VIOLATION AGAINST WOMEN AND THEIR CHILDREN

CONSTITUTING SUFFERING INITIATED

BY LESBIAN PARTNER

A Thesis Presented to

The Faculty of College of Law

University of Batangas

Batangas City

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

JURIS DOCTOR

By:

ALDUEZA, KING HAROLD E.

December 2019

I
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

Title Page

Acknowledgement

Dedication

Abstract

Chapters

I. Problem and its Background

Introduction

Statement of the Problem

Significance of the Study

Scope, Delimitation and Limitation of the Study

Conceptual Framework

Assumptions

Definition of Terms

II. Review of Related Literature and Studies

Related Literature

Related Studies

Synthesis

III. Methods and Procedure

Methods of Research

Data and Reference Sources

Collection Technique

Validation of Instrument
II
 Analytical Treatment of the Data

IV. Interpretation of Data

V. Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

Summary

Findings

Conclusions

Recommendations

Bibliography

III
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The researcher would like to acknowledge the following for their help in the

accomplishment of this work:

The researcher would like to thank the God Almighty for giving him strength and courage

in order to finish this work;

Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Thesis Writing Professor, Judge

Elmer H. Alea for the continuous support for this research, for his patience, motivation,

enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me in all the time of research and

writing of this thesis. I could not have imagined having a better Professor for this research.

To the Researcher’s family, for supporting him emotionally and financially;

The University of Batangas College of Law for giving the Researcher an opportunity to

conduct this kind of thesis and and to make this research study possible.

IV
 DEDICATION

This research is wholeheartedly dedicated to all those who helped and inspired me to

finish this study.

To God Almighty for his grace, wisdom and divine guidance.

To my father, who taught me that the best kind of knowledge to have is that

which is learned for its own sake.

To my mother, who taught me that even the largest task can be accomplished if

it is done one step at a time.

To those who don’t know their rights that must be protected.

V
 ABSTRACT

Title : VIOLATION AGAINST WOMEN AND THEIR CHILDREN

CONSTITUTING SUFFERING INITIATED BY LESBIAN

PARTNER

Researcher : Aldueza, King Harold E.

Type of Document : Graduate Thesis

Degree : Juris Doctor (J.D.)

College : College of Law

School : University of Batangas

Address : Hilltop Rd., Kumintang Ibaba, Batangas City, 4200 Philippines

Year : December 2017

Thesis Writing Professor : Judge Elmer H. Alea

No. of Pages : 50

Summary
This study sought to answer the following questions;

1. When could be the negative effects of having a lesbian couple occur?

It resulted that lesbian, gay and bisexual who are in a romantic relationship experience

stigma prejudice and discrimination leads to same sex relationship devaluation. Similarly, in the

VI
current study, the environment affects the relationship of same-sex couples, where on the side of

lesbian relationship the acceptance was also based in their family and peers.

2. Can we limit VAWC as to male and female solely as provided by law nevertheless how are

those people who experienced abuse and suffering initiated by lesbian couple?

You might be experiencing domestic violence if you're in a relationship with someone

who: Calls you names, insults you or puts you down, prevents or discourages you from going to

work or school or seeing family members or friends, tries to control how you spend money,

where you go, what medicines you take or what you wear, acts jealous or possessive or

constantly accuses you of being unfaithful, gets angry when drinking alcohol or using drugs,

threatens you with violence or a weapon, hits, kicks, shoves, slaps, chokes or otherwise hurts

you, your children or your pets, forces you to have sex or engage in sexual acts against your will,

blames you for his or her violent behavior or tells you that you deserve it.

3. How can the abuse of women and children initiated by lesbian couple be lessened?

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual people who want to help reduce prejudice and discrimination

can be open about their sexual orientation, even as they take necessary precautions to be as safe

as possible. They can examine their own belief systems for the presence of antigay stereotypes.

They can make use of the lesbian, gay, and bisexual community—as well as supportive

heterosexual people—for support. Heterosexual people who wish to help reduce prejudice and

discrimination can examine their own response to antigay stereotypes and prejudice. They can

make a point of coming to know lesbian, gay, and bisexual people, and they can work with

lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals and communities to combat prejudice and discrimination.
VII
VIII
 Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

In an ideal world, an individual or group of individuals would always be assessed based

on their own personal attributes and actions. To give emphasis on VAWC violation would always

exist in a various manner and in any type of persons. This problem which our country is facing in

today’s generation- The growing case of domestic violence against women and their children.1

This country upholds the dignity of every citizen and the equal protection of law (1987

Philippine Constitution, Art III, Sec 1) as defined in R.A 9262 known as an act defining violence

against woman and their children, providing protective measures for victims, prescribing

penalties therefore and for other purposes (VAWC)2

The Philippine Government is just to show how right of every citizen especially women

and their children be valued. Our laws always to protect women and children but for people who

have a lesbian partner are they not afforded protection under VAWC just because it is not

recognized in the law as to which the Constitution would always advocate equal protection of

law.

R.A 9262- or Anti Violation against Women and their Children (VAWC) was enacted to

law due to the effort of various groups advocating the elimination of violence against women and

their children to break their silence. The law recognized abuses committed against women by

1
Ecoben, Wenceslao., R.A. 9262- Anti- Violence Against Women and Children
2
Bernas, Joaquin G., SJ. (2009). The 1987 Philippine Constitution. Manila, Philippines: Rex Bookstore, Inc.
1
their intimate partners as a violation of human rights. This marked the recognition of domestic

violence as a public offense. This is perpetrated not only against a private complainant but

against entire society.

VAWC refers to any act or a series of acts committed by any person against a woman

who is his wife, former wife or against a woman with whom the person has or had sexual or

dating relationship or with whom he has a common child or against her child whether legitimate

of illegitimate with in or without the family abode which result in or is likely to result in

physical, sexual, psychological harm or suffering or economic abuse including threats of such

acts, battery, assault, coercion, harassment or arbitrary deprivation of liberty. It includes but it is

not limited to the following acts: Physical violence includes bodily or physical harm. Sexual

violence refers to an act which is sexual in nature committed against a woman or her child.

Psychological happens when there are acts or omissions which cause perceptual or emotional

grief of the victim. Economic abuse refers to acts when there is removal of financial support,

denial of financial resources, abolishing household property and controlling the victim’s personal

money or possession or solely controlling the marital money or properties. It also recognizes the

battered woman syndrome as a legal defense. This must be punished according to the rules

provided under the Revised Penal Code depends on the gravity of the offense.3

Women may not be aware if there are certain defenses one can do in order to protect

themselves in a situation of abuse or violence initiated by their lesbian partner. Violence in

lesbian partner recently has been identified as an important social problem. Researchers have

must often studied physical violence

3
Lobusta, Mikael S., et al. R.A. 9262: Anti- Violence Against Women and Children Law: An Assessment. 22 May 2014.
2
 Lesbian who abuse another women may do for some several reasons. Normally they

abuse partners to gain and maintain control. Lesbian batterers are motivated to avoid feelings of

loss and abandonment. Thus many violent incidents occur during threatened separations. This

may cause when lesbian batterers grew up in a violent household and where physically, sexually

or verbally abused by fathers or stepfathers.4

Statement of the Problem

This research seeks to examine R.A 9262: Anti Violence against Women and their

Children Law. Most particularly this research study aims to answer the following questions.

