwords it would rest on
the accented syllable of the stressedword. E.g. if we say teeny-
weeny (No. III, 39), then the formwould become by haplology
*te-weeny;but teeny-weeny would become *tee-weeny.This would
be the more natural stress. For if forthe sake of emphasisa word
is repeated or two synonymouswords used, it is the second that is
naturallystressed. Thus if one repeats the command "come," he
would say : "Come, come!" with a decided stress on the second
word. Or in using a word like slam-bang(No. III, 7), the speaker
would,in most cases, accent the last syllable,never the first.
Hence such words as Ger. schlampdmpen fromschlamp-(schl)dm-
pen, dajdckefromda(cke)-jdcke,etc., are regularin theiraccent, and
present no new phenomenonof language. The explanation here
givenis also not entirelynew. Othershave regardedsuch wordsas
contaminations. E.g. Swiss chrabi'selen'kitzeln' is explained in
Schweiz.Id., III, 788, as "vielleichteine Kontaminationvon chrabben
mit biiselenoder mit chriiselen." This was very close to the true
explanation. And yet according to Schr6der it is impossible on
account of the accent.
Thus Schroderarguesin a circle : Extended formsare irregularly
accented; thereforeirregularlyaccented words are extendedforms.
Neitherpremisenor conclusionis correct. As we have seen,appar-
entlyirregularaccent may be due to othercauses; and it is certain
that extendedformsmay occur withouta shiftingof accent. E.g.,
one method known to me of extendingwords consistsin inserting
liw afterthe firstvowel,with the repetitionof the same vowel after
the infix. Thus batbecomesbdliwat;book,bodliwook;dish,diliwish,
etc., always with the accent on the firstsyllable.
The examplesfollowingare plainlyhaplologicblends. They could
not betterillustratethe principleinvolvediftheyweremade to order.
178
 ITERATIVES,BLENDS, AND "STRECKFORMEN" 23

1. Brabanditti 'soldiersofBrabant': Bra(bant),EnglishColonial

Generalin the Boer War+banditti Sund6n69. Cf. Frenchvati-
+canaille Nyrop,? 514,R. 2.
canaille: vati(can)
2. Coronotions +notions Sund6n69.
: coro(nation)
3. How-towdie'a young hen, one that has never laid; a young
unmarried +towdie Wr.,same. Cf.No. III, 24.
woman': how(die)
4. Pee-doddle'dawdle' Wr. : pee(dle)'do anything in a slow,
'walk feeblyor slowly,idle,dawdle' Wr.
indolentfashion'+doddle
5. Raviators,title of a cartoon in the Chicago Record-Herald,
Feb. 12, 1911, representinga group of personsgazing into the air:
+ (av)iators.
rav(ers)
6. Refereaders'readersof the Referee,a newspaper': Refe(ree)
+readers Sund6n69.
7. Badautle 'dumme Person' Schweiz. Id., badaudel 'Halbnarr,
Mensch' Els. Wb. : Als.bad(el)'dummerKerl' (alsobadli,
dummer
Swiss badi, Swab. badde,Fr. badaud)+Swiss (b)audi 'ungeschickter,
abgeschmackter Kerl,ntirrischer
Mensch,Einfaltspinsel; vertrauliche
Benennungeinerdicken,unbehiilflichen Person.' SimilarlySwiss
badblich 'dummerKerl' : bad-+(b)dlig'dumm'; baduntle 'Beiname
einerfetten,dickenWeibsperson' (Swab. badantele'"
'kleines
Miinn-
lein') : bad-+Swiss (b)iinteli 'Reisebiindel; Benennungeiner
kleinen, dicken Person'; Als. badutscherle 'einfiltigePerson'
bad-+Als. (b)utscher'Schimpfnamefiir einen Ungeschickten.'
Schr. 10 f.
8. Bagabauschi'Scheltwort: alte Hexe' Schweiz. Id. : bagd'(schi)
'Bagage, Gepiick; Pack, Gesindel'+bauschi 'nichtsnutzigeWeibs-
person.' By further dissimilation this becomes bagauschi (i.e.
baga[b]auschi)'Schelte auf eine nachlaissige,dumme Weibsperson.'
Instead of beingextended,thisformis doublycontracted. Schr. 11.
: bu(nke)
9. Bahunke,bohunke,*buhunke +hunke 'Knochen.'
Similarlyhalunke,holunkemay be fromMLG. hal(e) 'Hehl, Heim-
lichkeit'(Pruss.holker
'Hehler; implur.Gesindel, +
Diebsgesindel')
(h)unke. Schr. 11 ff.
Schlag' Els. Wb. : ba(ff) (Als. baff'schall-
10. Balaff 'kraiftiger
nachahmendesWort,' baffere"'schlagen; keifen,belfern')+(b)laff
dial.plefe'jem. einenSchlagversetzen,'
(Handschuhsh. Swab. plaf
interj.,blaffen). Schr. 20.
179
 24 FRANCISA. WOOD

