CT PT CVT

TUSHAR PRAKASH VARULE

AEE (400kV Testing, Padgha)
MSETCL

06/05/2015
 CURRENT
TRANSFORMER

2
 INTRODUCTION

Produces step down Replica of Primary Current

Transform Currents from usually High value to a value easy to handle

for Relays & Instruments

Insulate Relays & Instruments from Primary High Voltage

Standardizes the Rated Currents for the Relays & Instruments

The Rated Secondary Current is generally 1A or 5A

Single CT can be used for multiple purposes

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DEAD TANK & LIVE TANK CT AT
MANUFACTURER

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DEAD TANK & LIVE TANK CT

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CT
DESIGN

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ERRORS IN CT
Primary current consists of Inverse of Secondary current plus
Exciting current. The Exciting current supplies Eddy current and
Hysteresis Loses and magnetizes the core.

The Exciting Current flows through the Primary winding & it is the
cause of Errors.

Ideally the Secondary current should be exact replica of Primary

current. The extent to which the Secondary current magnitude
differs from calculated value by virtue of CTR is defined by
“Accuracy Class of CT”.

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ERRORS IN CT

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CURRENT TRANSFORMER ERRORS

1. Ratio Error
2. Phase Angle Error
3. Composite Error

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RATIO ERROR

Difference in the magnitude of primary

& the secondary current expressed as
the percentage of primary current.
Thus,

(Kn x Is)-Ip
% Error= X 100
Ip

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PHASE ANGLE ERROR

This is the Phase angle difference

between the primary current & reverse
secondary current vector.

Is Ip

Is’

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COMPOSITE ERROR

This is defined as the RMS value of the difference

[ (Kn X is)-ip) ] integrated over one cycle under steady
state condition expressed as % of RMS primary
current.
f
100 1
Composite Error Ec= T (Kn X is-ip)2.dt
Ip 0

Where T= Duration of 1 Cycle

is, ip= Instantaneous Values of Primary & secondary Currents
Kn= Rated Transformation Ratio.
Ip = Primary Current (RMS)

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 CLASSIFICATION OF CTS BY
APPLICATION

Measuring CTs (IS 2705-1992 Part II)

Protective CTs (IS 2705-1992 Part III)

Protective CTs for special application (IS 2705-1992

Part IV)

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METERING CT
Accurate Secondary Current up to 120 – 125% of Primary
Current at burden range of 25 to 100% as per the Class of
Accuracy.

A desirable characteristic of Measuring CT is, it should

saturate when primary current exceeds the percentage of
rated current specified as upper limit in Class of Accuracy.

Accuracy class of CT is expressed as 0.2/0.5/1.0 at burden

100%.

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METERING CT

Specified in terms of –

Accuracy class

VA Rating

Instrument Security Factor ISF

e.g. class-1.0, VA-15, ISF-3.

Standard errors- 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 ,3.0 & 5.0

Errors are specified between 5-120% of rated current

& 25-100%of rated burden connected. Higher
errors are permitted at lower currents.
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 ACCURACY LIMITS OF METERING C.T.

+/- % Ratio Error Phase Displacement Error (minutes)

Accuracy Class

At % of Rated Current At % of Rated Current

1 5 20 100 120 1 5 20 100 120

0.1 - 0.40 0.20 0.10 0.10 - 15 8 5 5

0.2 - 0.75 0.35 0.20 0.20 - 30 15 10 10

0.2s 0.75 0.35 0.20 0.20 0.20 30 15 10 10 10

0.5 - 1.50 0.75 0.50 0.50 - 90 45 30 30

1.0 - 3.00 1.50 1.00 1.00 - 180 90 60 60

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PROTECTION CT

The principal purpose of Protective type CT is to provide Secondary

current proportional to fault current which is many times the rated
Primary Current.

At this highest fault current it should not saturate.

For general purpose protection like O/C & E/F protection Class P CTs
are used. P denotes for Protection & it is defined so that, at rated
connected burden errors shall not exceed the rated values.

Accuracy class of CT is expressed as 5P/10P/PS for Protection core.

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 PROTECTION CT

Specified in terms of –

Class of Accuracy

Accuracy limit factor

VA Rating

Typical illustration-
illustration- 5P10, 15VA

5P10, 15VA CT will have a composite error of ±5% at 10 times

10, 15VA
rated current and a ratio error of ±1% at rated current with
rated burden of 15VA
15VA

Standard errors-
errors- 5P, 10P,
10P, 15P
15P

ALF – 5,10,
10,15,
15,20,
20,30 VA rating – 5,10,
10,15,
15,30.
30.

Errors are specified at rated current & ALF times rated current
with rated burden.
burden.

For given CT, VA & ALF are inversely related i.e. if connected
burden is less than rated, ALF would increase.
increase.
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ACCURACY LIMITS OF PROTECTION C.T.

