HYDRAULICS ( Fluid Properties )

 DENSITY (ρ) , SPECIFIC WEIGHT (𝜸) , SPECIFIC VOLUME (v), SPECIFIC GRAVITY (S.G.)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COMMON FLUID
NOTE: The specific gravity of substances at 20°C and 1 atm unless stated otherwise

Substance SG
Water (at 4°C) 1.0
Seawater 1.025
Gasoline 0.68
Ethyl alcohol 0.790
Mercury 13.6
Air 0.001204
Oil 0.8

1. The specific weight of the substance is 7.6 kN/m3. What is the mass density, specific volume and specific
gravity?
2. If 180 ft3 of oil weighs 9,520 lb, calculate its specific weight, density and specific gravity.
3. Five hundred kilogram of oxygen is confined in a volume of 120 L tank at -65°C. What is the pressure if R is
4.115 kJ/kg-K?
 SURFACE TENSION, 𝝈
Surface tension is the force per unit length at a liquid-vapor or liquid-liquid interface resulting from the
imbalance in attractive forces among like liquid molecules at the interface.
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝜎= =
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
Surface Tension of Water at any Temperature (in °C)

0.09
Surface Tension , 𝜎 (N/m)

0.08
𝜎=0.0728 N/m at T=20°C
0.07

0.06

0.05
0 20 40 60 80 100

Temperature (°C)

 CAPILLARY ACTION, h
Total Surface Tension = Weight of Capillary Action
BASIS:
LIST of COMMON CONTACT ANGLE, 𝜽
Liquid Solid Contact Angle, 𝜽
water soda-lime glass
carbon tetrachloride lead glass 0°
acetic acid (vinegar) fused quartz
water paraffin wax 107°
silver 90°
mercury soda-lime glass 140°
4. Mercury stands in a glass tube of 5.0 mm diameter at a height of 20.0 mm. What is the true static height? The
surface tension of mercury is 0.32 N/m.
 HYDRAULICS ( Fluid Properties )
5. A water strider is an insect known to float to water surface. Its
foot transmit a vertical force of 2.29 x 10-4 N due to its own
weight. The foot is 4 mm in diameter and makes an angle of
contact from the vertical of 75 degrees. What is the surface
tension of water?
 VISCOSITY
Viscosity is a property of a fluid that quantifies the ratio of the
shear stress to rate of deformation (strain rate) of a fluid particle.
6. SAE 30 oil (𝜇=9.20x10-3 lb-s/ft2) at 20°C is sheared between two parallel plates 0.005 in apart with the lower
plate fixed and the upper plate moving at 13 ft/s. Compute the shear stress in the oil.
7. An 18-kg slab slides down a 15° inclined plane on a 3-mm thick film of SAE 10 oil (𝜇=8.14x102 N-s/m2) at 20°C;
the contact area is 0.3 m2. Find the terminal velocity of the slab.
 MANOMETRY and PASCAL’s Law
pabs = pgage + patm
patm=101.325 kPa
= 760 mm Hg = 760 torr pgage = Σ𝛾ℎ
= 29.92 in Hg
8. Determine the pressure difference between
points A and B. Use Sbenzene = 0.88, Smercury = 9. CE MAY 2015 A mercury barometer at the
13.6, Skerosene = 0.82. top of a mountain reads 700 mmHg.
Assuming that the unit weight of air is 12
N/m3 and the specific gravity of mercury is
13.6, what is the approximate height of the
mountain?


 GAS LAWS
NOTES: The pressure and temperature must be ABSOLUTE
 BOYLE’S LAW (Pressure vs. Volume
P1V1 = P2V2
 CHARLE’S LAW (Volume vs. Temperature)
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
 GAY-LUSSAC’s LAW (Pressure vs. Temperature)
P1 P2
=
T1 T2
 COMBINED GAS LAW
P1 𝑉1 P2 𝑉2
=
T1 T2
10. An open top cylinder 1 m in diameter and 5 m high is to be submerged in such a way that the open top will
be facing the seawater surface (SG=1.025). If the depth of the fluid inside the tank is 19.5 m from the
seawater surface, what is the volume of air present inside the cylinder?
11. I will travel from my province to a certain urban area through a hot air balloon. In my province, the
temperature is 20°C and a barometric pressure of 800 mmHg. I inflated the balloon using 30 cu. meter of
dry air. What will be the volume of air inside the balloon be if I reached the urban area whose temperature
is -10°C and a barometric pressure of 650 mmHg?
 COMPRESSIBILITY
Compressibility is the extent to which a fluid particle changes volume when subjected to either a change in
pressure or a change in temperature.
−∆𝑃 −∆𝑃
K= =
∆𝑉⁄ ∆v⁄
𝑉0 v0
12. A liquid is compressed in a cylinder has a volume of 1000 cm3 to 990 cm3 at 2 MPa. What is the bulk modulus
of elasticity?
 HYDRAULICS ( Fluid Properties )
NOVEMBER 2017. A cylindrical tank contains a certain liquid that has a specific weight of 9kN/m3 which
measures 3 meters high. Later on, water is added to the tank so that the resulting height of the two liquids is 10
meters. What is the pressure at the interface?