1. When could be the negative effects of having a lesbian couple occur?

2. Can we limit VAWC as to male and female solely as provided by law nevertheless how

are those people who experienced abuse and suffering initiated by lesbian couple?
3. How can the abuse of women and children initiated by lesbian couple be lessened?

Objective of the Study

This research aims to amend the law implementation and effects of R.A 9262: Anti-

VAWC.

1. Negative effects of having a lesbian couple as a partner.

2. We limit VAWC as to male and female solely as provided by law

nevertheless there are people who experienced abuse and suffering initiated by

lesbian couple.
3. Abuse of women and children initiated by lesbian couple can be lessened.

4
Rose, Suzana Ph.D. National Violence Against Women Prevention Research Center.
3
Significance of Study

There has been a long observation as to the existence of the abuse and suffering from a

lesbian couple that the lawmaker would not see these circumstances. The need to amend

legislation to conform with what is happening to modern day society.

For abused partners wanting security and protection. This study could assist them to

terminate relationship and reinstate what has been lost.

For counsels through the review of these cases will guide them on how to correlate

existing circumstances to conform with what is happening to modern day society.

For the legal field this study could shed light to future researchers to briefly examine

what is happening to modern day society especially those people whose craving for rights and

justice.

Scope and Delimitation

The assessment on R.A 9262 is a research study to amend the implementation effect of it

in the respondent. It had been observed and analyzed the respondents’ awareness of law and

certain factors that could affect it.

In this research study, the researcher limit to amend the law on lesbian subject solely.

This study was limited up to the extent of the researcher’s knowledge about the topic in

conformity to what is happening in this modern society.

4
Definition of terms

1. Violence against women and their children (VAWC) – it refers to any act or a series of

acts committed by any person against a woman who is his wife, former wife, or against a

woman with whom the person has or had a sexual or dating relationship, or with whom

he has a common child, or against her child whether legitimate or illegitimate, within or

without the family abode, which result in or is likely to result in physical, sexual,

psychological harm or suffering, or economic abuse including threats of such acts,

battery, assault, coercion, harassment or arbitrary deprivation of liberty.

2. Battery - it refers to an act of inflicting physical harm upon the woman or her child

resulting to the physical and psychological or emotional distress.

3. Battered Woman Syndrome – it refers to a scientifically defined pattern of psychological

and behavioral symptoms found in women living in battering relationships as a result of

cumulative abuse.

4. Children - it refers to those below eighteen (18) years of age or older but are incapable of

taking care of themselves. It includes the biological children of the victim and other

children under her care.

5. Domestic violence- is a pattern of violent and coercive behaviors whereby one attempts

to control the thoughts, beliefs or behaviors of an intimate partner or to punish the partner

for resisting one’s control.

5
Conceptual framework

Violation against women and their children (VAWC), the concept of violence does not limit solely

to physical violence but also sexual violence, psychological and economic abuse including threats. The law

penalizes any act committed by any person against a woman who is his wife, former wife, or against a

woman with whom the person has or had a sexual or dating relationship, or with whom he has a common

child, or against her child whether legitimate or illegitimate, within or without the family abode.

Any violence can be present in all spheres of a woman's life due to the unjust aggressor

which happened to be her partner. As stated in the law only man can be the unjust aggressor

against his wife or partner but there are numerous cases found out that lesbian who happened to

be the partner inflicts pain and injury. People who has a lesbian partner are they not afforded

protection under VAWC just because it is not recognized in the law? This existing gap has

divulged to the existence of this kind of research to amend the law considering that lesbian could

also be an unjust aggressor. Lesbian partner could inflict physical, sexual, psychological and

economic abuse since they are acting and claiming that they are male and of superior to women.

Since many lesbian batterers grew up in violent households and were physically, sexually, or

verbally abused and/or witnessed their mothers being abused by fathers or stepfathers. Thus

prescribing penalties must be imposed according to R.A 9262 to protect the family and its

members from violence and threats initiated by lesbian partner.

Legal Basis INTERPRETATION Summary of the gathered

Data Collected information as to amend
the application of R.A
INPUT PROCESS 9262 if it would be
OUTPUT
beneficial to those who
have a lesbian partner.

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This Chapter presents the related literature and studies after the thorough and in -

depth search done by the researcher. It also includes ideas, finished thesis, generalization or

conclusion that are relevant and similar to the present study.

Related Literature

Lesbian Existence

The prevailing identification of Filipino lesbians is associated with the local use

of the term“tomboy”. This however has been contested as wanting in providing a

positive image for Filipino lesbians (Lesbian Advocates Philippines 119). As local

literature suggests that the Philippine term “tomboy” produces a stereotype that

connotes financial and emotional instability(Ibid), the review opts to take on the

terms, lesbians and bisexual women throughout the review.With the continuing and

7
unfolding discussion on the Filipino LGBTQI identities, the review takes the general

term, LGBTQI in its discussion.

The review adopts Adrienne Rich’s terms, “lesbian existence” and “lesbian

continuum” (Rich134) in lieu of lesbianism with the same reason that the last has a

clinical and limiting ring to it.Lesbian continuum includes a range – through each

woman’s life and throughout history–of woman-identified experience. It is not simply

the fact that a woman has had or consciously desired [genital] sexual experience with

another woman; it is through many forms of primary intensity between and among

women, including sharing of a rich inner life, the bonding against male tyranny, the

giving and receiving of practical and political support, among others.

Lesbian existence comprises both the breaking of a taboo and the rejection of a

compulsory way of life. It is also a direct or indirect attack on male right of access to

women. But it is more than these, although we may first begin to perceive it as a form

of nay-saying to patriarchy or an act of resistance (Ibid).The review takes the vantage

point of the foregoing as the context of lesbians’ and bisexual women’s realities.

Though most profiled in the review do not reflect or outright manifest the above

characterization, the review shall illustrate how the above mentioned is implicated

along the discussion especially in the issues and experiences of lesbians and bisexual

women in the work place. 5

5
Jordan, Chang. Lesbian and Bisexual Women in the Workplace: A Review of Related
Literature.https://www.academia.edu/594578/Lesbian_and_Bisexual_Women_in_the_Workplace_A_Review_of_Related_Litera
ture.Date visited November 6, 2019
8
Lesbian Love and Relationship

Three questions that should be priorities for future research on lesbian love and

relationships. The first question concerns the very definition of “lesbian relationship,”

given how many women may be engaged in same-sex relationships without identifying

as lesbian. The second question concerns the potential influence of childhood neglect

and abuse on adult women's same-sex relationships, a topic that has important

implications for both psychological well-being and relationship functioning. The third

question concerns the potential downsides of legal marriage for women's same-sex

relationships, a topic that is particularly important in light of the new found legal

recognition of same-sex marriage in all 50 states. Although there are many

understudied questions in the domain of women's same-sex relationships, research on

these three questions has particularly strong potential to advance our understanding of

lesbian love and relationships in important ways. 6

Dissolving Same-sex

While prior research has compared same-sex to heterosexual relationships, very little

attention has been paid to the unique experiences of women dissolving same-sex relationships,

especially in the context of shifting legal and social policies. The current study examined the

experience of 20 women who dissolved their same-sex relationship between 2002 and 2014.