11. Badjckere" 'schnell laufen, fortrennen': bd(ckeren)'schnell

gehen'+jackere" 'jagen, miteinemFuhrwerkeiligfahren' Els. Wb.
Schr. 19. Cf. French republicoquin:r publi(cain)+coquin.
12. Dajacke 'Schelte, nur von einem Frauenzimmer': da(cke)
'Madchen,welchesviel umherliuft;Klatsche' (dacken'umherlaufen;
klatschen)+-jacke 'Klatsche' (jacken 'schnell reiten,tadelndesWort
fiureinen Menschen,der 6ftermiissigu. zwecklosausreitet,fiirein
Frauenzimmer,das hiaufigausser dem Hause Unterhaltung u.
Zeitvertreibsucht') Woeste. Schr. 20.
13. Fladakken''lang vleien,lamoezen,laaien, fr.caresser,flagor-
ner, flatterbassement' De Bo : flad(vlaeden'blandiri, adulari'
Kil.) + (fl)akken'vleien.'
14. Flamakken'fladakken' De Bo : flam- (cf. NE. dial. flam
'sham story, humbug, flattery,'Bay. fldmmen'betriigen, iiber-
vorteilen'Bayer. Wb.)+(fl)akken. Similarlyflameien'fleien,vleien'
De Bo : flam-+(fl)eien 'schmeicheln.'
15. Flammatzgern 'hohe Flammen werfen'Schweiz. Id. :flamm-
(en)+(fl)atzgern (Swiss flatzgen'flackern'). Schr. 141.
16. Galaffen'gaffen,mit offenemMunde dastehn' : ga(ffen)+
(g)laffen'gaffen,mit stierenAugen u. offenemMunde sehen' Fr.,
Els. Wb., Schr. 21.
17. Glockotzen'riilpsen' : *glock(en) (glucken)+(gl)otzen. Schr.
141 f. Or glo(tzen)+kotzen'sich erbrechen' D. Wb.
18. Gramasse" pl. 'Gram, Kummer,' gramassig 'grimmig':
gram+(gr)diss'finster,schrecklich' Els. Wb. Schr. 101.
19. Gramaunzen'zanken,murren': gram(en)'knirschen' Bayer.
Wb.+(gr)aunzen 'verdriesslichmurren.' Schr. 102.
20. Gramausen 'weinerlich klagen, murren,etc.': gram(sen)+
(gr)ausen'klagende,weinerlicheTone von sich geben.' Schr. 102 f.
Similarlygramauggenfromgram(en)+(gr)auggi, etc.
21. Halletzen 'hallo machen, larmen': hall(en)+(h)etzen. Schr.
21.
22. Halops, holops: hal(lo), hol(la)+(h)ops. Schr. 22.
1Under this word stands in De Bo-Samyn, Westvlaamsch Idioticon, Gent 1892 :
"Dit fladokken,fladakken,flamakkenis niet anders dan flakken, flokkenmet eenen lasch
in den grondvorm, waar onsdialectveelvan houdt." Thenfollowseventy-fiveexamples
of such words,explainedexactlyas in Schrdder'stheory,twelveyearsbeforeSchrdder's
firstarticle on this subject appeared. Elsewherein the book many otherwordsare
similarlyexplained.
180
 ITERATIVES,BLENDS, AND "STRECKFORMEN" 25

23. Jadackern'schnell laufen; schnell sprechen' : ja(cken) No.

12+EFries. dackern'rasch u. h6rbar gehn' (dacken 'umherlaufen;
klatschen') Woeste. Schr. 22.
24. Kabbauen 'sich pdbelhafterweise mit lautem Geschreiunter-
einanderzanken.' Schr. 24 : EFries. kabb(eln) laut zanken u.
streiten,keifen'+(k)auen. Here also kabecheln'sich Mtihe geben,
einen durch Erinnerungenzu bessern' : kab-+(k)4cheln 'zanken';
kabesern: kab-+(k)6sern (LG. kUsen'beissen,' etc.). Schr. 25.
25. Kamuffel'dummer Kerl' : kam(el) 'Kamel, Dummkopf'
+(m)uffel 'hisslicher Mund, Maul' Els. Wb. Cf. Schr. 27 f.,
49 f.
26. Karwizen 'einen durchdringendenLaut von sich geben':
kar(ezen)'knarren,kreischen'(karen'unangenehmscharft*nen')+
(k)wizen(quitzen,quietzen)'quietschen.' Schr. 198.
27. Klabastern 'schmieren, kleiben; prtigeln; mit starkem
Gera~uschod. ungeschicktlaufen,reiten,fahren' Schr. 151 : Klab-
(Pruss. klabbern'kleben,' klabberig 'klebrig,'MHG., NHG. klappern)
+(kl)astern (WFlem. klasteren 'beklakken, bekladden, beklijs-
teren,' NHG. klastern'prasseln, platzen, klatschen'). Similarly
Pruss. klabacken'priigeln,schlagen' : klab-+(kl)acken (MHG. klac
'Knall, Krach,' klecken 't6nend schlagen; einen Kleck, Fleck
machen' etc.); klabatschen 'priigeln,'Els. klawatschen'schwatzen' :
klab-+(kl)atschen;EFries. klabattern 'priigeln;galoppieren' : klab-+
(kl)attern'klappern, rasseln' (WFlem. klabetteren 'klappern' : klab-
+kletteren'klappern'); LG. klabistern 'klabastern' : klab-+(kl)istern
(WFlem. beklijsteren '6clabousser,salir,' etc.); klabuster'Schmutz-
knoten'; klab-+(kl)uster. Schr. 149 ff.
28. Klabotsen' 'klotsen, horten' De Bo, 'haard slaan' C. en
V., 'hart anpochen, schlagen' : kla(ts) (Du. klats 'klatsch!' kletsen
'knallen lassen') +botsen 'stossen' (kabots'plumps!' No. VII, 31).1
Like this may be : Antw. klabatteren 'klappern' : kla(tteren)'klap-
pern'+batteren'schlagen'; Antw. klabotteren 'botteren,stommelen':
+botteren'poltern' (cf. VII, 30).
kla(tteren)
29. Klabautermann.Ifthisis primarily'Klettermann'(Schr.162),
then it is fromklab- (MHG. klaber'Klaue, Kralle,' Du. klaveren
1 In De Bo2 klabotsen is regarded as "gevormd van klotsenmet eenen lasch in den
grondvorm," in which case we should have klab-+(kl)otsen.
181
26 FRANCIS A. WOOD

