INTRODUCTION

TO RESEARCH
It is a repetitive search for
something previously unknown.

It is a never-ending attempt to

discover the truth.
Research involves a purposive,
organized, and planned program of
activities that result in the
acquisition of knowledge.
AIMS OF RESEARCH
• Generate new
knowledge
• Find application for
a new knowledge
• Verify existing
knowledge
• Develop the
investigator
• “The purpose of
research is to
serve man.”

• “The goal of
research is the
good life.”
CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCH (Kumar, 2011)
SYSTEMATIC
CONTROLLED
EMPIRICAL
CRITICAL
RIGOROUS
VALID AND VERIFIABLE
1.SYSTEMATIC
- The procedures
adopted to undertake
an investigation
follow a certain logical
sequence.
2. CONTROLLED
-This can be done by
setting up the study in a
way that minimizes the
effects of other factors to
the cause and effect
relationship.
3.EMPIRICAL
- Conclusions drawn are
based on hard evidence
gathered from
information collected
from real life
experiences or
observations.
4. CRITICAL
- Process adopted
and the procedures
used must be able
to withstand critical
scrutiny.
5.RIGOROUS
- Researchers ensure
that the procedures
followed to find
answers to questions
are relevant,
appropriate, and
justified.
6. VALID AND
VERIFIABLE
- Conclusion based
on findings is
correct and can be
verified by others.
TYPES OF
RESEARCH
 TYPES OF
RESEARCH

Mode of
Application Objectives
Inquiry

Quantitative Pure Descriptive

Qualitative Applied Correlational

Experimental
TYPES OF RESEARCH ACCORDING
TO MODE OF INQUIRY
Qualitative Quantitative
Explore the meaning of Examine the relationship
Purpose people’s experience, between variables
culture, issue

Research Questions/ “What”, “How” “What”, “How”,

Hypotheses No hypothesis needed “Does”
Needs hypothesis

Data Words Numbers

Analysis By themes Statistics

Final Report Narrative Statistical

 TYPES OF RESEARCH
ACCORDING TO APPLICATION
BASIC/PURE APPLIED
RESEARCH RESEARCH

• How did the universe • How can agricultural crop

begin? production be improved?
• What are protons, • How can a specific
neutrons and disease be treated?
electrons composed • How can the energy
of? efficiency of homes,
offices, or modes of
• How do slime molds
transportation be
reproduce? improved?
 Experimental

Types of Research According Descriptive

to Objectives
Correlational

Explanatory

Exploratory
 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• OBJECTIVE: to identify the effect of
the variables on each other
• The researcher manipulates a
variable, and controls and measures
any change in the other variable.
 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
• OBJECTIVE: to describe characteristics of
a population or phenomenon being
studied
• The researcher describes what is
happening in more details, filling in the
missing parts and expanding our
knowledge.
 Examples
• Attitudes of students towards quality of
teaching
• Consumers’ likes and dislikes when it comes
to a product
• Needs of a community
• Problems faced by new immigrants
 CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
• OBJECTIVE: to discover or establish the
relationship, association or
interdependence between two aspects
of a situation.
• The researcher will look for patterns or
relationships between variables.
 EXAMPLES
• Relationship between stressful living and
incidence of heart attacks
• Impact of technology and employment
• Effect of an advertising campaign on sale of
products
• Impact of rewards on students’ performance
 EXPLANATORY RESEARCH
• OBJECTIVE: to clarify why and how there
is a relationship between two aspects
of a situation or phenomenon
• The researcher explains why a particular
event occurs and why relationships exist
by looking at how things come together
and interact.
 EXAMPLES
• Why does stressful living results in heart
attack?
• How does technology create
unemployment/employment?
• Why do some people use a product while
others do not?
• How the home environment affects children’s
level of academic achievement?
 EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
• OBJECTIVE: To explore an area where little is
known or to investigate the possibilities of
undertaking a research study
• The researcher carries out a study to
determine its feasibility. (feasibility study or
pilot study)
Identify the type of research according
to objective. Give an explanation.
1. Why do some people migrate to another
country while others do not?
2. Water lily mosquito stick as mosquito
repellant
3. The impact of salary on performance of
workers
4. Is it feasible to move the start of school year
from June to August?
5. What are the attitudes of students towards
new teachers?
 REVIEW
• What is the difference between
invention and innovation? Give
examples.
• What are the characteristics of a novel
idea? Give at least two.
• What is research?
• What are the characteristics of
research? Explain each.
 REVIEW
• What is the difference between
qualitative and quantitative research?
• What are the types of research
according to application? Define and
give examples.
• What are the types of research
according to objectives? Define and give
examples.