6
Diamond, Liza M., “Three Critical Questions for future research on lesbian relationship”,21 October 2016.
9
 Participants were drawn from a longitudinal sample of same-sex and heterosexual

couples and were interviewed using a semi-structured protocol. Interviews focused on three

primary research questions: reasons for dissolution, emotional reactions, and role of legal status.

While reasons for dissolution largely mirrored literature on women in heterosexual relationships,

emotional reactions and the role of legal status were both influenced by sexual minority-specific

factors related to minority stress and the recent societal changes pertaining to legal relationship

recognition. Results are interpreted in a framework of minority stress and the ongoing legacy of

institutional discrimination experienced by women in same-sex relationships.7

Church Teaching

Since Building a Bridge, a book on ministering to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender

Catholics, was published, I have been asked—at Catholic parishes, retreat centers, colleges and

universities and conferences—a few questions that recur over and over. The most common are:

“What can we say to gay people who believe that God hates them?” “How can we help young

people who feel tempted to suicide because of their sexual orientation?” And “What can we say

to gay or lesbian Catholics who feel that their own church has rejected them?”

Another common question is about the church’s official teaching on homosexuality,

homosexual activity and same-sex marriage. Usually these questions are asked not by Catholics

7
Balsam, Kimberly F., “Breaking up is hard to do: Women’s experience of dissolving their same sex relationship”, 7 September
2016
10
who are unaware of the church’s teaching (for most Catholics know the teachings); rather they

are asked by Catholics who want to understand the basis for the church’s teachings on those

topics.

Building a Bridge intentionally steered clear of issues of sexual morality, since I hoped to

foster dialogue by focusing on areas of possible commonality; and the church hierarchy and the

majority of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender Catholics remain far apart on these issues. It

also makes little sense to begin a conversation with topics on which the two sides are the farthest

apart. Overall, the book was about dialogue and prayer, rather than moral theology. (As a

Catholic priest, I have also never challenged those teachings, nor will I.) But for a meaningful

encounter to occur between the church hierarchy and any community, it’s helpful if both groups

understand one another as much as possible. As I mentioned in the book, good bridges take

people in both directions.

So it’s important to ask: What is the church’s official teaching on these issues? As an

aside, since the Catechism of the Catholic Church, a compendium of church teaching on various

topics, does not address bisexual or transgender persons but rather “homosexual persons,” I’ll

refer here to gay and lesbian people to be more precise. Church teaching at the most basic level

is contained in the Gospels and, even more basically, in the revelation of the Father’s love in

Jesus Christ. So the most fundamental of all church teachings about gay and lesbian people is

this: God loves them. They are beloved children of God, created by God and in need of God’s

loving care and mercy—as all of us are.8

8
Martin, James S.J.What is the official church teaching on homosexuality?, 30 April 2018
11
Biblical Basis on Homosexuality

At the heart of the claim that the Bible is clear "that homosexuality is forbidden by God"

is poor biblical scholarship and a cultural bias read into the Bible. The Bible says nothing about

"homosexuality" as an innate dimension of personality. Sexual orientation was not understood in

biblical times. There are references in the Bible to same-gender sexual behavior, and all of them

are undeniably negative. But what is condemned in these passages is the violence, idolatry and

exploitation related to the behavior, not the same-gender nature of the behavior. There are

references in the Bible to different-gender sexual behavior that are just as condemning for the

same reasons. But no one claims that the condemnation is because the behavior was between a

man and a woman.

There was no word in Hebrew, Aramaic or Greek for "homosexual" or "homosexuality."

These words were invented near the end of the 19th century when psychoanalysts began to

discover and understand sexuality as an essential part of the human personality in all of its

diversity. Consequently, it cannot be claimed that the Bible says anything at all about it. The

writers of the Bible had neither the understanding of it nor the language for it.

There is only one reference to sexual behavior between women, and that is in Romans

1:26. The context of this reference has to do with Gentiles rejecting the true God to pursue false
12
gods; i.e., idolatry. And, the sexual behavior described is orgiastic, not that of a loving, mutual,

caring, committed relationship. What is condemned is the worship of false gods.

Sexuality is a wonderful gift from God. It is more than genital behavior. It's the way we

embody and express ourselves in the world. But we cannot love another person intimately

without embodying that love, without using our bodies to love. And that does involve genital

behavior. Sexual love is for the purpose of giving and receiving pleasure with our most intimate

partner. It is a means of deepening and strengthening the intimate union that exists. This can only

be healthy and good if our behavior is consistent with who we are and with whom we love, and

when we are true to our own sexuality and orientation.

How do I view God's position on "homosexuality?" I believe lesbian, gay and bisexual

people to be a part of God's wondrous creation, created to be just who they are, and completely

loved and treasured by God. I believe God does not intend for any one to be alone but to live in

companionship. And I believe God expects healthy loving relationships to include sexual love.

The Bible doesn't say this, of course. But neither does it deny it. I believe this to be true

not only because of the Bible's emphasis on the goodness of God's creation and the supreme

value of love, but because of the greater understanding of human nature that we have available to

us today. I do not believe that God intends us to live in the small world of ancient biblical

culture, but rather in God's larger evolving world informed by science, reason and experience.9

Definition of Lesbian gender

9
Creech, Jimmy.What the bibile says about homosexuality?(2019)
13
 A woman or young woman who forms her primary loving and sexual relationships with

other women; a woman or young woman who has a continuing affectional, emotional, romantic,

and/or erotic attraction to someone of the same sex. Some lesbians prefer to call themselves

“lesbian” and they use the term “gay” to refer to gay men; others use the term “gay” to refer to

both gay males and lesbian females.10

Lesbian feminism presented one way for women to free themselves from both male

domination and heterosexism. Its analysis of society was based on two central claims. The first

was an assertion that heterosexuality encompassed much more than a form of sexual desire, that

it also functioned as an institution that supported male supremacy and female subordination.