'klettern')+EFries. (kl)auteren'klettern.' Similarly krabaut(er):

krab(be)+(kr)aut 'Krabbe.' Schr. 157 f.
30. KladatschenHolst. 'im Sprungegehn,' Pom. 'durch den Kot
steigen,'Westf.'klatschen,'kladatsche'Klatsche,' LG. kladatsch'ein
das unbequeme,t6lpischeFallen im Ton nachbildenderAusdruck':
klad- (MLG. kladeren'schmieren,' Pruss. kladdern'unreinlichu.
ungeschickt arbeiten, bes. bei der Wische,' kladderig'klebrig,
schmutzig,'EFries. kladdern'klatschen, prasseln,mit lautem Ge-
rausch niederschlagenod. fallen,' kladden 'klecksen, schmieren,
schmutzen,sudeln,'etc.)+(kl)atschen; kladderadatsch : kladder-(kl)ad-
(kl)atsch. Schr. 155, 173.
31. Kladater'kladde, kladder,vlek' De Bo :
klad(der)+-(kl)ater
'kladder,vlek.'
32. Kladisen, kladistern 'laufen' Woeste, 'fUr ungeschicktes
plumpesLaufen durchden Kot' Schr. 173 : klad-(see above and cf.
also Westf.kladdern'lotteriggehen,sich liederlichumhertreiben') +
(kl)isen (Dan. dial. klise 'kleben' etc.). Or kladisen: kla(ddern)
Westf. 'sich liederlichumhertreiben,'EFries. 'klatschen'+Westf.
disen 'laufen,rennen.'
33. Kladodder'iets dat dik en klodderigis' : klad-(cf. No. 31)+
(kl)odder'kladdige,trillendeklompvan een dikke,brijachtigestof'B.
34. Klamaai 'Dreck' B. : Du. klam 'Feuchtigkeit'+klaai, klei
'Marscherde,Lehm.'
35. Klavutteren'klutteren,ratelen,reuteln' De Bo : klav-,klab-
(see No. 27)+ (kl)utteren 'met eenige ratelingeschuddenof hutsen.'
36. Kmot, komot 'Schmutz, Dreck' : k(ot), ko(t)+mot 'Kot,
weiche Erde' (NE. mud 'Kot' etc.). Schr. 42.
37. Knabestern:knab(bern) 'mit Gerdiuschnagen' (obersiichs.
kndbbern'belfern, miirrisch reden')+(kn)estern (LG. knastern
'knirschen'). Schr. 25 f.
38. Chrdbilslen'kitzeln' : chrdb(ben)'kratzen,krauen'+chriislen
'sanft kitzeln' Schweiz. Id., III, 788. Schr. 123.
39. Krakeelen'zanken, schreien' : LG., Du. krak(en)'krachen'+
WFlem. (kr)eelen'zanken' (Fr. quereller). Schr. 126 ff.
40. Kramatz 'unniitzer Kram' : kram+(kr)atz 'Abgeschabtes,
Abfall.' Schr. 128.
41. Chramiislen'leise kitze!n, krauen, krabbeln; wimmeln' :
182
 "
ITERATIVES,BLENDS, AND "STRECKFORMEN 27

chram(slen) 'wimmeln, krabbeln, kribbeln; prickeln, jucken'+

(chr)ilslen'sanft kitzeln' Schweiz. Id. Schr. 123.
42. Labander'langer,schlaffer Mensch' : lab(ben)'schlaffu.
hiingen' (EFries. laf 'schlaff,matt, schwach,'etc.)+(1)ander 'Zaun-
trige,
stange,' 'Latte.' Schr. 42.
43. Labatschi'Narr, Laffe,T61lpel': lab(et) 'einfiltig,lAppisch'+
(1)atschi'ein in Gang, Kleidung u. BenehmennachlissigerMensch.'
Schr. 43.
44. Labummeln +(l)ummeln(or [b]ummeln).Schr.44.
: lab(ben)
45. Lagdutschi'Strolch, nichtsnutzigerKerl' : lag(gai) 'Lakai;
Dummkopf,Miissiggianger'(cf. Pruss. lakeidern'zwecklos hin u. her
rennen, fahren, bummeln,' perhaps from Lakai+ ?)+(l)dutschi
'umherstreichenderMensch, Faulenzer, Wiistling.' Schr. 44 f.
46. Lakunger 'Miissiggiinger': MLG. lak 'schlaff,lose'+(l)un-
gern. Schr. 45.
47. Ldppatschig +(l)atschig'latschendmit
'plump' : ldpp(isch)
breitemschliirfendem Gange, nachlassig,schlaff.' Schr. 45.
48. Latattere'alte, grosseLaterne' : lat(erne)+(1)attere Els. Wb.
Schr. 207.
49. Lateische 'Laterne' :lat(erne) +(*l)dusche. Schr. 45.
50. Latichte 'Laterne' : lat(erne)+(1)iichte'Leuchte, Laterne.'
Schr. 46.
51. Lawatsch'schwatzhafte,oftauch t5lpelhafte,trage Person' :
law-, lab- (see No. 42) latsch'ein bes. im Gehn u. Sprechentrager
Mensch, Mensch von unfestemCharakter.' Schr. 46.
52. Lawattel'spittische Bezeichnungftireinen dummen,t6lpel-
haftenMenschen' : ldw(ar)'grosser,unverstindigerMensch' (ldwra
'sich lhppischbenehmen' etc. Els. Wb., cf. Nos. 42, 51)+(l)attel
'einfiltiger,kraftloser,fauler Mensch.' Schr. 47.
53. Malauchen 'stehlen, naschen; filschen; einer Kuh die
Horner stutzen u. Klauen verkiirzen,um sie jilnger erscheinenzu
lassen,' vermalaucht'verflucht,vermaledeit,' etc.: mal(efitz)'ver-
flucht,bos' (maledeienetc.)+(m)auchen 'heimlich machen' (meu-
chelnetc.). Schr. 48. Similarlymaliggi 'widerlicher,unreinlicher,
einfAltigerMensch' : mal-+(m)6ggel 'russiger,schmutzigerKerl.'
Schr. 48 f.
54. Manoggeli 'kleiner Mann,' mannoggel'bewegliche Puppe in
183
28 FRANCIS A. WOOD

