FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT

(FBM)

BBA 2105 BUSINESS STATISTICS

LECTURER’S NAME: MS. MALATHI KANAPATHY

SEMESTER: 2

SUBMISSION DATE: 13th February 2019 (Wednesday)

PREPARED BY

NAME: Syireeyn Binti Bazer

MATRIC ID NO: QIUP-201807-002406

SECTION IN CHARGE: PART A

NAME: Shantana Kumari A/P Selvam

MATRIC ID NO: QIUP-201807-002405

SECTION IN CHARGE: PART C

NAME: Kan Pei Shan

MATRIC ID NO: QIUP-201807-002468

SECTION IN CHARGE: PART B

1
 1. List the raw data in an ascending order
Sample = Weight (kg)

S1=32 S24=47 S47=53 S70=60 S93=75

S2=35 S25=47 S48=53 S71=60 S94=78

S3=35 S26=47 S49=54 S72=60 S95=78

S4=38 S27=47 S50=54 S73=60 S96=79

S5=40 S28=47 S51=55 S74=61 S97=79

S6=40 S29=48 S52=55 S75==61 S98=80

S7=41 S30=48 S53=55 S76=61 S99=80

S8=42 S31=48 S54=56 S77=62 S100=80

S9=42 S32=48 S55=57 S78=62 S101=80

S10=42 S33=48 S56=57 S79=62 S102=80

S11=43 S34=48 S57=58 S80=62 S103=80

S12=43 S35=49 S58=58 S81=63 S104=84

S13=43 S36=50 S59=58 S82=63 S105=85

S14=44 S37=50 S60=58 S83=64 S106=90

S15=44 S38=51 S61=58 S84=64 S107=90

S16=44 S39=51 S62=60 S85=64 S108=90

S17=45 S40=52 S63=60 S86=65 S109=95

S18=45 S41=52 S64=60 S87=65 S110=98

S19=45 S42=52 S65=60 S88=68

S20=45 S43=52 S66=60 S89=70

S21=46 S44=52 S67=60 S90=72

S22 =46 S45=53 S68=60 S91=72

S23=46 S46=53 S69=60 S92=74

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2. State a reasonable target population for the sample used.
The target of my population for this research is students who are studying in Quest
International Ipoh Perak. There are 110 undergraduate students from different courses
who we had chosen for the sample.

3. State whether the sample data are discrete or continuous.

The sample data is continuous data. This is because measuring of the weight is been
measured in characteristic of the unit of kilogram (kg) which is quantitative variable.

4. Give an example of an element, a variable and a measurement for this data set.
i. Element: Ng Kah Been
ii. Variable: Weight (KG)
iii. Measurement: 53 kg

5. State the level of measurement of your data. Justify the answer with reasons.

The level of the measurement is Ratio. This is because in our survey or target the data
are according to the unit of characteristic we possess. Ratio level are using to record
quantitative data.

6. Describe at least 3 problems you had in collecting the data.

The problems that we have faced when collecting the data is most of the individuals are
not cooperation when we are collecting the data .Secondly, problems that occur in
collecting the data is that it consumes a lot of time. Thirdly, problem we face is insufficient
sample. Hence, we need to walk around the campus to collect the data.

3
7. Construct a frequency table using ‘2 to power of k Rule’to determine the number of
H −L
classes and i = to determine the size of class interval.
k

Maximum value = 98

Minimum value = 32

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 2ᵏ ≥ 110

22 = 4
23 = 8
24 = 16
25 = 32
26 = 64
27 = 128
27 ≥ 110
⸫k=7

𝑖 > 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ, 𝑖 =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑖 > 98 − 32
𝑖=
7
𝑖 => 9.4
𝑖 = 10

4
Weight (kg) Frequency

32 - 41 7

42 - 51 32

52 - 61 37

62 - 71 13

72 - 81 14

82 - 91 5

92 - 101 2

Total 110

5
8. Calculate the relative frequency for all the classes.

Weight (kg) Frequency Relative frequency

32 - 41 7 7
= 0.0636
110

42 - 51 32 32
= 0.2909
110

52 - 61 37 37
= 0.3364
110

62 - 71 13 13
= 0.1182
110

72 - 81 14 14
= 0.1273
110

82 - 91 5 5
= 0.0455
110

92 - 101 2 2
= 0.0182
110

Total 110 1

6
9. Calculate the cumulative frequency for all the classes.