Romantic love, familial structures, traditional gender roles, making it compulsory and leaving its

putative normalcy unquestioned. At the same time that heterosexuality helped perpetuate the

subordination of women, it reinforced the benefits that women could gain from participation in

partnerships with men, which gave them added status and economic privileges. The threat of

losing those advantages kept women from challenging the status quo and acting in ways that

might jeopardize their status. As one of the first lesbian feminist groups, the Radicalesbians,

argued in a 1970 essay, “The Woman-Identified Woman,” women were called lesbians

(pejoratively), regardless of their preferred partners, when they dared to act as if they were equal

to men. Fear of being labeled a lesbian acted as a powerful deterrent against women’s push for

equality as well as constraining the development of solidarity among women.11

10
Kort, Joe.Lesbian terms and definition. http://www.joekort.com/articles.htm/Gay_Affirmative_Psychotherapy/articles21.htm
11
https://www.britannica.com/topic/lesbian-feminism/Contemporary-issues
14
Issues for Lesbian and Gay Parented Families

The issues that arise in lesbian- and gay-parented families are a function of two things:

One is the rich variety of family constellations they comprise, and the other is the fact that they

are living in a society which does not yet value rich variety. The tension created by this situation

generates unique needs for the approximately 5 million gay and lesbian parents in this country1

whenever they present themselves to the legal system, the educational system, the mental health

profession, religious organizations, the medical profession, or the insurance industry - to name

just a few.

To begin with, it is important to know that family constellations among lesbian- and gay-

parented families are largely quite different from the heterosexually-parented nuclear family. Our

conventional notion of a parenting family contains many presumptions: that there will be two

parents, that they will be one of each gender, that they will be romantic partners of one another,

they will live under one roof, that they will both be biologically related to the children they raise,

and that they will be recognized legally as a family. This Mom-and-Dad nuclear family is not

merely the baseline model in our culture against which all other models are deviant, but it is also

assumed by most to be an optimal structure for child development, compared to which all other

constellations are viewed as having deficiencies which must be overcome.

This is a model, however, which applies to no lesbian and gay parented families. Gay and

lesbian parents are heading families with one, two, three, or even four parents. Sometimes there

15
are no men among the parents, sometimes there are no women. Sometimes there are men and

women but they are not romantic partners of each other. Some families intentionally comprise

more than one household. Sometimes both biological parents are included in the family and

sometimes not. Often there is a biological parent who is not a family member at all. Usually

there is at least one parent who has no biological relation to the child. And perhaps most

important, there is almost always a parent-child relationship that the law does not recognize or

protect.12

Contemporary Lesbian Relationship

While this line of comparison with heterosexual couples has been useful in elucidating

what is, and is not, unique about lesbian relationships, a major problem is that this mindset of

inquiry is very much rooted in a heterosexist norm, where heterosexual couples essentially

function as the control group and lesbian couples are the “other.” More recently, as in many of

the articles in this special issue, research on lesbian relationships has evolved from a between-

group comparison model to a within-group model. For example, we can now ask the question:

within lesbian relationships, what are the factors that differentiate happy, well-functioning

relationships from those that are struggling? In this issue, Lavner uses the vulnerability-stress-

adaptation model to provide a comprehensive review of the various individual, couple, and

external factors that have been found to be associated with lesbian relationship satisfaction.

Melanie Brewster and Rachel Farr hone in on how specific aspects of relationship functioning

(household labor division and adoptive parenting, respectively) contribute to relationship

12
Martin, April PhD.Issues for Lesbian and Gay Parented Families. https://parenthood.library.wisc.edu/Martin/Martin.html
16
satisfaction and stability. This type of within-group exploration is allowing the field to form a

much deeper understanding of the range of experiences found among lesbian relationships.13

Prevalence of Abuse in Same-Sex Intimate Relationships

The existing statistical evidence indicates that IPV affects approximately one-quarter to

one-half of all same-sex relationships (Alexander, 2002; Burke et al., 2002; McClennen, 2005;

Pitt, 2000). These rates are similar to estimates of abuse in heterosexual relationships (Alexander,

2002; McClennen, 2005), suggesting that same-sex partners are abused about as often as

heterosexual partners (Aulivola, 2004; Pitt, 2000; Potoczniak et al., 2003; West, 2002). The

National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs (NCAVP, 2004), a national advocacy coalition

working to end violence perpetrated against the LGBT population, reported 6,523 episodes of

IPV in LGBT relationships in 2003, with most instances (82%) occurring in gay and lesbian

relationships. However, this figure is not exhaustive, as it only represents the documentation

efforts of a portion of NCAVP groups and therefore does not include data from organizations /not

affiliated with NCAVP or from individuals who are not affiliated with any LGBT organization.

Thus, the extent of same-sex IPV is almost certainly much more pervasive. Physical abuse.

Physical violence seems to occur in a significant portion of abusive same-sex relationships.

Elliott (1996) and De Vidas (1999) suggest that between 22 and 46% of lesbians have been in

partnerships featuring physical hostility. In a sample of 63 gay males, McClennen et al. (2002)

found that participants were struck frequently by their partners, had things thrown at them, and

were coerced into substance use, among other experiences. Greenwood et al. (2002) reported that

13
Holley, Sarah R.Perspective on Contemporary Lesbian Relationships. 21 October 2016
17
22% of a sample of men who had sex with men (N = 2,881) had been subject to physical

violence. Sexual abuse. Research indicates that sexual abuse is a fairly common phenomenon in

IPV-afflicted same-sex relationships. For instance, Waldner-Haugrud and Gratch (1997) reported

that 52% of their study sample (N = 283; 58% gay, 42% lesbian) had been subject to one or more

incidents of sexual manipulation. Similarly, ToroAlfonso and Rodriguez-

Madera (2004) found that approximately 25% of a sample of Puerto Rican gay and bisexual

males (N = 302) had experienced one or more episodes of sexual coercion or unwanted sex.

Additionally, in a review of the literature, West (2002) stated that sexual abuse rates varied

between 7 and 55% in former lesbian partnerships.

Psychological and emotional abuse. Like sexual and physical abuse, acts of psychological

and emotional abuse appears to happen relatively frequently in exploitative and violent same-sex

relationships. For example, as part of the Lesbian Relationship Research Project, Scherzer (1998)

reported an emotional abuse rate of 31% in a sample of 256 women residing in San Francisco. In

a somewhat smaller analysis of gay men (N = 52), Merrill and Wolfe (2000) found that all

/participants had been victimized emotionally. Greenwood et al. (2002) discovered that roughly

one-third of their sample had experienced psychological abuse in the 5 years preceding their

study14

Recognize domestic violence

Domestic violence is also called intimate partner violence. It occurs between people in an

intimate relationship. Domestic violence can take many forms, including emotional, sexual and

14
Murray, Christine E. et al., Same-Sex Intimate Partner Violence: Dynamics, Social Context, and Counseling Implications
18
physical abuse and threats of abuse. Men are sometimes abused by partners, but domestic

violence is most often directed toward women. Domestic violence can happen in heterosexual or

same-sex relationships. Abusive relationships always involve an imbalance of power and control.

An abuser uses intimidating, hurtful words and behaviors to control his or her partner.