Gestalt eines Mannes' : mann+(m)ockli 'dicker, fetter,kurzer

Mensch.' Schr. 49.
55. Manuffel'Schelte ftirein hisslichesWeib' : mdn(ik) 'starrig,
halsstarrig'+(m)uffel'haisslicherMund, Maul' Els. Wb. Schr.49.
56. Maruckel 'unordentliche,zerlumptgehende Weibsperson' :
mar(a) 'Stute; sittenloses Frauenzimmer' Els. Wb.+(m)uckel
'Schwein; kleine wolgenihrteWeibsperson.' Schr. 50. Similarly
Maruschel 'Scheltname ffir eine unbAndigewilde Weibsperson' :
mar(a)+(m)uschel 'Scheltname fhireine nachlissige Weibsperson.'
Schr. 51.
57. Pladdks 'platsch, bezeichnetden Schall fallenderKorper' :
Pruss. plad(dern)'platscherndgiessen,starkregnen,dass die Tropfen
mit Geraiuschaufschlagen'(EFries. pladdern'ein platschendesod.
klatschendesGeriiuschmachen,'etc.)+Wfal. (pl)dks 'Knall u. Fall.
Schr. 174.
58. Pladauks interj. 'zur Bezeichnung des Schalles beim Wurf
eines Steinesins Wasser,beim Fall von Flache auf Fliiche' : plad(der)
'das glatt daliegendeFltissige,Weiche' (pladdernetc., cf.the above)
+(pl)auksch interj,'zur Bezeichnungdes Tones, den ein ins Wasser
fallenderKirper od. eine mit einem Guss ausgeschiitteteFliissig-
keit verursacht' (plaukschen'mit Schall ausgiessen'). Schr. 174.
Similarlypladauz : plad-+(pl)auz, etc.
59. Pladetsche" 'plaudern' : plad(ieren) 'reden, eigentl. vom
Advokaten: schnell u. aufgeregt,mit Handbewegungensprechen;
ausplaudern'+(pl)etschenetc. Schr. 175.
6(. Pladompen'met geruchtplompen,''plumpen' De Bo : plad-
(cf. Nos. 57, 58 and earlyFlem. pladeren'blaterare,garrire'
Kil.)-+
(pl)ompen'plumpen.'
61. Plakijsteren'beklijsteren,bekladden, bemorsen,''beschmut-
zen' De Bo : plak(ken)'bezettenof bepleisterenmet gips,moortel,
leem,' 'maculare' Kil.+(pl)ijsteren 'crustare, gypsare' Kil. (Du.
pleisteren). Similarlyplakaasteren(De Bo s.v. plamoesteren): plak-
+ (pl)aasteren.
62. Plamaaster'eig. zooveel als plaaster,doch met een bijgedacht
van bevuiling; kaakslag', 'Schmutz; Ohrfeige'De Bo : plam-
MDu. plamen'uitvlakken,-schrappen'+ (pl)aaster'Pflaster,Mbrtel.'
Similarlyformedare WFlem. plamakke'iets dat lijk een plaaster
184
 "
ITERATIVES,BLENDS, AND " STRECKFORMEN 29

of klad ergensopligt,plakijster' : plam-+(pl)akken No. 61; plamoes-

teren,1plamoezen 'beschmutzen,' LG. plamiistern'herumwiihlen,
herumstobern': plam-+LG. (pl)iistern'zerzausen, durchwiihlen';
Du. plamuren: plam-+?
63. Polagge'Holzklapper,Holzhammer,der an ein Brettbefestigt
ist und durch Schiitteln pocht' : po(chen)+(p)lagge (plaggeln
'klappern, klatschen'). Schr. 178.
64. Pollaren 'schwatzen' : pol(tern)+(p)laren; pollatschen: pol-
+(p)latschen 'plappern.' Schr. 138 ff.
65. Rabakkern'von scharftreibendenReiterngebraucht,'rabak-
ken 'rasseln, klappern,ein Get6se machen, klopfen,haimmern, als
wenn man ein altes Gestell zerbricht,'etc. : ra(kk-) (cf. Pruss.
racks 'Knacks,' Brem. rikrakken'etw. hin u. her bewegen u. es
dadurchlos u. gebrechlichmachen,' NE. rack,etc.)+bakkern (bdck-
eren pakara 'schnell gehen' No. 11, Pruss. bachern'wild umher-
jagen'). So also WFlem. radokkeren'met een dof en daverend
geruchtover iets voortschokken': ra(kk-)+dokkeren'herhaaldelijk
dokken,kloppen of botsen' De Bo. Schr. 57 f.
66. Rabanzen 'geschiftig sein,' 'larmend wirtschaften'Hertel,
rawanzen 'tolles Wesen treiben,herumrasen'Els. Wb. : MHG.
rab(ine) 'das Rennen'+(r)anzen 'ungestiim hin u. her springen.'
Schr. 58. Similarlyrabaschen: rab-+(r)aschen. Schr. 59; rabasen
'tollen, rasen, Iarmen' : rab-+(r)asen; rabasseln; 'gerauschvoll
hantieren,lirmend herumwirtschaften, rasselnd arbeiten' : rab-+
(r)asseln; rabasteln,rabastern: rab-+(r)asteln (r)astern,etc., etc.
Schr. 59 ff.
67. Ragozzen 'im Scherz raufen' Schmid : rag(ele") 'lirmen,
briillen' Els. Wb.+(r)otzen (MHG. rohezwere 'ausgelassener, lIr-
menderBursche). Schr. 66.
68. Ramasseln 'geriuschvoll titig sein, rasseln, klappern,him-
mernu. klopfen': ram(meln)'wiederholtu. 6ftersstossen,schlagen,
klopfenod. mit Lirm hin u. her stossen od. schlagen, klappern,
lhrmen' Koolman+(r)asseln. Similarlyramasteln: ram-+(r)asteln
(cf. No. 66). Schr. 61.
1Schr.176f. says: "Die vltm. wortewerdenvon De Bo Westvl.idiot. 752baufge-
ftihrt,aber ohne eine etymologische
bemerkung." And yet therestands : "Hetzelfde
als Plamaasteren," and under plamaaster reference is made to fladakken,where all such
wordsare explained(cf. No. 13).
185
30 FRANCISA. WOOD

