GLOSSARY

No. A DEFINITIONS
1. A Balanced Developing the whole person intellectually and morally
Curriculum
2. Abandonment In philosophy, abandonment refers to the infinite freedom
of humanity without the existence of a condemning or
omnipotent higher power.
3. Abduction It involves forming a conclusion from the information that
is known
4. Absolute Factivity An agent/someone has a natural ideas, truth of a suitable
proposition, true explanation, the whole truth.
5. Academic People who are qualifi ed in philosophy at degree level
Philosophers though they are not earning their living by being
philosophers
6. Acceptance To defend the theory
7. Aesthetic A branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of art,
beauty, and taste, with the creation and appreciation of
beauty.
8. Aestheticism Another name for the Aesthetic movement, a loosely
defined movement in art and literature in later 19th century
Britain. Proponents of the movement held that art does not
have any didactic purpose, it need only be beautiful. Life
should copy Art. The main characteristics of the movement
were: suggestion rather than statement, sensuality, massive
use of symbols, and synaesthetic effects - that is,
correspondence between words, colors and music.
9. Aesthetics Aesthetics is the branch of philosophy concerned with the
nature and appreciation of art, beauty and good taste. It has
also been defined as "critical reflection on art, culture and
nature". The word "aesthetics" derives from the Greek
"aisthetikos", meaning "of sense perception".
10. Agnosticism Agnosticism is the view that the existence of God, of the
divine or the supernatural is unknown or unknowable.
Agnosticism is the doctrine or tenet of agnostics with regard
to the existence of anything beyond and behind material
phenomena or to knowledge of a First Cause or God, and is
not a religion.
11. Amateur People who have studied philosophy principally for their
Philosophers own enjoyment
12. Analytic Truth Analytic truth is a statement whose truth or falsity is
determined solely by the meanings of the terms that make it
up, such as ‘all grandmothers are the mothers of one of their
grandchildren’s parents’, hence it expresses what is
sometimes called a relation among our ideas. In short, it
refers to a sentence which is true solely in virtue of its
meaning.
13. Analytical Using logic to analyse meanings, concepts, and ideas,
Philosophy especially in Anglo-Saxon countries, throughout the
twentieth century.
14. Analytic-Synthetic Analytic-synthetic distinction (also called the analytic–
Distinction synthetic dichotomy) is a semantic distinction, used
primarily in philosophy to distinguish propositions (in
particular, statements that are affirmative subject–predicate
judgments) into two types: analytic propositions and
synthetic propositions.
15. Antirealism In the philosophy of science, antirealism is any view that
denies that we know that even our best scientific theories
refer to mind-independent unobservable entities.
16. Aphoristic People only expressed the ideas in short paragraph or
Philosophers 'aphorisms' because of lack the ability, concentration, or
inclination to develop their thinking systemacally and
cirtically.
17. Asceticism Asceticism denotes a life characterised by refraining from
worldly pleasures (austerity). Those who practice ascetic
 lifestyles often perceive their practices as virtuous and
pursue th em to achieve greater spirituality. In a more
cynical context, ascetic may connote some form of self-
mortification, ritual punishment of the body or harsh
renunciation of pleasure. However, the word certainly does
not necessarily imply a negative connotation.
18. Assertoric Proposition in Aristotelian logic merely asserts that
something is the case, in contrast to problematic
propositions which assert the possibility of something being
true, or apodeictic propositions which assert things which
are necessarily or self-evidently true or false. For instance,
"Chicago is larger than Omaha" is assertoric. "A
corporation could be wealthier than a country" is
problematic. "Two plus two equals four" is apodeictic.
19. Assumption Something that you assume to be the case, even without
proof or an assuming of power or possession of something
20. Astronomy Astronomy is the study of the sun, moon, stars, planets,
comets, gas, galaxies, gas, dust and other non-Earthly
bodies and phenomena
21. Astrophysics Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy concerned with
the physical nature of stars and other celestial bodies, and
the application of the laws and theories of physics to the
interpretation of astronomical observations.
22. Atheism Atheism is disbelief or lack of belief in the existence of God
or gods.
23. Atomism The theory that all of reality and all the objects in the
universe are composed of very small, indivisible and
indestructible building blocks known as atoms (from the
Greek "atomos", meaning "uncuttable").
24. Authoritarianism Authoritarianism is an organization or a state that enforces
strong, and sometimes oppressive measures against those in
its sphere of influence, generally without attempts at
gaining their consent and often not allowing feedback on its
policies. In an authoritarian state, citizens are subject to
state authority in many aspects of their lives, including
many that other political philosophies would see as matters
of personal choice. There are various degrees of
authoritarianism; even very democratic and liberal states
will show authoritarianism to some extent, for example in
areas of national security.
B DEFINITIONS
25. Behavioralism Behaviorism of psychology is an approach in political
science that seeks to provide an objective, quantified
approach to explaining and predicting political behavior. It
is associated with the rise of the behavioral sciences,
modeled after the natural sciences.