It might not be easy to identify domestic violence at first. While some relationships are

clearly abusive from the outset, abuse often starts subtly and gets worse over time. You might be

experiencing domestic violence if you're in a relationship with someone who: Calls you names,

insults you or puts you down, prevents or discourages you from going to work or school or

seeing family members or friends, tries to control how you spend money, where you go, what

medicines you take or what you wear, acts jealous or possessive or constantly accuses you of

being unfaithful, gets angry when drinking alcohol or using drugs, threatens you with violence or

a weapon, hits, kicks, shoves, slaps, chokes or otherwise hurts you, your children or your pets,

forces you to have sex or engage in sexual acts against your will, blames you for his or her

violent behavior or tells you that you deserve it

If you're lesbian, bisexual or transgender, you might also be experiencing domestic

violence if you're in a relationship with someone who: threatens to tell friends, family, colleagues

or community members your sexual orientation or gender identity, tells you that authorities won't

help a lesbian, bisexual or transgender person, tells you that leaving the relationship means

you're admitting that lesbian, bisexual or transgender relationships are

19
deviant, says women can't be violent, justifies abuse by telling you that you're not "really"

lesbian, bisexual or transgender.15

Related Study

In the study conducted by Frost (2011), it resulted that lesbian, gay and bisexual who are

in a romantic relationship experience stigma prejudice and discrimination leads to same sex

relationship devaluation. Similarly, in the current study, the environment affects the relationship

of same-sex couples, where on the side of lesbian relationship the acceptance was also based in

their family and peers while the gay couple do adjustment in their society in order for them to get

accepted.16

In another study conducted by Whitehead (2013) he focused on the acceptance of lesbian

and gay individuals as a couple and also the factors that affect LG couples which is similar to

the current study. The researcher found out that as lesbian couples started their relationship, they

encountered hurdles and they were not easily accepted by the people around them . Through this,

the researchers identified the factors that affect the relationship.17

15
Staff, Clinic Mayo.Recognize domestic violence. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/domestic-
violence/art-20048397.Date visited: November 22, 2019.
16
.Id
Frost, D. M. (2011). Stigma and intimacy in same sex relationships: A narrative approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 25
(1),1.
17
Whitehead, A. L. (2013). Religious organizations and homosexuality: The Acceptance of Gays and Lesbians in American
Congregations.Review of Religious Research, 552(2), 297-317.
20
 The study of Whitam (2013) resulted into six tentative cultural invariability and one of

the findings that emerged from the analysis is that social standards do not interfere about the

emergence of homosexual orientation, in contrast with the forenamed study, it focused not only

in the individual homosexual but with the same-sex relationship which stated that the perception

of the same-sex couples depends on their connection with the gay or lesbian person.18

Hence, skinner (2009) pointed out that the perception about the positive relationship traits

in gay and lesbian couple were exposed. Consequently, in the current study, perception of

the same-sex relationship depends on their connection with the subject where perception of

people close to lesbian relationship experience normal treatment while in gay tends to be

subjective.

In addition, Foe (2014) conducted a study where gays and lesbians have high tolerance

here in the Philippines due to the support of the government. However, the Catholic Church is

against with the same-sex activities. While, in the aforementioned study, it was also interpreted

that the environment also affects the relationship of same-sex couples a show they were treated

in the kind of intimate relationship they have. 19

On the other findings that were shown from the study of Rostosky, Riggle, Dudley, and

Wright (2017), one of the domains that described the same-sex couple long term relationship is

from the personal and relationship values and ideas, which is the same to the current study

18
Whitam, F. L. (2013). Cultural invariable properties of male homosexuality: Tentative conclusions from cross-cultural research
. Archives of sexual behaviour, 12(3), 207-226.
19
Gecolea, J. M., Rainbow Love, A unique kind of love: A case study on lesbian and gay couples
.https://www.academia.edu/37142129/RAINBOW_LOVE_A_UNIQUE_KIND_OF_LOVE_A_CASE_STUDY_ON_LESBIAN
_AND_GAY_COUPLES_IN_THE_CITY_OF_CABUYAO_LAGUNA. Visited 9 November 2019.
21
stating that a healthy relationship will be achieved knowing that the partner possess traits which

give them reason to stay in a relationship and feel the satisfaction. 20

Synthesis

The phenomenological understanding of the researcher has been made to the

interpretation of gathered data with respect to the couple who has a lesbian partner. The lived

experienced that were derived from the shared responses of the participants present that almost

all the experiences started with hardships and later become accepted. They all stated their

different experiences while they undergo to this kind of relationship. Acceptance from their

respective families and peer influence is very essential in constituting same-sex relationship. In

disagreement of these peers, it would result and largely affect the relationship bond of the same-

sex couple. Moreover, it is not only these peers that affect the same-sex relationship but also the

connection bond between the couple. Healthy relationship will always be achieved knowing that

the partner possesses traits which give them reason to stay in a relationship and feel the

satisfaction.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

20
Rostosky, S. S., Riggle, E. D., Dudley, M. G., & Wright, M. L. C. (2006). Commitment in same-sex relationships: A
qualitative analysis of couples’ conversations. Journal Homosexuality, 51(3), 199-223.
22
 This chapter describes the methodology of research study, data analysis techniques, study

design, including collection of data, validation of instruments and analytical treatment of the

data.

Research Method

According to Denzin and Lincoln (2005) a research methodology or strategy is

determined by the nature of the research question and the subject being investigated. As a result

the research format used in an investigation should be seen as a tool to answer the research

question.

A qualitative research approach for this study was chosen because qualitative methods are

especially useful since the field of study involves analyzing, studying and scrutinizing a law in

relation to its constitutional and other legal implications especially in discovering the meaning

that people give to events that they experience.

The qualitative method of research design embraces the descriptive method, a general

procedure employed in the studies that have for its chief purpose the description of the

phenomena in contract to ascertain what causes them or to access their value and significance. It

involves the collection of data in order to test the hypothesis or answer the questions regarding

the current status of the subject or the study.

The descriptive research method is used in gathering the needed information for this

study. This method enables the researchers to interpret the theoretical meaning of the findings

and hypothesis development for further studies.

23
Justification for using Qualitative Research

The researcher uses a holistic approach where all parts of the problem are explored. It

looks at the larger picture and begins with a search for understanding of the whole. The research

looks at relationships within a system or culture which, in the present study, entails the

exploration of lesbian couple relationship constituting violence against the partner. The research

approach is personal. In this study the personal experiences of the researcher and by means of

collecting data which is relevant in this study. The focus is on understanding the problem under

investigation instead of making predictions about it. It also focuses on understanding in a given

social setting, not necessarily on making predictions about that setting. It also requires the

researcher to become the research instrument. It incorporates room for description of the

researcher's own biases and ideological preferences.

Data Gathering Procedure

For the purposes of this research the researcher applied two methods of data collection

techniques: Primary and Secondary sources. This was done in order to collect adequate and

relevant data to address the research objectives of this study. Nonetheless, the researcher used

qualitative research method. They were derived from the provision of 1987 Philippine
24
Constitution, Art III, Sec 1 as defined in R.A 9262 known as an act defining violence against

woman and their children, providing protective measures for victims, prescribing penalties

therefore and for other purposes (VAWC) and other related laws and jurisprudence.

In addition, to arrive at a factual finding for the research, the author utilized researches,

articles, books and the use of internet in discussing matters related to topic with caution about the

credibility of the cited sources. The researcher cautiously piled up relevant data according to the

degree of relativity and importance to the study. The researcher also conducted study of

documents and in-formations from the internet he has collected since it was deemed necessary

for a research.