69. Ranunkel Weibsbild': ran(zen)'Sack; Bauch'

'unordentliches
+(r)unkel 'Runzel.' Schr. 67. So also synon. rakunkel: rak-
(Racker)+ (r)unkel.
70. Rapuse, Rabuse 'Wirrwarr,Geriimpel' : rap(peln), rab(beln)
'irre u. wirrod. verraicktsein' Koolman +(r) se 'Gerausch,Li'rm,
Wirrwarretc.' K. Schr. 67 ff.
71. Rareifen Fr. : rar(en)'tosend
schreien'
'liirmen, stark
brtillen,
schreien' +MHG. (r)eifen'raufen.'
72. Rasaunen : ras(en)+(r)aunen. Schr. 74.
73. Rumpumpeln: rum(peln)+pumpeln (or rump[eln]
+[r]umpeln,
see below).
74. Salbadern,*slabadern: slab-(schlabbereI'diinnfliissige
Speisen
gierigu. mit Geriuschgeniessen;unverstandlich plappern' Els.
Wb.,schlabbern 'lappendu. schltirfend
saufen;schwatzen,
plappern'
Fr.)+(sl)adern'plappern.' Schr.178ff.
75. Scharrassel, Scharrachtel,Scharrumbel 'veriichtliche Aus-
driickefiiraltes Weib' Follmann : scharr-(MHG. scharren'coitus')
+(sch)assel (Als. schass'ScheltefareineWeibsperson'Els. Wb.,
MHG. schaz 'vulva'); scharr-+(sch)achtel'Spott- oder Schimpf-
name fair ein altes, schwatzhaftesWeib' Follmann; scharr-+
(schr)umpel Frauenzimmer.'
'Runzel; runzelvolles Cf. also Steir.
Scharbetze
'altes, abgelebtes 533 : schar-+petze,
Weib' Unger-Khull
bdtz'Hiindin, Hure.'
76. Scharwanzeln: schar(ren)+(sch)wdnzeln. Schr. 199.
77. Schatimbern
'dunkelwerden' : schat(ten) 'schat-
dunkelseinoderwerden.' Schr.77. +-(sch)imbern
tig,
78. Schatudel'schlechtesVolk' Mi 75a : schat(ull)'veritcht-
licherAusdruck firaltesWeib' Follmann, Lux.schadull 'Schachtel,
Ailtliches wie auch ein
Frauenzimmer'+-(sch)udel'ein nachliissiger,
sichtibereilender, Mensch' Campe. Schr.77.
leichtsinniger
79. Schawakeln'hin u. her riitteln,schiitteln: schaw-(Pruss.
schawweln'unsicher,schwankendgehen' Fr.) + (sch)akeln
schabbeln,
(EFries. schaken'stossen, rticken'etc.). Schr. 77. Similarly
schawukken: schaw-+(sch)ukken;schawuppen: schaw-+(sch)uppen.
Schr.78 f.
80. Slabbacken'labescere,languescere,deficere,laxari' Kil.,
Du. slabakken'triige,schlappsein, werden': slab- (ON. slafask
186
 "
ITERATIVES, BLENDS, AND "STRECKFORMEN 31

'abnehmen, nachlassen,' early Flem. slabben 'distillare, sive fun-

dere inter sorbendum')+WFlem. (sl)akken 'schlapp sein, werden.'
Schr. 182 f. Similarlyfromslabb-,slab- 'soft, limp; anythingsoft
or liquid' come the following: Hamburg. slabirden'verschwenden,
aufzehren,auf unniitzeWeise vergenden': slab-+EFries. (sl)orden;
Swiss Schlabutz'Schnaps; diinnerfluissiger Frass, iippigeFresserei':
schlab-+(schl)utz(Als. schlutzen'saugen, lutschen,schliirfen'etc.).
Schr. 182 ff.
81. Sladacke 'klatschsiichtiges Frauenzimmer, das sich viel
ausser dem Hause umhertreibt,'sladacken'schnell laufen; schnell
sprechen' : sla(dder) 'schwatzhaftesFrauenzimmer' (EFries. slad-
dern 'klatschen, klatschendrenen' etc.)+dacke, Mlidchen,welches
viel umherlaiuft; Klatsche,' dacken 'umherlaufen; klatschen'
Woeste. Schr. 188. Cf. No. 23.
82. Sladatsche 'schwatzhaftes Weibsbild' Woeste : sla(dakke)
+ (kla)datsche'Klatsche' No. 30. Schr. 188 f.
83. Schlakanter 'Herumtreiber, Mensch in schmutzigen,zer-
rissenen Kleidern' Fr. : schlak(kern)'schlenkern,zwecklos gehen'
(schlakern 'nachliissig gehen, tiberhaupt nachlaissig hin u. her
bewegen,' MLG. slak 'schlaff')+(schl)anter (LG. slantern,slentern
'schlendern'). Schr. 192. Cf. Pruss. kaschantern'sich auf der
Strasse herumtreiben.'
84. Schlakeidern'unstet umhergehn,in weiten schwingenden
Kleidern' : schlak-(as above) + (schl)eidern'schleudern,schlendern.'
Schr. 192 f. Cf. Pruss. lakeidern'zweckloshin u. herrennen,fahren;
bummeln' No. 45.
85. Schlamatere"'geschwind gehen; ohne Sorgfaltgehen,schlen-
dern,' schlamdteri'Schlenderer, der beim Gehen die Fiisse ver-
schrankt;Ltimmel' Els. Wb. : schlam-(cf.MHG. slemen'umkehren,
stiirzen,bewegen,'Norw. dial. slam 'schlaff,'slama 'sich schleppend
vorwirtsbewegen,'aisl. sldma 'schwingen,'and also Als. schlampe"
'nachlassigumhergehen')+ (schl)attern 'schlottern.' Schr. 193.
86. Slammattje'eine faule plauderhafteSchleppschwester,' slam-
mutje 'schmutziges Weibsbild' : slamm- (Westf. slamsack(en)
'Schwatzer,' 'schwatzen,' slampe 'nachilissiges liederlichesFrau-
enzimmer')+(sl)atje 'eine schmutzigeDime,' (schl)utte'Schlampe'
etc. Schr. 193 f. Similarlyschlamune'unordentliches, schmutziges
187
32 FRANCIs A. WOOD

