Tabuk Pharmaceuticals Mfg. Co.

DAMMAM PROJECT
300 Lit . Liquid Batch Heating by Steam

A quantity of water is heated with steam of 5 bar from a

temperature of 25 oC to 100 oC over a period of 20 minutes (1200
seconds). The mass of water is 5000 kg and the specific heat
capacity of water is 4.19 kJ/kg.oC.

Heat transfer rate Input Remarks

q = m cp dT / t
No. of Tanks (qty.) Nos. 1
m - mass of water ( kg) 1000
Cp specific heat of water ( kj/kg.C ) 4.19 table
Water temp.1 T1 ( c ) 20
Water temp.2 T2 ( c ) 100
t - Time 60 min
3600
(s)
q = mean heat transfer rate (kW (kJ/s)) 93.11111
kj/kg 2085
Steam kg / sec 0.044658
Amount of steam: 160.7674
kg/h

For All tanks 160.7674

Diversty Factor 75% 75%
Total kg/h Steam 120.5755
Changing the Product Temperature - Heating up with Steam

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance can be expressed as:

Q = m cp dT (1)

where

Q = quantity of energy or heat (kJ)

m = mass of the substance (kg)

cp = specific heat capacity of the substance (kJ/kg oC ) - Material Properties and Heat Capacities for several materia

dT = temperature rise of the substance ( oC)

Preferring Imperial Units - Use the Units Converter!

This equation can be used to determine a total amount of heat energy for the whole process,
but it does not take into account the rate of heat transfer which is:

amount of heat energy per unit time

In non-flow type applications a fixed mass or a single batch of product is heated. In flow type
applications the product or fluid is heated when it constantly flows over a heat transfer
surface.

Non-flow or Batch Heating

In non-flow type applications the process fluid is kept as a single batch within a tank or vessel.
A steam coil or a steam jacket heats the fluid from a low to a high temperature.

The mean rate of heat transfer for such applications can be expressed as:

q = m cp dT / t (2)

where

q = mean heat transfer rate (kW (kJ/s))

m = mass of the product (kg)

cp = specific heat capacity of the product (kJ/kg.oC) - Material Properties and Heat Capacities for several materials

dT = Change in temperature of the fluid ( oC)

t = total time over which the heating process occurs (seconds)

Flow or Continuous Heating Processes

In heat exchangers the product or fluid flow is continuously heated.

The mean heat transfer can be expressed as

q = cp dT m / t (3)

where

q = mean heat transfer rate (kW (kJ/s))

m / t = mass flow rate of the product (kg/s)

cp = specific heat capacity of the product (kJ/kg.oC) - Material Properties and Heat Capacities for several materials

dT = change in temperature of the fluid ( oC)

Calculating the Amount of Steam

If we know the heat transfer rate - the amount of steam can be calculated:

ms = q / he (4)

where

ms = mass of steam (kg/s)

q = calculated heat transfer (kW)

he = evaporation energy of the steam (kJ/kg)

The evaporation energy at different steam pressures can be found in the SteamTable with SI
Units or in the Steam Table with Imperial Units.
Example - Batch Heating by Steam

A quantity of water is heated with steam of 5 bar from a temperature of 35 oC to 100 oC over a
period of 20 minutes (1200 seconds). The mass of water is 50 kg and the specific heat capacity
of water is 4.19 kJ/kg.oC.

Heat transfer rate:

q = (50 kg) (4.19 kJ/kg oC) (100 oC - 35 oC) / (1200 s)

= 11.35 kW

Amount of steam:

ms = (11.35 kW) / (2085 kJ/kg)

= 0.0055 kg/s

= 19.6 kg/h

Example - Continuously Heating by Steam

Water flowing at a constant rate of 3 l/s is heated from 10 oC to 60 oC with steam at 8 bar.

The heat flow rate can be expressed as:

q = (4.19 kJ/kg.oC) (60 oC - 10 oC) (3 l/s) (1 kg/l)

= 628.5 kW

The steam flow rate can be expressed as:

ms = (628.5 kW) / (2030 kJ/kg)

= 0.31 kg/s

= 1115 kg/h
Thermal properties of water:
Temperature Absolute pressure Density Specific Specific Heat Specific
volume entropy
-t- -p- -ρ- -v- - cp - -e-

(oC) (kN/m2) (kg/m3) 10-3 (m3/kg) (kJ/kgK) (kJ/kgK)

0
916.8
(Ice)
0.01 0.6 999.8 1 4.21 0
4
(maximum 0.9 1000
density)
5 0.9 1000 1 4.204 0.075
10 1.2 999.8 1 4.193 0.15
15 1.7 999.2 1 4.186 0.223
20 2.3 998.3 1 4.183 0.296
25 3.2 997.1 1 4.181 0.367
30 4.3 995.7 1 4.179 0.438
35 5.6 994.1 1.01 4.178 0.505
40 7.7 992.3 1.01 4.179 0.581
45 9.6 990.2 1.01 4.181 0.637
50 12.5 988 1.01 4.182 0.707
55 15.7 986 1.01 4.183 0.767
60 20 983 1.02 4.185 0.832
65 25 980 1.02 4.188 0.893
70 31.3 978 1.02 4.191 0.966
75 38.6 975 1.03 4.194 1.016
80 47.5 972 1.03 4.198 1.076
85 57.8 968 1.03 4.203 1.134
90 70 965 1.04 4.208 1.192
95 84.5 962 1.04 4.213 1.25
100 101.33 958 1.04 4.219 1.307
105 121 954 1.05 4.226 1.382
110 143 951 1.05 4.233 1.418
115 169 947 1.06 4.24 1.473
120 199 943 1.06 4.248 1.527
125 228 939 1.06 4.26 1.565
130 270 935 1.07 4.27 1.635
135 313 931 1.07 4.28 1.687
140 361 926 1.08 4.29 1.739
145 416 922 1.08 4.3 1.79
150 477 918 1.09 4.32 1.842
155 543 912 1.1 4.34 1.892
160 618 907 1.1 4.35 1.942
165 701 902 1.11 4.36 1.992
170 792 897 1.11 4.38 2.041
175 890 893 1.12 4.39 2.09
180 1000 887 1.13 4.42 2.138
185 1120 882 1.13 4.45 2.187
190 1260 876 1.14 4.46 2.236
195 1400 870 1.15 2.282
200 1550 864 1.16 4.51 2.329
220 840 4.63
225 2550 834 1.2 4.65 2.569
240 814 4.78
250 3990 799 125 4.87 2.797
260 784 4.98
275 5950 756 1.32 5.2 3.022
300 8600 714 1.4 5.65 3.256
325 12130 654 1.53 6.86 3.501
350 16540 575 1.74 10.1 3.781
360 18680 528 1.9 14.6 3.921
days Dhs $
14 10627 2,826.33 201.8807

31 23531.21 6,258.30 201.8807

6,200.00 200
total 12,458.30