Validation of Instrument

Validation of the instruments was also made by the researcher to ensure the quality of the

results, making the final output a reflection of the true findings of the study. Validation is the

confirmation with an examination and provision of objective evidence.

Analytical Treatment of the Data

The data and necessary information collected were carefully sorted and analyze to arrive

at conclusive and appropriate findings. The data were analyzed according to its degree of

importance and relevance to the research topic. Materials gathered were carefully scrutinized by

25
answering the statement of the problem. Careful analysis has been rendered using all the relevant

materials to directly arrive to a concrete conclusion and a satisfaction of answers.

CHAPTER IV

INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter overseen the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data gathered by the

researcher. This study aims to determine the nature of the relationship of having a lesbian couple

whether or not affects greatly to the family.

What is sexual orientation?

26
 Sexual orientation refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual

attractions to men, women, or both sexes. Sexual orientation also refers to a person’s sense of

identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others

who share those attractions. Research over several decades has demonstrated that sexual

orientation ranges along a continuum, from exclusive attraction to the other sex to exclusive

attraction to the same sex. However, sexual orientation is usually discussed in terms of three

categories: heterosexual (having emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to members of the

other sex), gay/lesbian (having emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to members of one’s

own sex), and bisexual (having emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to both men and

women). This range of behaviors and attractions has been described in various cultures and

nations throughout the world. Many cultures use identity labels to describe people who express

these attractions. In the United States the most frequent labels are lesbians (women attracted to

women), gay men (men attracted to men), and bisexual people (men or women attracted to both

sexes). However, some people may use different labels or none at all. Sexual orientation is

distinct from other components of sex and gender, including biological sex (the anatomical,

physiological, and genetic characteristics associated with being male or female), gender identity

(the psychological sense of being male or female),* and social gender role (the cultural norms

that define feminine and masculine behavior). Sexual orientation is commonly discussed as if it

were solely a characteristic of an individual, like biological sex, gender identity, or age. This

perspective is incomplete because sexual orientation is defined in terms of relationships with

others. People express their sexual orientation through behaviors with others, including such

simple actions as holding hands or kissing. Thus, sexual orientation is closely tied to the intimate

27
personal relationships that meet deeply felt needs for love, attachment, and intimacy. In addition

to sexual behaviors, these bonds include nonsexual physical affection between partners, shared

goals and values, mutual support, and ongoing commitment. Therefore, sexual orientation is not

merely a personal characteristic within an individual. Rather, one’s sexual orientation defines the

group of people in which one is likely to find the satisfying and fulfilling romantic relationships

that are an essential component of personal identity for many people.21

How do people know if they are lesbian, gay, or bisexual?

According to current scientific and professional understanding, the core attractions that

form the basis for adult sexual orientation typically emerge between middle childhood and early

adolescence. These patterns of emotional, romantic, and sexual attraction may arise without any

prior sexual experience. People can be celibate and still know their sexual orientation-–be it

lesbian, gay, bisexual, or heterosexual. Different lesbian, gay, and bisexual people have very

different experiences regarding their sexual orientation. Some people know that they are lesbian,

gay, or bisexual for a long time before they actually pursue relationships with other people. Some

people engage in sexual activity (with same-sex and/or other sex partners) before assigning a

clear label to their sexual orientation. Prejudice and discrimination make it difficult for many

people to come to terms with their sexual orientation identities, so claiming a lesbian, gay, or

bisexual identity may be a slow process.

What could be the negative effect of having a lesbian partner?

21
The American Psychological Association, 750 First Street, NE Washington, DC 20002.
https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbt/orientation.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3gfOYtQcyHja4ONHDING59F-udElInGQCQTp4Vwj_E-
WkPSkv8yI8QHgc, date visited: November 19, 2019
28
 One belief that often underlies both judicial decision-making in custody litigation and

public policies governing foster care and adoption has been the belief that lesbians and gay men

are not fit to be parents. In particular, courts have sometimes assumed that gay men and lesbians

are mentally ill, that lesbians are less maternal than heterosexual women, and that lesbians' and

gay men's relationships with sexual partners leave little time for ongoing parent-child

interactions (Editors of the Harvard Law Review, 1990). Results of research to date have failed

to confirm any of these beliefs (Falk, 1989, 1994; Patterson, 1994b, 1995b, 1996).22

What role do prejudice and discrimination play in the lives of lesbian, gay,

and bisexual people?

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual people in the United States encounter extensive prejudice,

discrimination, and violence because of their sexual orientation. Intense prejudice against

lesbians, gay men, and bisexual people was widespread throughout much of the 20th century.

Public opinion studies over the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s routinely showed that, among large

segments of the public, lesbian, gay, and bisexual people were the target of strongly held

negative attitudes. More recently, public opinion has increasingly opposed sexual orientation

discrimination, but expressions of hostility toward lesbians and gay men remain common in

contemporary American society. Prejudice against bisexuals appears to exist at comparable

levels. In fact, bisexual individuals may face discrimination from some lesbian and gay people as

well as from heterosexual people. Sexual orientation discrimination takes many forms. Severe

antigay prejudice is reflected in the high rate of harassment and violence directed toward lesbian,

22
Patterson, Charlotte J.LESBIAN AND GAY PARENTING. www.apsa-lesbian-and-gay-parenting%20(1). date visited:
November 19, 2019

29
gay, and bisexual individuals in American society. Numerous surveys indicate that verbal

harassment and abuse are nearly universal experiences among lesbian, gay, and bisexual people.

Also, discrimination against lesbian, gay, and bisexual people in employment and housing

appears to remain widespread.23

Is homosexuality a mental disorder?

No, lesbian, gay, and bisexual orientations are not disorders. Research has found no

inherent association between any of these sexual orientations and psychopathology. Both

heterosexual behavior and homosexual behavior are normal aspects of human sexuality. Both

have been documented in many different cultures and historical eras. Despite the persistence of

stereotypes that portray lesbian, gay, and bisexual people as disturbed, several decades of

research and clinical experience have led all mainstream medical and mental health organizations

in this country to conclude that these orientations represent normal forms of human experience.

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual relationships are normal forms of human bonding. Therefore, these

mainstream organizations long ago abandoned classifications of homosexuality as a mental

disorder.

What is the nature of same-sex relationships?