Weibsbild': schlam-+(sch)lune
(MLG. sline 'Beischliferin,
gemeines
Weib' etc.). Schr.194.
87. Schlampumper 'weites Morgenkleid, bequemerHausrock':
schlamp(er) 'schleppenderWeiberrock'+ (schl)umper'alter beque-
merRock,Hausrock,Schlafrock.'Schr.194.
88. Schlaraffe'Miissigglinger': schlar-(NHG. schlarfen,MHG.
slerfen'die Ftisse schleppendeinhergehen'Swed. slarva 'nachlhssig
sein,' Pruss. schlarren'schleifend,schlarfendgehen,' Norw. slarra
'schlendern,'slora 'saumseligsein,sich schleppendbewegen,'ON.
sl6ra 'faulenzen' :
etc.)+ (schl)affe'derSchlaffe.'So alsoschlaruff(e)
schlar-+(schl)uffe(Swiss schluji 'schlifrige,unbrauchbarePerson'
etc.); MHG. slciraffe : slur 'triige,fatile,leichtsinnigePerson,Fau-
lenzer' (MLG. sluren 'schlottern,los u. welk hangen, trage sein,'
Norw. dial. slhre 'trager Mensch' etc.)+(sl)affe; schlarunke'lang-
same, trage, dumme Person' : schlar-+(schl)unk 'Schlingel, Miis-
sigginger.' Schr. 195 f.
89. Schmalieren: schmal(gen) 'schmieren'+(schm)ieren. Schr.
82.
90. Schmarlecks 'Leckerbissen' : Bay. schmar(ren) 'Brocken,
Stiick,Bissen'+ (sch)lecks(MHG. slec'schleckerei,' slecken'naschen').
Schr. 81. SimilarlyAugsb. schmarollen'eine Art Kl6sse' : schmar-
+Swab. (sch)molle'Fettklumpen.' Schr. 83.
91. Schmarrauchen'schmarotzen' Els. Wb. : Bav. schmarr(en)
'karg, geizig sein u. handeln' (schmarrisch'sparsam, karg, karg-
lich,' schmarren'gar zu karger,hiuslicherMensch' Bayer. Wb.)
+Swiss (schm)auchen 'verbergen, verheimlichen,od. Esswaren
heimlichentwenden'etc. So also schmarotzen : schmar-+(schm)ot-
zen (Karnt. schmoutz'n 'schmarotzen.' Norw. smita 'heimlich
wegnehmen, verstecken'); schmalotzen: schmal- (MHG. smal
'gering,kiirglich,'smollen'schmarotzen')+ (schm)otzen. Schr. 82 ff.
92. Schrafazen,schrapazen'schr6pfen' Bayer. Wb. II, 598, 610:
Bay. schraf(en)'ritzen, kratzen,Einschmittemachen,' schrap(pen)
'scharren, schaben'+MHG. (schr)atzen'ritzen, kratzen.'
93. Stopazen 'stolpern' Lexer : stop- (MHG. stoppen,stopfen
'palpare, palpitare, pedibus incongrue ire')+(st)>zen 'stossen.'
Schr. 80.
94. Zalaschen 'herumschleichen' Bayer.Wb.: za(schen) 'ziehen,
188
 "
ITERATIVES, BLENDS, AND "STRECKFORMEN 33

schleppen; langsamarbeiten,schlendern'+laschen(cf. lasch 'schlaff,

matt' Weigand,ltsch'schlaff, nachlAssigin derArbeit' Els. Wb.,
and also latschdn'traigeherumschelndern' Els. Wb., 'sichherum-
treiben,schlappeinhergehen, faulenzen' Lothr.Wb.,Bayer.Wb.).
Schr.75.
95. Zawatzen'beschlafen': za(tzen)(Bay. zatz'Hiindin;Weibs-
person,'Swab. zatz,zdtz'Hiindin,'Bay. zetzen'vexieren,foppen')
+ (z)watzen (MHG. zwatzler,zwetzler'penis,' Bav. zwazeln 'zap-
peln'). Schr.76.
Like the above in principleare Schrdder's so-called"pridupli-
zierendestreckformen." The onlydifferenceis thatin thefollowing
the supposedextendedformsare the resultof therepetition of the
samewordwiththesuppression oftheinitialconsonants inthesecond
part. Thus if thud-thizdding
(No. I, 9) had beenso dissimilated,it
would have become *thudjdding; and Goethe's Klimpimpim-
perlied (vgl. Schr. 214) is simply klimp(kl)imp(kl)imperlied,
and
nothingelse.
96. Humpumpen 'hinken': hump-(h)umpenSchr. 214.-Klep-
peppern'dreschen' : klepp-(kt)eppern 207.-Latattere 'Mund; Per-
son mit breitemMund' : lat-(1)attere
207.--Plappapper 'Geschwiitz':
plapp-(pl)apper 206.-Pldmpdmperlen 'schlenkern' : plamp-(pl)am-
perlen 213.-Pumpumpel 'Gepolter': pump-(p)umpel214.-Rum-
pumpeln 'sehr rumpeln' : rump-(r)umpeln215 (or cf. No. 73).-
Schlampampen: schlamp-(schl)ampen211.-Schlankankel 'langer,
schlanker,unbeholfener Mensch': Schlank-(schl)ankel
216.-Schwem-
elend, schwach': schwemp-
pemperlig'taumelig,schwindlicht,
(schw)emperlig213.--Schndppdppern'in einem fort schwiitzen':
schndpp-(schn)dppern207, etc., etc.
VII. COMPOUNDS WITH AN UNSTRESSED FORE-SYLLABLE

Accordingto Schr6derall of the following exampleswouldbe

"streckformen." For since thereis no suchprefixas ka(r)- (cf.
Schr.38, 40, etc.), his theory1
demandsthatwe call them"streck-
formen."
But factsare stubborn things;and thewisemanwillnotseekto
1"Man kann auf vielerleiWeise irren;aber am sicherstenan der Hand einerblind-
lings befolgtenMethode" [oder Theorie]." Richard M. Meyer, Germ.-rom. Monats-
schrift,II, 642.
189
34 FRANCIS A. WOOD

hideor to denythem,but willtryto makehis theoryconform to

them. The factsare thata largenumberof genuineGerm.words
have an unaccentedfore-syllable ka(r),- ka(r)-. If Schr6deris
unwilling to call thisa prefix, let himcall it an unstressed prefixed
syllable. Most writerswouldpreferthe shorterterm.
In Eng. thisprefix is ka-orkar-,spelledca-,ker,cur-;in German
and Dutch it is ka-,kar-. In Eng., or at least American, popular
speech,this prefixmay be used withany wordexpressiveof the
soundof a blow or a fall,as : ke(r)bang, ke(r)plunk, ke(r)whack
etc. In Ger.and Du. it is apparently notso productive.
The originofthis"unstressed introductory syllable"is doubtful.
According to Cent. Dict., XI, 681, "it probablyoriginated in the
involuntary utterance which often precedes a sudden physical
effortas in striking withan ax or hammeror paving-rammer."
Or it may have been abstractedfromthe initialsoundsof words
denotinga suddenblow or fall (cf.No. VI, 26). Perhapswe may
also speak of a prefixkla- abstractedfromsuch wordsas clack,
clap, clash,clatter,etc. (cf.No. VI, 28). And,to mention no other,
a prefix, or unstressed introductory syllable te-occurs in provincial
English,as te-lick,te-smdck, etc. 'as fastas possible.' This resulted
fromthe abbreviation of such wordsas nickety-kndck, lickety-ct,
hippety-h6p etc. (cf.III, 7).
1. Cabobble 'mystify, puzzle,confuse' Wr.I, 478 : bob'surprise,'
bobble 'bob up and down' Wr.I, 321,bubble "dupe,gull' S1.
2. Caboodle'the wholelot, gang' Dial. Notes, III, 5 : boodle
'thewhole' ibid.,4, 'crowd,company' S1.
3. Ke(r)chugadv.'witha suddendullthud' : chug'a dullsound,
thud.'
4. Kerchunk'with a sudden heavy blow or thump' : chunk
'a shortthickpiece,as ofwood' Cent.
5. Ke(r)flapadv.'witha suddenflap' flap.
6. Ke(r)flopadv.'witha suddenflop': flop.
7. Curflummux adv., used of a heavy fall Wr., kerflummux
'fall in a heap' Dial. Notes,kerflummux 'bewilder, daze' Dial.
Notes,III, 62: flummox 'bewilder,perplex,puzzle' Wr.
8. Carfuddle 'discompose, rumple, crease' Jam.: fuddle'confuse,
stupefy.'
190
 ITERATIVES,BLENDS, AND "STRECKFORMEN" 35

9. Car-, curfufle'disarrange,throw into confusion; sb. fuss,

excitement' Wr. : fufle'ruffle,
throwintodisorder; dishevel' Wr.
10. Car-, curfumish 'diffusea verybad smell' Jam. : fume.
11. Curglaff, 'the shockfeltin bathingat the firstplunge
-gloff
intocoldwater,'curgloft 'panic-struck'Wr. : glaff'asuddenblast'
puffof wind' Wr.
12. Cahoots'partnership; "in cahoots
collusion'in theexpression
with" Dial. Notes,III, 60 : hoot'business,affair,
concern' Wr.
13. Curjute 'overwhelm,overthrow,esp. used by childrenwhen
smallbanksor damstheymakeare carriedoffby water; overpower
by meansof intoxicating
liquor' Jam.: jute'tipple,''weak or dul
liquor,tea' Jam.
14. Curmudge Jam.,curmudgeon Wr. 'a mean fellow' : mudge
'sludge,mud' Wr.
15. Curmur'the purringof the cat,' curmurring 'murmuring,
grumbling' Wr. : murmur.
16. Curnab'pilfer' Jam.: nab 'seize, snatch.'
17. Canoodle'fondle,dally,' 'be silly' B.-L.: noodle.
18. Kerplunk adv. 'with a sudden 'plunk' or plunge' Cent.:
plunk'knock,bang.'
19. Kerslam adv. 'with a slam' : slam.
20. Kerslap,-slop adv. 'with a suddenslap or loud slapping
blow' Cent. : slap.
21. Kersmashadv. 'with a sudden smash' : smash.
22. Kerspankadv. 'with a spankingsound' : spank.
23. Kersplashadv. 'with a sudden splash' : splash.
24. Caswash'describes water'
thesoundmadebya bodyoffalling
Dial. Notes : swash.
25. Kerwallopadv. 'with a suddenwallopor onrush' Cent.:
wallop.
26. Kerwhackadv. 'with a sudden whack' Cent. : whack.
27. Du. dial. Antw.kababbelen
'oppeuzelen,smakelijkopeten':
opbabbelends. C. en V., babbelen'plappern.'
28. Du. dial. kabonkel
'harde kaakslag': bonk'luide slag' C.
en V.
29. WFlem. kabooten,kabooteren'booten, met herhaalde slagen
slaan': booten'schlagen' De Bo.
191
36 FRANCISA. WOOD

30. Antw. kabotteren,'versterkingvan botteren' : botteren'stom-

melen, en dof geruchtmaken,' 'poltern' C. en V. Cf. klabotteren
with same meaning.
31. WFlem. kabots 'plumps!' : bots 'stoot, fr. heurt,' botsen
'tegen iets hard stooten,fr.heurter.' In Brugge (Bruges) kabouks:
bouksen De Bo.
32. East Fries. kabzff,kebzf'Ruf oder Wort, womit man einen
polterndenSturz oder Fall von etwas bezeichnet' : buf,buff.'Schlag,
Stoss' Koolman.
33. Westf.kabiis'bauz! puff!' : bus 'Schall, Stoss' Woeste.
34. WFlem. kadanse 'danskroeg, herbergje waar's zondags
gedanstwordt' : dans De Bo.
35. EFries. kedikkern,kedakkern 'traben,in kurzemGalopp gehen
oder fahrenund reiten,rasch mit hiipfendemstossendemGange
gehen oder sich fortbewegen': dakkern'rasch und harbar gehen'
Koolman.
36. Antw. kadodder'klein ingedrongenmannekin,' 'undersized
person' C. en V. : WFlem. dodder'dot, duts, verwardebundel
vlas, hooi, stroo' De Bo.
37. WFlem. kadotteren,kadodderen'sterk daveren, dotteren':
dotteren'zittern, beben' De Bo, NE. dodder 'shake, tremble,'
dudder'shiver,' etc.
38. Antw. kadul 'dronkaard' : dul 'razend gram of zinnelos'
C. en V.
39. NHG. dial. kdaffp'Sprung,' kdfirptax'hops' : fup 'Sprung'
Leihener, CronenbergerWb.
40. Antw. kajanken 'het janken von honden,' kajonkelen
'janken van eenen hond' C. en V., Ger. dial. kajinken'klagend
winseln,heulen' Fr. : Du. janken 'heulen, winseln,murren,'dial.
jonkelen,same. The ablaut-formjinken need give no one pause,
cf. II.
41. East Fries. karjolen,kar-, kerjblen'laut u. 5irmendsingen'
Koolman, Westf. karjolen, krajoilen'schreien' Woeste, Waldeck.
karjolen'schreien, jauchzen' : NHG. jolen. Cf. Westf. scharjolen
and Pruss. kanjolen.
42. Pruss. kalaschen'priigeln' : laschen 'derb ausprtigeln,'NE.
lash 'hauen, peitschen,geisseln,'OE. laEsce'lash.'
192
 "
ITERATIVES,BLENDS, AND "STRECKFORMEN 37

43. Antw.kalut'dwaas en halfgekvrouwmensch': lut, same,

C. en V.
44. Antw.kawauwelen,
kawauwen babbelen,''schwat-
'wauwelen,
zen' C. en V., Pruss. karwauen'klagen, jammern' (karmen'jam-
mern') Fr. : Antw. wauwen 'schwatzen.'
45. Pruss. karwendig'munter, unbesorgt,schnellu. geschicktin
geschickt' Fr.
der Bewegung': wendig'munter,gescha~ftig,
46. Pruss. kaschantern'sich auf der Strasse herumtreiben' Fr.
Tirol. tschandern Die d. Mun-
'miissigherumgehen'Frommann,
darten,452.
it maybe said that Schroder'stheoryof "streck-
In conclusion
formen"is untenable. It is based on incorrectpremisesand wrong
conclusions.Andevenifit weretrue,it wouldnotbe a contribution
to the scienceof language. For in mostcases the assumedinfixes
mustbe regardedas mechanically inserted. When
and arbitrarily
wordsare so formed,theythrowno morelightupon the development
oflanguagethando thewordsofanyartificial language. It is true,
as Schriderassertsin his preface,"dass es ffirdie Lisung der
Grundfragen derSprachwissenschaftvielwichtigerist,das Lebender
Volksmundarten zu erforschenals das Leben der Schriftsprachen."
But we shall learnno morefromthe studyof wordsarbitrarily
formedby the schoolboyor thepeasantthanfromthosethathave
been coinedby the scientistor the poet.
All the so-called"streckformen" maynot be blends. Someno
doubt are onomatopoetic. E.g., L. M. Elshemuswrites:

Thenfliesthenighthawk high,
Witheyesintenton preyin nooksand trees;
Whileshrillcrebeaking
as he wheelsat ease,
His matejoins! Whentheymeetpuflute theycry;
or again:
The red-black sweetbree-reeing
marsh-bird,
In joy,thenswaying,
swiftly (cf.Mead 113f.).
fleeing
Here crebeaking, are exactlysuch wordsas Schra-
puflute,bree-reeing
der calls "streckformen," and by him ought to be referredto creak,
*pute,and *bree. But the shrill note of the nighthawkis not a
creak by any stretchof the imagination-except in the imagination
193
38 FRANCISA. WOOD

ofa stretchformer-and *puteand *breedo not existat all. These

wordsare simplyimitative, thoughtheauthormayhavehad other
wordsin mind. The samemaybe said ofEng. dial. curroo, curdoo
'coo,' and cree-creery'the cryofthe groundlark'Wr.
Of imitativeoriginare also Pruss.kaddksen, kaduksen, 'kaddks
schreien wie ein Huhn,das ein Ei gelegthat' (Schr.32). It is the
samewordas Lith.kaddkszczi6ti 'vom Huhngackern, wennes z.B.
einEi gelegthat' (Kurschat),formed fromkad ti 'gackern.' Schr6-
deroughtto havementioned also Pruss.kalddksen 'gackern, nament-
lich von demeigentiimlichen Geschreider Hiihnernach dem Eier-
legen,'kalduksen 'laut schallendeTone lachendausstossen,'which
areblendsofkaddksen, kaduksen, andkalakeln 'gackern'(Fr.). As for
this
kalakeln, may be either a blend of kallen (EFries.'schwatzen,
plaudern,'MLG., MHG. kallen,OHG. kallWn Lat. gallus)andkakeln
'gackern'or elseonomatopoetic, likeEng. cutcutcuddhcut 'cackle.'
Finally, some of the supposed "streckformen" may be simply
like
perversions, Eng. dial. dollymosh 'demolish' Wr., collymolly
'melancholy'(cf.IV, 33), hockholler 'hollyhock' Wr.,pereat'repeat,'
NHG. Als.kapet'Packet' etc.
FRANcs A. WOOD
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

194