Weight (kg) Frequency Cumulative frequency

32 - 41 7 7

42 - 51 32 7 + 32 = 39

52 - 61 37 39 + 37 = 76

62 - 71 13 76 + 13 = 89

72 - 81 14 89 + 14 = 103

82 - 91 5 103 + 5 = 108

92 - 101 2 108 + 2 = 110

Total 110

7
10. Construct a histogram for the relative frequency distribution.

Weight (kg) Frequency Relative frequency Class limit

32 - 41 7 7 31.5 – 41.5
= 0.0636
110

42 - 51 32 32 41.5 – 51.5
= 0.2909
110

52 - 61 37 37 51.5 – 61.5
= 0.3364
110

62 - 71 13 13 61.5 – 71.5
= 0.1182
110

72 - 81 14 14 71.5 – 81.5
= 0.1273
110

82 - 91 5 5 81.5 – 91.5
= 0.0455
110

92 - 101 2 2 91.5 – 101.5

= 0.0182
110

Total 110 1

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 Weight for sample of 110 students
0.4

0.35 0.3364

0.2909
0.3
Relative Frequency

0.25

0.2

0.15 0.1273
0.1182

0.1
0.0636
0.0455
0.05
0.0182

0
31.5 41.5 51.5 61.5 71.5 81.5 91.5 101.5
Class limit (Weight)

9
11. Construct a polygon for the relative frequency distribution, comment on the shape
of the distribution (symmetry or skewness).

Weight (kg) Frequency Relative frequency Midpoint

22 - 31 0 0 22 + 31
= 26.5
2

32 - 41 7 7 32 + 41
= 0.0636 = 36.5
110 2

42 - 51 32 32 42 + 51
= 0.2909 = 46.5
110 2

52 - 61 37 37 52 + 61
= 0.3364 = 56.5
110 2

62 - 71 13 13 62 + 71
= 0.1182 = 66.5
110 2

72 - 81 14 14 72 + 81
= 0.1273 = 76.5
110 2

82 - 91 5 5 82 + 91
= 0.0455 = 86.5
110 2

92 - 101 2 2 92 + 101
= 0.0182 = 96.5
110 2

102 - 111 0 0 102 + 111

= 106.5
2

Total 110 1

10
 Weight for sample of 110 students
0.4

0.35

0.3
Relative frequency

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
26.5 36.5 46.5 56.5 66.5 76.5 86.5 96.5 106.5

Midpoint (weight)

This shape of distribution is positively skewed or skewed to the right.

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12. Draw an ogive for the cumulative percentage distribution.

Weight (kg) Frequency Cumulative frequency Midpoint

22 - 31 0 0 22 + 31
= 26.5
2

32 - 41 7 7 32 + 41
= 36.5
2

42 - 51 32 7 + 32 = 39 42 + 51
= 46.5
2

52 - 61 37 39 + 37 = 76 52 + 61
= 56.5
2

62 - 71 13 76 + 13 = 89 62 + 71
= 66.5
2

72 - 81 14 89 + 14 = 103 72 + 81
= 76.5
2

82 - 91 5 103 + 5 = 108 82 + 91
= 86.5
2

92 - 101 2 108 + 2 = 110 92 + 101

= 96.5
2

Total 110

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 Weight For Sample Of 110 Students
120
108
103
100
89
Cumulative Percentage (%)

76
80

60

39
40

20
7
0
0
26.5 36.5 46.5 56.5 76.5 86.5 96.5

Midpoint (Weight)

13
 13. Compute the mean, median, mode, range, variance and standard deviation for the
data.
Weight (kg) Frequency, f Midpoint, x fx cf x² fx²

32 - 41 7 36.5 255.5 7 1,332.25 9,325.75

42 - 51 32 46.5 1,488 39 2,162.25 69,192

52 - 61 37 56.5 2,090.50 76 3,192.25 118,113.25

62 - 71 13 66.6 864.50 89 4,422.25 57,489.25

72 - 81 14 76.5 1,071 103 5,852.25 81,931.50

82 - 91 5 86.5 432.50 108 7,482.25 37,411.25

92 - 101 2 96.5 193 110 9,312.25 18,624.50

Total 110 6,395 392,087.50

∑ 𝑓𝑥
𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛, 𝑥̅ =
𝑛
6,395
=
110
= 58.14