Class Ratio Error Ph. Displacement Composite

of at error Error at
Accura Rated @ rated Primary ALF times
cy Primary current Rated
Primary
Current Minutes
Current
5P ± 1% ± 60 5%
10P ± 3% NOT SPECIFIED 10%
15P ± 5% NOT SPECIFIED 15%
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 PROTECTION CT (Special Application)

5P/10P class CT are used for non balance protections like
IDMT O/C, E/F relays. However for balanced protection like
circulating current differential, where balance is required
between the associated CTs with close tolerance, the
characteristics requirements can not be conveniently
expressed in terms of 5P/10P class CTs.

For special application like differential protection, distance
protection CTs of class PS are used. These are specified in
terms of –

Knee point voltage (VK)

Magnetizing current (IM ) usually at knee point voltage or a %
thereof.

CT secondary resistance (RCT )

Type illustration-
illustration- Ratio: 100/1A
IM <=30mA at VK/2
VK >=100 volts RCT <= 1.0 ohm

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MAGNETIZING CHARACTERISTIC OF C. T.
Magnetizing Characteristic of a CT is a plot between
the secondary applied voltage and the corresponding
magnetizing current taken by the CT
Saturation
Knee Point

Linear Region

Ankle Point

current
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KPV OF C. T.

Knee point is defined as ‘that point where 10% increase in secondary

emf results in increment of exciting current by 50%.’

Measuring class CTs operate in the region of Knee point.

Protection class CTs operate in the region between Ankle point to
Knee point.

When a CT saturates, magnetizing inductance of the Core becomes
low and the total primary current is utilized in excitation of the core
alone resulting in negligible secondary output. 8

Effect of saturation is reduced secondary current resulting in mal/non
operation of the protective relays.

Modern numeric relays have fewer burdens and operate fast
before the saturation of the CT.
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MULTY RATIO, MULTY CORE OF C. T.
TERMINAL MARKINGS

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400 kV CT NAMEPLATE

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400 kV CT NAMEPLATE

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220 kV CT NAMEPLATE

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132 kV CT NAMEPLATE

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CORES OF CT
First Core - Main Protection

Second Core - Backup Protection

Third Core - Metering

Fourth Core - Bus Bar Protection(Main Zone)

Fifth Core - Bus Bar Protection(Check Zone)

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TESTING OF CTS
Following tests are carried out for a
current transformer before putting it in
service.

Measurement of IR Values

Ratio Test

Polarity Tests

Tanδ & Capacitance

KPV

Tools, Testing Kits, Procedure of Tests

Acceptable limits of various test results 29
IR VALUE TEST

 Primary to Earth (5kV)

 Primary to Secondary (5kV)

 Secondary to Earth (1kV)

 Secondary to Secondary (1kV)

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RATIO TEST

Current is injected through primary by an current

injection kit & current induced in secondary is
measured. It should be proportionate to the
designed ratio.

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POLARITY TEST

This test is carried out to confirm the

terminal marking on CT secondary with
respect to the primary terminals. The test
arrangement is as shown in fig.

P1 P2

S1 S2

A 32
TAN DELTA & CAPACITANCE TEST:

‘C’ is Capacitance point, which is normally earthed, as shown. During test open this
shorting link. Connect HV cable to primary terminal, LV cable to ‘C’ point. Perform
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test in UST mode and apply 10kV. After test, ‘C’ point & Earth point must be shorted.
KPV

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EFFECT OF SECONDARY OPEN
CIRCUITING
The primary current of a CT is independent of its
secondary loading with the secondary shorted (Directly
or through connected burden), the counter flux
produced by the secondary keeps the core flux below
the saturation level.
level.

If the secondary gets open circuited with primary

carrying the current, the entire primary m.m.f. (AT) is
spent in magnetizing the core, producing saturation.
saturation.
This results in increased secondary EMF with the
voltage shooting up to very high value depending upon
the primary current level and the working (saturation)
flux levels.
levels.

This may lead to CT burst, harm to person working at

secondary;
secondary; or permanent errors will develop.
develop. 35
CHOICE OF CT SECONDARY RATING
5 A secondary CT 1 A secondary CT
 Preferred where lead burden is  Preferred where lead burden is
insignificant (e.g. used in high e.g. CTs are located out
indoor switchgear cubicles door.
with closely located Relays or
where primary ratings are very
high e.g. 10000A/5A).
 Comparatively low peak  Comparatively high peak voltage
voltage when secondary gets when secondary gets opened.
opened.
 Fine Turns Ratio adjustment is  Fine Turns Ratio adjustment is
not possible when primary possible.
rating is low particularly for Bar
primary CTs (e.g. 25/5A).