26. Belief Belief is the state of mind in which a person thinks
something to be the case with or without there being
empirical evidence to prove that something is the case with
factual certainty.
27. Biocemistry Both life science and a chemical science - it explores the
chemistry of living organisms and the molecular basis for
the changes occurring in living cells. ... "biochemistry has
become the foundation for understanding all biological
processes.
28. Bold Hypothesis Bold hypothesis (or "bold conjecture") is a concept in the
philosophy of science of Karl Popper, first explained in his
debut The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1935) and
subsequently elaborated in writings such as Conjectures and
Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge (1963).
 C DEFINITIONS
29. Cartesianism Cartesianism is a philosophy based on the ideas and works
of René Descartes.
30 Causal Realism Causal realism is the view that accounts of causation in
terms of mere, regular or probabilistic conjunction are
unsatisfactory, and that causal phenomena are correctly
associated with some form of de re necessity.
31. Causal Relations An interpropositional relation in which the situation
expressed by some proposition(s) is communicated as
bringing about the situation expressed by some other
proposition(s) (an external relation) or the usage of some
other proposition(s) in a reasoning or argument from a
premise (an internal relation).
32. Causal Roles Appropriate in physiological investigations where
researchers are concerned with understanding how the
capacities of a system depend on the capacities of its
component
33. Causal Theory Causal theory is a progressive and controversial theory
based upon cause and effect. It assumes that there are very
few genetically driven causes for behavior for humans in
general and none for individual traits.
34. Cognitivism In ethics, cognitivism is the philosophical view that ethical
sentences express propositions, and hence are capable of
being true or false. See Cognitivism (ethics). More
generally, cognitivism with respect to any area of discourse
is the position that sentences used in that discourse are
cognitive, that is, are meaningful and capable of being true
or false. In psychology, cognitivism is the approach to
understanding the mind that argues that mental function can
be understood as the 'internal' rule bound manipulation of
symbols. See Cognitivism (psychology).
35. Coherence Theory A statement (usually called a judgment) is true or false is to
say that it coheres or fails to cohere with a system of other
 statements; that it is a member of a system whose elements
are related to each other by ties of logical implication as the
elements in a system of pure mathematics are related.
36. Coherentism There are two distinct types of coherentism. One refers to
the coherence theory of truth, which restricts true sentences
to those that cohere with some specified set of sentences.
Someone's belief is true if and only if it is coherent with all
or most of their other beliefs. Usually, coherence is taken to
imply something stronger than mere consistency.
Statements that are comprehensive and meet the
requirements of Occam's razor are usually to be preferred.
The second type of coherentism is the belief in the
coherence theory of justification, an epistemological theory
opposing foundationalism and offering a solution to the
regress argument. In this epistemological capacity, it is a
theory about how belief can be justified.
37. Coincidence Coincidence is when two or more similar or related events
occur at the same time by chance and without any planning.
38. Collectivism Collectivism is the practice or principle of giving a group
priority over each individual in it. It is the theory and
practice of the ownership of land and the means of
production by the people or the state.
39. Commensurability Commensurability is a concept in the philosophy of science
whereby scientific theories are commensurable if scientists
can discuss them using a shared nomenclature that allows
direct comparison of theories to determine which theory is
more valid or useful. On the other hand, theories are
incommensurable if they are embedded in starkly
contrasting conceptual frameworks whose languages do not
overlap sufficiently to permit scientists to directly compare
the theories or to cite empirical evidence favoring one
theory over the other.
40. Commitment Belief in theory
41. Common Sense Common sense is sound practical judgment concerning
everyday matters, or a basic ability to perceive, understand,
and judge that is shared by ("common to") nearly all people.
42. Compatibilism Compatibilism also known as "soft determinism" and
championed by Hume, is a theory that holds that free will
and determinism are compatible. According to Hume, free
will should not be understood as an absolute ability to have
chosen differently under exactly the same inner and outer
circumstances. Rather, it is a hypothetical ability to have
chosen differently if one had been differently
psychologically disposed by some different beliefs or
desires. Hume also maintains that free acts are not uncaused
(or mysteriously self-caused as Kant would have it) but
caused by people's choices as determined by their beliefs,
desires, and by their characters. While a decision making
process exists in Hume's determinism, this process is
governed by a causal chain of events.
43. Comtism Comtism is Auguste Comte's positivistic philosophy that
metaphysics and theology should be replaced by a hierarchy
of sciences from mathematics at the base to sociology at the
top.
44. Conceptualism Conceptualism is a doctrine in philosophy intermediate
between nominalism and realism, that universals exist only
within the mind and have no external or substantial reality.
45. Confirmation Confirmation is used in epistemology and the philosophy of
science whenever observational data and evidence "speak in
favor of" or support scientific theories and everyday
hypotheses.