14
 𝑛
𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 =
2
110
=
2
= 55 th

= (52 − 61)
𝑛
− ∑ 𝑓𝑚−1
𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛, 𝑥̃ = 𝐿ₘ + (2 )× 𝑖
𝑓𝑚

110
− 39
= 51.5 + ( 2 ) × 10
37

= 51.5 + 4.32

= 55.82

𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

= 37

= (52 − 61)

∆1
𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒, ̂𝑥 = 𝐿𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒+ ( ) × 𝑖
∆1 + ∆2

37 − 32
= 51.5 + ( ) × 10
(37 − 32) + (37 − 13)

5
= 51.5 + ( ) × 10
5 + 24

= 51.5 + 1.72

= 53.22

15
𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

= 101 − 32

= 69

1 1
𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑠 2 = [∑ − (∑𝑥𝑖)2 ]
𝑛−1 𝑓𝑥𝑖^2 𝑛

1 1
= [392,807.50 − (6,3952 )]
110−1 110

1 1
= [392,087.50 − 110 (40,896,025)]
109

1
= [392,087.50 − 371782.05]
109

1
= (20,305.45)
109

= 186.29

Sample Standard Deviation, S = √𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

= √186.29

=13.65

14. Comment on the relationship among the mean, median and mode obtained from your
distribution.
Mean = 58.14 Mode = 53.22 Median = 55.82

Mean has the largest number of 58.14, followed by median of 55.82 and the mode has the
smallest number of 53.22. Mean>Median>Mode which also represent right side have more
bar than left side. Thus, it is positively skewed (right).

16
15. Determine the appropriate distribution and state the reason with the characteristics
of the distribution.
The most appropriate distribution is the z-distribution. This is because the total number of
the sample is 110, which is more than 30, means that only z-distribution can fulfill the
condition of the sample estimation. One of the characteristics of the z-distribution are its
shape where it is in bell shape and it is symmetric, means that the area of each side of the
distribution is equal to 0.5. Besides that, the total area under the curve must be equal to 1.
It is asymptotic because it is never touch the x-axis and the mean, median and mode are at
peak or like they are same value.

17
16. Construct 90%, 95% and 99% confidence interval for the population mean.
I. Value of z
𝛼
=
2
0.1
=
2
= 0.05
= 0.5 − 0.05
= 0.45
1.64 + 1.65
=
2
= 1.645

Confidence interval 90%

𝜎
= 𝑥̅ ± 𝑧
√𝑛
13.65
= 58.14 ± 1.645
√110
= 58.14 ± 1.645( 1.301 )
= 58.14 ± 2.141
= (58.14 − 2.141), (58.14 + 2.141)
= (55.999,60.281)

90%

55.999 60.281
µ = 58.14

18
II. Value of z
𝛼
=
2
0.5
=
2
= 0.025
= 0.5 − 0.025
= 0.475
= 1.96

Confidence level 95%

𝜎
= 𝑥̅ ± 𝑧
√𝑛
13.65
= 58.14 ± 1.96
√110
= 58.14 ± 1.96( 1.301 )
= 58.14 ± 2.551
= (58.14 − 2.551), (58.14 + 2.551)
= (55.589,60.691)

95%

55.589 60.691
µ = 58.14

19
III. Value of z
𝛼
=
2
0.01
=
2
= 0.005
= 0.5 − 0.005
= 0.495
2.57 + 2.58
=
2
= 2.575

Confidence level 99%

𝜎
= 𝑥̅ ± 𝑧
√𝑛
13.65
= 58.14 ± 2.575
√110
= 58.14 ± 2.575(1.301)
= 58.14 ± 3.351
= (58.14 − 3.351), (58.14 + 3.351)
= (54.789,61.491)

99%

54.789 61.491
µ = 58.14

20
17. Explain the effect of increasing the confidence level.

• Increasing the confidence level increases the error bound, making the confidence
interval wider.
• Decreasing the confidence level decreases the error bound, making confidence
interval narrower.
• In other words, effect of increasing the confidence level will cause the range of
population mean become bigger or smaller and the width of the interval will change
to wider or narrower.

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APPENDIX

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