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 CT TERMINATIONS IN MK BOX

Main Protection Backup Protection Metering Bus Bar

Protection

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GENERAL NAME PLATE DETAILS:

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AUX CT

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TRANSFORMER TURRET CTS

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PT

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DESIGN:

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POTENTIAL / VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

An instrument transformer in which the

secondary voltage, in normal conditions of use,
is substantially proportional to the primary
voltage and differs in phase from it by an angle
which is approximately zero for an appropriate
direction of connections.

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POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER ERRORS

1. Ratio Error
2. Phase Angle Error

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RATIO ERROR

Difference in the magnitude of primary

& the secondary voltage expressed as
the percentage of primary voltage.
Thus,

Kn x Us-Up
% Error= X 100
Up

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PHASE ANGLE ERROR

This is the Phase angle difference

between the primary voltage & reverse
secondary voltage vector.

Vs Vp

Vs’

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TYPES OF PT

Electromagnetic PTs (IS3156-1992 part II & III)

Capacitor Voltage Transformer (IS3156-1992

part IV)

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CLASSIFICATION OF PTS BY
APPLICATION
There are two applications of PTs.

Measuring PTs (IS3156-1992 part II)

Protective PTs (IS3156-1992 part III)

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GENERAL NAME PLATE DETAILS
132KV PT

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GENERAL NAME PLATE DETAILS
220KV PT

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MEASURING PTS (IS3156-1992 PART II)
Accuracy +/- % Voltage Ratio +/- Phase Angle
Class Error Error (minutes)

0.1 0.10 5
0.2 0.20 10
0.5 0.50 20
1.0 1.00 40
3.0 3.00 Not Specified
At,
Voltage: 80-120% of Rated Voltage
Burden: 25-100% of Rated Burden
P.F.: 0.8 Lag
Frequency: 50Hz 51
PROTECTION PTS (IS3156-1992 PART III)
+/- Phase
Accuracy +/- % Voltage Ratio
Angle Error
Class Error
(minutes)
3P 3.00 120
6P 6.00 240
At:
Voltage: 5% of rated Voltage and at rated voltage multiplied by the rated voltage
factor (1.2/1.5 or 1.9)
Burden: 25% to 100% of Rated Burden
P. F.: 0.8 Lag
Frequency: 50 Hz

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PROTECTION PT (IS3156-1992 PART III)
RESIDUAL VT
Accuracy +/- % Voltage +/- Phase Angle
Class Ratio Error Error (minutes)

5PR 5.00 200

10PR 10.00 NOT SPECIFIED
At:
Voltage: 5% of rated Voltage and at rated voltage multiplied by the rated
voltage factor (1.2/1.5 or 1.9)
Burden: 25% to 100% of Rated Burden
P. F.: 0.8 Lag
Frequency: 50 Hz

3 phase VT or a group of 3 single phase VTs having secondary windings connected in

broken delta so as to produce between the appropriate terminals a voltage representative

of the residual voltage existing in the 3 phase voltage applied to the primary terminals. 53
RATED VOLTAGE FACTORS

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PT TERMINATIONS IN MK BOX

Main Back Up Protection Metering Core

Protection Core Core

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TESTING OF PTS
Following tests are carried out for a
Voltage transformer before putting it in
service.

Measurement of IR Values

Ratio Test

Polarity Tests

Tanδ & Capacitance

Tools, Testing Kits, Procedure of Tests

Acceptable limits of various test results
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CVT

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TYPICAL CVT

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DEFINITION

A voltage transformer comprising a capacitor

divider unit and an electromagnetic unit so
designed and interconnected that the
secondary voltage of the electromagnetic unit
is substantially proportional to and in phase
with the primary voltage applied to the
capacitor divider unit.

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INTRODUCTION

 CVTs are generally used for voltages above

100kV.
 Size of PT increases with increase in voltage
level.
 For higher voltages CVTs are more economical.

 Application of CVT is similar to PT; in addition it

is used as Coupling Capacitor for PLCC
equipments.

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DESIGN:

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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GENERAL NAME PLATE DETAILS

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CVT
Standard accuracy class, limits of
ratio errors, phase errors are
same as that of Metering PT &
Protection PT as discussed in PT
section

Applications, Terminations,
Testing, Use, Acceptable limits of
test results, etc. are generally
same as that of PT.
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TAN DELTA & CAPACITANCE
Open CVT primary conductor from
Line.

Open earth connection from

neutral terminal point.

Neutral opened

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TAN DELTA
Close ground connector to
earth HF point. Normally it
should be open.

HF point

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TAN DELTA
Connect HV lead to Primary
Terminal

Connect LV lead to HF point

In this CT tan delta point is not given, so test is to be performed in GST mode.
If CT tan delta point is given, test is to be performed in UST mode.

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