46. Conical Refraction Conical refraction is the refraction of a ray of light into an
infinite number of rays, forming a hollow cone. This occurs
when a ray of light is passed through crystals of some
substances, under certain circumstances.
46. Conjecture Karl Popper pioneered the use of the term "conjecture" in
scientific philosophy. Conjecture is contrasted by
hypothesis, which is a testable statement based on accepted
grounds. A hypothesis that has been formed by speculating
or conjecturing (usually with little hard evidence).
48. Consistency A set of sentences is said to be consistent if and only if there
is at least one possible situation in which they are all true.
49. Constructive Constructive empiricism is the view that (a) science aims to
Empiricism produce theories that are empirically adequate rather than
true, where a theory is empirically adequate precisely if
what it says with respect to the observable phenomena
(those entities and processes that can be directly observed
by the unaided human eye) is true; and (b) that to accept a
theory involves no more belief than that it is empirically
adequate.
50. Constructivism Constructivism is first of all a theory of learning based on
the idea that knowledge is constructed by the knower based
on mental activity.
51. Contextualism Contextualism is a collection of views that emphasize the
context in which an action, utterance or expression occurs,
and argues that, in some important respect, the action,
utterance or expression can only be understood within that
context. Contextualist views hold that philosophically
controversial concepts, such as "meaning P", "knowing that
P", "having a reason to A", and possibly even "being true"
or "being right" only have meaning relative to a specified
context. Some philosophers hold that context-dependence
may lead to relativism; nevertheless, contextualist views are
increasingly popular within philosophy.
52. Contradiction Contradiction is a proposition, statement, or phrase that
asserts or implies both the truth and falsity of something .
53. Conventionalism Conventionalism is the philosophical attitude that
fundamental principles of a certain kind are grounded on
 (explicit or implicit) agreements in society, rather than on
external reality.
54. Copernican Copernican revolution is the paradigm shift from the
Revolution Ptolemaic model of the heavens, which described the
cosmos as having Earth stationary at the center of the
universe, to the heliocentric model with the Sun at the
center of the Solar System.
55. Core Values Core values are the fundamental beliefs of a person or
organization. These guiding principles dictate behavior and
can help people understand the difference between right and
wrong.
56. Corpuscularianism Corpuscularianism is a physical theory that supposes all
matter to be composed of minute particles. The theory
became important in the seventeenth century; amongst the
leading corpuscularians were Thomas Hobbes, René
Descartes, Pierre Gassendi, Robert Boyle, Isaac Newton,
and John Locke.
57. Correlation To describe the linear relationship between two continuous
variables (e.g., height and weight). In general, correlation
tends to be used when there is no identified response
variable. It measures the strength (qualitatively) and
direction of the linear relationship between two or more
variable
58. Corroboration The thepry can be coroborated, if the theory can bear any
kinds of refutation
59. Counterfactual Counterfactual theories of causation is that the meaning of
Theories Of causal claims can be explained in terms of counterfactual
Causation conditionals of the form “If A had not occurred, C would
not have occurred”.
60. Creation Science Creation science is the interpretation of scientific
knowledge in accord with belief in the literal truth of the
Bible, especially regarding the creation of matter, life, and
humankind in six days.
61. Creationism Creationism also referred to as creation theology is the
belief that humans, life, the Earth, and the universe were
created by a supreme being or deity's supernatural
intervention. The intervention may be seen either as an act
of creation from nothing (ex nihilo) or the emergence of
order from pre-existing chaos.
62. Critical Realism Critical realism is a view that certain types of sense data
accurately represent a mind-independent reality while other
types do not. A key example is the primary/secondary
quality distinction.
63. Cumulative Related to the knowledge one has obtained through
Knowledge experiences, allowing it to be reproduced and exploited for
subsequent learning situatuons through cumulative
interaction between prior knowldge and new information.
D DEFINITIONS
64. Deduction Deduction is an argument whose premisses are claimed to
provide conclusive evidence for the truth of its conclusion.
65. Deductive Deductive reasoning is the process of reasoning from the
Reasoning general to the specific. Deductive reasoning is supported by
deductive logic.
66. Demarcation Demarcation problem is the problem of providing a general
Problem rule or criterion for distinguishing science from non-
science, and especially for distinguishing genuine science
from activities or theories that are claimed to be scientific
but which are not. The usual examples of pseudo-sciences
given by philosophers and scientists are psychoanalysis and
astrology.
67. Development Shaped by the idea that human growth involves the
unfolding of some innate human, cognitive or biological
potentialtowards a final destination.
68. Direct Realism Direct realism is the idea that the immediate object of
perception are minded independent objects and their
properties. Direct realism is often referred to as naive
 realism or common sense realism.
E DEFINITIONS
69. Educare To draw out and realize potential;
70. Education Valued for its own sake rather than for its usefulness.
71. