STUDY OF TELEPHONE, F.

M RADIO AND CELL PHONE

STUDY OF TELEPHONE:

The telephone is one of the amazing devices ever created. We are instantly talk with someone
and can have two-way conversation. The telephone network extends world wide, so each one can
reach nearly anyone on the planet.

MICRO PHONE (TRANSMITTER)

Telephone transmitter is used to convert sound energy to electrical energy. The most commonly
used transmitter in telephone handsets is carbon granule transmitter.

SPEAKER (RECEIVER)

It converts electrical energy into sound energy. It is generally a little 8 ohm speaker of some sort.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF LOCAL CALL:

A pair of copper wires running from every house to a central office in the middle of the town.
The switch board operator sat infront of a board with one jack for every pair of wires entering the
office. Above each jack was a small light. A large battery supplied current through a resistor to
each wire pair. When someone picked up the handset, the hook switch would complete the
circuit and let current flow through wires between the house and office. This would light the
light bulb above that person’s jack on the switchboard. The operator would contact his/her
headset into that jack and ask who the person would like to talk to. The operator would then send
a ring signal to the receiver party and wait for the party to pick up the phone. Once the receiver
party picked up, the operator would connect the two people together.
In a modern phone system, an electronic switch has replaced the operator. When the phone is
picked up, the switch senses the completion of our loop and it plays a dial tone sound. The dial
tone sound is simply a combination of frequency. The different dialing sounds are made of pairs
of tones, as shown below.

Dialing sound

1209 1336 1477

Frequency
Hz Hz Hz
697 Hz 1 2 3
770 Hz 4 5 6
852 Hz 7 8 9

If the number is busy, we can hear a busy signal that is made up of a 480 Hz and a 620 Hz
tone, with a cycle of one half second on and one- half second off. In order to allow more long
distance calls to be transmitted, the frequencies transmitted are limited to a bandwidth of about
3000 Hz. All of the frequencies in our voice below 400 Hz and above 3400 Hz are eliminated.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF LONG DISTANCE CALL:

To allow long distance calls in this simple system, the local phone company would add a line (or
multiple lines) to connect to a long distance office. To make a long distance call to our friend, the
long distance number of our friend is tell to the operator. Then:

1. The operator would connect to one of the lines going to the long distance office.

2. She would speak to the operator in the long distance office.

3. The long distance operator would connect the operator to another long distance office –
the office for the area code of your friend.

4. The operator would tell the long distance operator the number, and he/she would connect
to another office.

5. Eventually, the operator would be able to talk to the operator in the central office for the
town that our friend lives in.

6. That operator would make a connection to our friend.

7. Then the operator would connect us to the long distance line. And we would be able to
have our conversation.

Computers would replace the long distance operator with computerized switches.
STUDY OF F.M RADIO

INTRODUCTION:

Since audio signals are having low frequency, it is not practical to transmit them through air. To
transmit the audio signals through air, they should be modulated with some high frequency
carriers. Modulation is the process by which characteristic of a carrier is varied in accordance
with the modulating wave. A common form of carrier is a sinusoidal wave, in which case we
speak of a continuous wave modulation process.

Modulation is performed at the transmitting end of the communication system. There are so
many types of modulation techniques.

Amplitude modulation (AM).

Frequency modulation (FM).

FM radio stations have better quality sound than AM radio stations. The reason for this is the
noise immunity introduced by the non-linear modulation. Another reason is that the
bandwidth for FM stations is 15 kHz, whereas AM stations are only allowed 5 kHz.

FREQUENCY MODULATION (TRANSMITTER)

Information being transferred, i.e. the modulating signal, is a signal from some LF source. It is
being amplified in LF amplifier and then led into the HF oscillator, where the carrier signal is
being created. The carrier is a HF voltage of constant amplitude, whose frequency is, in the
absence of modulating signal, equal to the transmitter's carrier frequency fs. In the oscillatory
circuit of the HF oscillator a varicap (capacitive) diode is located. It is a diode whose capacitance
depends upon the voltage between its ends, so when being exposed to LF voltage, its capacitance
is changing in accordance with this voltage. Due to that frequency of the oscillator is also
changing, i.e. the frequency modulation is being obtained. The FM signal from the HF oscillator
is being preceded to the power amplifier that provides the necessary output power of the
transmission signal.
Voltage shapes in FM transmitter are given below. Pic-a: shows the LF modulating signal. The
frequency modulation begins at moment t0 and the transmission frequency begins to change, as
shown on Pic-b: Whilst current value of the LF signal is raising so is the transmitter frequency,
and when it is falling the frequency is also falling. As seen on Pic-c, the information (LF signal)
is being implied in frequency change of the carrier. The carrier frequencies of the radio diffusion
FM transmitters are placed in the waveband from 88 MHz til 108 MHz, the maximum frequency
shift of the transmitter (during the modulation) being ±75 kHz. Because of that the FM signal
should be drawn much "thicker", but it would result in a black-square-shaped picture.
 FM RECEIVER

The f.m. band covers 88-108 MHz. There are signals from many radio transmitters in this band
inducing signal voltages in the aerial. The rf amplifier selects and amplifies the desired station
from the many. It is adjustable so that the selection frequency can be altered. This is called
TUNING. In cheaper receivers the tuning is fixed and the tuning filter is wide enough to pass all
signals in the f.m. band. The selected frequency is applied to the mixer. The output of an
oscillator is also applied to the mixer. The mixer and oscillator form a FREQUENCY
CHANGER circuit. The output from the mixer is the intermediate frequency (i.f.) The i.f. is a
fixed frequency of 10.7 MHz. No matter what the frequency of the selected radio station is, the
i.f. is always 10.7 MHz. The i.f. signal is fed into the i.f. amplifier.

Block diagram of FM receiver

The advantage of the i.f. amplifier is that its frequency and bandwidth are fixed, no matter what
the frequency of the incoming signal is. This makes the design and operation of the amplifier
much simpler. The amplified i.f. signal is fed to the demodulator. This circuit recovers the audio
signal and discards the r.f. carrier. Some of the audio is fed back to the oscillator as an
AUTOMATIC FREQUENCY CONTROL voltage. This ensures that the oscillator frequency is
stable in spite of temperature changes. The audio signal voltage is increased in amplitude by a
voltage amplifier. The power level is increased sufficiently to drive the loudspeaker by the power
amplifier.

STUDY OF CELL PHONE

A mobile phone (also called mobile, cellular telephone, cell phone, handphone or handy) is an
electronic device used for two-way radio telecommunication over a cellular network of base
stations known as cell sites. A mobile phone allows its user to make and receive telephone calls
to and from the public telephone network which includes other mobiles and fixed-line phones
across the world. It does this by connecting to a cellular network owned by a mobile network
operator.

In addition to being a telephone, modern mobile phones also support many additional services,
and accessories, such as SMS (or text) messages, e-mail, Internet access, gaming, Bluetooth and
infrared short range wireless communication, camera, MMS messaging, MP3 player, radio and
GPS. A Cell-phone handset is basically composed of two sections, which is
 • RF and
• Baseband Sections.

RF
RF refers to radio frequency, the mode of communication for wireless technologies of all kinds,
including cordless phones, radar, ham radio, GPS, and radio and television broadcasts. RF waves
are electromagnetic waves which propagate at the speed of light, or 186,000 miles per second
(300,000 km/s). The frequencies of RF waves, however, are slower than those of visible light,
making RF waves invisible to the human eye.The RF - A radio section is based on two main
Circuits.
1 Transmitter
2 Reciever

A Transmitter is a circuit or device which is process is present in the opposite side. So

used to transmit radio signals in the air. And these hands held two cell phones correspond
a receiver is simply like radios which are to one another.
used to receiver transmissions (Radiation)
which is spread in the air by any transmitter
on a specific frequency. The two way
communication is made possible by setting
two transmitters and two receivers’s
synchronized in this form that a transmitter
in a cell phone is synchronized with the
frequency of other cell phone's receiving
frequency same like the transmitter of
second cell phone is synchronized with the
receiving frequency of first cell phone. So
first cell phone transmits its radiation in the
air while the other phone listen it and same

Baseband
In signal processing, baseband describes signals and systems whose range of frequencies is
measured from zero to a maximum bandwidth or highest signal frequency. Typically, it includes
the control circuitry (microprocessor), the power supply, and amplifiers.
A baseband processor is an IC that is mainly used in a mobile phone to process communication
functions. Basically Baseband also composed of to sections which is the Analog and Digital
Processing Sections.

1. Analog Baseband Processor

2. Digital Baseband Processor.
Analog Baseband Processor
A/D and D/A section
The analog baseband processing section is
composed of different types of circuits.
This section converts and process the
analog to digital (A/D) signals and digital to
analog signals (D/A).
Control section
This is the section acts as the controller of
the the input and output of any analog and
digital signal.
Power Management
A power management section in mobile
phones is designed to handle energy matters
that are consumed in mobile phones. There
are two main sub sections in a single power
section.
• Power Distribution and switching
section
• Charging section
A power distribution section is designed to
distribute desired Voltages and currenst to
the other sections of a phone. this section
takes power from a battery (which is figured
commonly 3.6 Volts)and in some places it
converts or step down to various volts like
2.8 V 1.8V 1.6V etc.while on other place it
also
DIGITAL BASEBAND PROCESSOR This is
the part where All Application being
process. Digital Baseband Processor section
is used in mobile phones to handle data
input and output signal like switching,
driving applications commands and memory
accessing and executing.
These are the parts and sections o a Digital
Baseband Circuit were installed.
steps up the voltage like 4.8 V. this section
is commonly designed around a power
IC(and integrated circuit) which is used to
distribute and regulate the voltage used in
other components.
The Charging section is based on a charging
IC which takes power from an external
source and gives it to battery to make it
again power up when it is exhausted. this
section uses convertibly 6.4 V from an
external battery charger and regulates it to
5.8V wile giving it to battery. The battery is
made charged by this process and it is ready
to use for the next session (a battery session
is a time which is provided by the
manufacturer of a cell phone for standby by
condition of a mobile phone or talk
condition.)
Audio Codecs Section
This section where analog and digital audio
properties being process like the
microphone, earpiece speaker headset and
ring-tones and also the vibrator circuits.
CPU (Central Processing Unit) is
responsible for interpreting and executing
most of the commands from the users
interface. It is often called the "brains" of
the microprocessor, central processor, "the
brains of the computer"
Flash and Memory Storage Circuits
*RAM (Random Access Memory)
*ROM, Flash (Read Only Memory)
Interfaces such as the following were also
part on this section:
*Blutooth
*Wi-fi
*Camera
*Screen Display
*Keypads
*USB
*SIM-Card

TYPICAL OVERVIEW OF A BLOCK DIAGRAM ON LATEST MOBILE PHONE DESIGNS

Various mobile phones have different concepts and design on every aspect, but the methods and
operational flow are all exactly the same. It differs on how and what certain IC chips and parts
being used and installed to a certain mobile phone circuitry.