Research indicates that many lesbians and gay men want and have committed

relationships. For example, survey data indicate that between 40% and 60% of gay men and
23
Id.
30
between 45% and 80% of lesbians are currently involved in a romantic relationship. Further, data

from the 2000 U.S. Census indicate that of the 5.5 million couples who were living together but

not married, about 1 in 9 (594,391) had partners of the same sex. Although the census data are

almost certainly an underestimate of the actual number of cohabiting same-sex couples, they

indicate that there are 301,026 male same sex households and 293,365 female same-sex

households in the United States. Stereotypes about lesbian, gay, and bisexual people have

persisted, even though studies have found them to be misleading. For instance, one stereotype is

that the relationships of lesbians and gay men are dysfunctional and unhappy. However, studies

have found same-sex and heterosexual couples to be equivalent to each other on measures of

relationship satisfaction and commitment. A second stereotype is that the relationships of

lesbians, gay men and bisexual people are unstable.24

Domestic violence as abusive behaviors

The APA Task Force on Violence and the Family defined domestic violence as pattern of

abusive behaviors including a wide range of physical, sexual, and psychological maltreatment

used by one person in an intimate relationship against another to gain power unfairly or maintain

that person’s misuse of power, control, and authority. It can either results or has a high likelihood

of resulting in injury, psychological harm, mal-development, or even a death. Walker points that

when one form of family violence appears, we can expect all others, including various aggressive

acts outside the family, in community.

24
The American Psychological Association, 750 First Street, NE Washington, DC 20002.
https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbt/orientation.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3gfOYtQcyHja4ONHDING59F-udElInGQCQTp4Vwj_E-
WkPSkv8yI8QHgc, date visited: November 19, 2019, supra
31
 Huss defined the nature of domestic violence as any action of violence perpetrated within

the context of significant interpersonal relationship. Domestic violence could include violence

between a husband and a wife, a girlfriend and boyfriend, or gay or lesbian partners. It could be

violence between parents and children, adult children and elderly parents, or we could meet it

between siblings. Krug et al. have addressed similar topics. They said that intimate partnership

abuse can be found in all relationships, both same-sex and heterosexual.3 But although domestic

violence can take place in any intimate relationship

Others’ evidence suggests that women who are exposed to violence by their partners

show also psychological consequences: higher level of depression, anxiety and phobias than non-

abused women. It was found also higher level of emotional distress, thoughts, or attempts of

suicide among women who had ever experienced physical or sexual violence than those who had

not. In addition, intimate partnership violence has also been linked with: alcohol and drug abuse,

eating and sleep disorders, physical inactivity, a poor self-esteem, a post-traumatic stress

disorder, smoking, self-harm, unsafe sexual behavior, the increased exposure to injuries. Golding

found that in 11 studies examining the prevalence of post traumatic stress disorders among

victims of domestic violence 63.8 per cent women suffered from it. His meta analysis also found

that 18.5 per cent battered women experienced alcohol abuse and 8.9 per cent of them suffered

from drug abuse.

Types of Abuse initiated by lesbian partner

According to Renzetti, there are three types of abusive lesbian relationship: situaltional

battering, chronic battering, and emotional or psychological battering. Situaltional battering

32
occurs once or twice as a result of some situational event and is at least common. Chronic

battering is when physical abuse occurred morethan two times and escalates over time.

Emotional battering relationship is one in which the abuse is verbal or psychological rather than

physical. Many times a relationship consists of physical and psychological battering.

An abuser uses not only physical abuse but also emotional, sexual or economic abbuse as

well as other behaviors that assert controll and power.

Physical abuse occurs when one threatens hits, kicks, chokes, scratches, pushes, shoves,

pulls hair, slaps, punches, throws something or uses weapon against another. Emotional and

verbal abuse occurs when one ridicules, insults, blames, humiliates, criticizes and ignores

another purposefully. Financial abuse may try to keep their victims financially dependent on

them.Socially isolated, abusers exhibit traits of jealousy and possessiveness and attempt to

control their partner’s associate and friends Sexul abuse frequently occurs in relationship and is

used as a means of manipulation and power 25

Domestic violence

It is sometimes called intimate partner violence - is physical, sexual or psychological

harm occurring between current or former intimate partners. Research concerning the issue

began in the 1970s in response to the women's movement, but traditionally studies focused on

women abused by men in opposite-sex relationships.

"There has been a lot of research on domestic violence but it hasn't looked as carefully at

the subgroup of same-sex couples," Carroll said. "Another obstacle is getting the appropriate

25
Peterman, Linda M., et al. Domestic Violence Between same sex partner: Implications for suffering
33
samples because of the stigma that has been attached to sexual orientation. In the past,

individuals were reluctant to talk about it." Of the research that has examined same-sex domestic

violence, most has concentrated on lesbians rather than gay men and bisexuals. "Men may not

want to see themselves as the victim, to present themselves as un-masculine and unable to defend

themselves," Carroll said. He suggests that homosexual men and women may not report

domestic violence for fear of discrimination and being blamed for abuse from a partner. They

also may worry about their sexual orientation being revealed before they're comfortable with it.26

Synthesis

The occurrence of domestic violent behavior and its multiple consequences for the

individual, family, and community should be seen from the health public approach and need for a

proactive prevention strategies on first level of actions. As long as violent behavior patterns

within family may be accepted as a private matter of its members, and its causes and effects on

them, and more broadly on public health, will be overlooked, we could not expected any changes

in this case. Therefore it is required to achieve that among adult persons in society the tolerance

for all forms of violence, both in family as in a society, is at point zero. Moreover Having a

lesbian partner would constitute abuses when it triggers from outside of its family members.

Despite having a similarities, a number of differences compound the severity of domestic

violence experienced of women from their lesbian partner. Any person a male or a female,

lesbian or gay has the potential to be an abuser. Society has always been hesitant to intervene in

domestic violence. Society and the lesbian communities must put an end to denial of abuse in

same sex relationship. Society’s denial and the victim’s silence due to shame, isolation,
26
Colleen Stiles-Shields, Richard A. Carroll. Same-Sex Domestic Violence: Prevalence, Unique Aspects, and Clinical
Implications. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 2014; 00 DOI: 10.1080/0092623X.2014.958792

34
embarrassment and fear have prevented victims from leaving abusive relationship and

perpetrators from receiving help.

CHAPTER V

Summary, Conclusions and Recommendation

35
 This chapter presents the summary of findings, the conclusions, and recommendations

of the study. The conclusions given were drawn from the outcomes of the research and series of

collection of data.

Summary

This study sought to answer the following questions:

1. When could be the negative effects of having a lesbian couple occur?

2. Can we limit VAWC as to male and female solely as provided by law nevertheless how are

those people who experienced abuse and suffering initiated by lesbian couple?
3. How can the abuse of women and children initiated by lesbian couple be lessened?

In order to answer the following questions, the researcher used the qualitative method

after a series of data gathering procedure. For the said procedure, the researcher used the

internet, journals, dissertations and unpublished theses related to the study.

Findings

1. When could be the negative effects of having a lesbian couple occur?

It resulted that lesbian, gay and bisexual who are in a romantic relationship experience

stigma prejudice and discrimination leads to same sex relationship devaluation. Similarly, in the

current study, the environment affects the relationship of same-sex couples, where on the side of

lesbian relationship the acceptance was also based in their family and peers.

36
 Moreover, In another study conducted by Whitehead (2013) he focused on the

acceptance of lesbian and gay individuals as a couple and also the factors that affect LG couples

which is similar to the current study. The researcher found out that as lesbian couples started

their relationship, they encountered hurdles and they were not easily accepted by the people

around them . Through this, the researchers identified the factors that affect the relationship.

In addition, Foe (2014) conducted a study where gays and lesbians have high tolerance

here in the Philippines due to the support of the government. However, the Catholic Church is

against with the same-sex activities. While, in the aforementioned study, it was also interpreted

that the environment also affects the relationship of same-sex couples a show they were treated

in the kind of intimate relationship they have.

2. Can we limit VAWC as to male and female solely as provided by law nevertheless how are

those people who experienced abuse and suffering initiated by lesbian couple?

Domestic violence is also called intimate partner violence. It occurs between people in an

intimate relationship. Domestic violence can take many forms, including emotional, sexual and

physical abuse and threats of abuse. Men are sometimes abused by partners, but domestic

violence is most often directed toward women. Domestic violence can happen in heterosexual or

same-sex relationships. Abusive relationships always involve an imbalance of power and control.

An abuser uses intimidating, hurtful words and behaviors to control his or her partner.

It might not be easy to identify domestic violence at first. While some relationships are

clearly abusive from the outset, abuse often starts subtly and gets worse over time. You might be

experiencing domestic violence if you're in a relationship with someone who: Calls you names,

37
insults you or puts you down, prevents or discourages you from going to work or school or

seeing family members or friends, tries to control how you spend money, where you go, what

medicines you take or what you wear, acts jealous or possessive or constantly accuses you of

being unfaithful, gets angry when drinking alcohol or using drugs, threatens you with violence or

a weapon, hits, kicks, shoves, slaps, chokes or otherwise hurts you, your children or your pets,

forces you to have sex or engage in sexual acts against your will, blames you for his or her

violent behavior or tells you that you deserve it

If you're lesbian, bisexual or transgender, you might also be experiencing domestic

violence if you're in a relationship with someone who: threatens to tell friends, family,
colleagues or community members your sexual orientation or gender identity, tells you that

authorities won't help a lesbian, bisexual or transgender person, tells you that leaving the

relationship means you're admitting that lesbian, bisexual or transgender relationships are

deviant, says women can't be violent, justifies abuse by telling you that you're not "really"

lesbian, bisexual or transgender.

4. How can the abuse of women and children initiated by lesbian couple be lessened?

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual people who want to help reduce prejudice and discrimination

can be open about their sexual orientation, even as they take necessary precautions to be as safe

as possible. They can examine their own belief systems for the presence of antigay stereotypes.

They can make use of the lesbian, gay, and bisexual community—as well as supportive

heterosexual people—for support. Heterosexual people who wish to help reduce prejudice and

discrimination can examine their own response to antigay stereotypes and prejudice. They can

make a point of coming to know lesbian, gay, and bisexual people, and they can work with

lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals and communities to combat prejudice and discrimination.

38
Heterosexual individuals are often in a good position to ask other heterosexual people to consider

the prejudicial or discriminatory nature of their beliefs and actions. Heterosexual allies can

encourage nondiscrimination policies that include sexual orientation. They can work to make

coming out safe. When lesbians, gay men, and bisexual people feel free to make public their

sexual orientation, heterosexuals are given an opportunity to have personal contact with openly
gay people and to perceive them as individuals. Studies of prejudice, including prejudice against

gay people, consistently show that prejudice declines when members of the majority group

interact with members of a minority group. In keeping with this general pattern, one of the most

powerful influences on heterosexuals’ acceptance of gay people is having personal contact with

an openly gay person. Antigay attitudes are far less common among members of the population

who have a close friend or family member who is lesbian or gay, especially if the gay person has

directly come out to the heterosexual person.

Conclusions

Based on the findings, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. Domestic violence among same-sex couples is a serious public health concern. Victims

of same-sex domestic violence face added challenges when attempting to receive help, as

outlined above. More gay and lesbian victims of abuse are reporting their experiences as the

general public has become increasingly more accepting of same-sex relationships. Still, barriers

to equal treatment for same-sex couples remain. Survivors of same-sex domestic violence can

receive the recognition and help they need with further research, better training for law

enforcement officials, and more funding for relevant programs.

39
 2. Domestic violence is an issue affecting people of all ages, races, genders, and sexual

orientations. Violence against men and same-sex domestic violence are often considered less of a

threat to society and to the people involved, but it is important to understand that male-on-female

violence, female-on-male violence, and same-sex violence all involve serious consequences to

the victim’s and batterer’s short- and long-term health. This paper determines whether men or

women suffer from more long-term health problems caused by domestic violence by comparing

the currently published statistics on the prevalence of domestic violence in heterosexual and

homosexual relationships, and analyzing the results of existing studies on the short- and long-

term health effects of domestic violence. The findings indicate that although men and women

sustain many of the same injuries, women suffer from more long-term health problems caused by

domestic violence.

3. law enforcement officers are continually becoming more accepting of the LGBT

community, many people still refrain from reporting those incidents. Law enforcement officers

need more education and hands-on training on dealing with same-sex domestic violence.

Working with LGBT organizations, hospitals, and shelters to develop a continuing education

program for new and veteran law enforcement officers will allow them to understand the effects

of same-sex domestic violence and learn the proper procedures for handling such situations.

Recommendation

40
 1. We need to educate health care providers about the presence of this problem and remind

them to assess for it in homosexual relationships, just as they would for heterosexual patients.

The hope is that with increasingly deeper acceptance, the stress and stigma will disappear for

these individuals so they can get the help they need.

2. Women who disclose any form of violence by an intimate partner (or other family

member) or sexual assault by any perpetrator should be offered immediate support. Health-care

providers should, as a minimum, offer first-line support when women disclose violence. This

includes: ensuring consultation is conducted in private, ensuring confidentiality, while informing

women of the limits of confidentiality (e.g. when there is mandatory reporting), being non-

judgmental and supportive and validating what the woman is saying, providing practical care and

support that responds to her concerns, but does not intrude asking about her history of violence,

listening carefully, without pressuring her to talk (care should be taken during sensitive topics

when interpreters are involved), helping her access information about resources, including legal

and other services that she might think helpful, assisting her to increase safety for herself and her

children, where needed, providing or mobilizing social support.

If health-care providers are unable to provide first-line support, they should ensure that

someone else (within their health-care setting or another that is easily accessible) is immediately

available to do so.

41
 3. Women who experience intimate partner violence or sexual violence can have very

different needs, depending on their circumstances and the severity of the violence and its

consequences. Furthermore, women in similar circumstances may need different types of support

over time. There are, however, a minimum set of actions and principles that should guide the

health-care response to women suffering from violence (physical, sexual or emotional), whether

by an intimate partner, relative, acquaintance or stranger, regardless of the circumstances.

4. This research recommends that health and social service providers develop safeguards

to strengthen their documentation of abuse and histories of family violence in both individual

and group records, regardless of whether the abuse is reported to authorities.

5. As part of a comprehensive prevention strategy for child maltreatment, this research

recommends that home visitation programs should be particularly encouraged for first-time

parents living in social settings with high rates of child maltreatment reports.

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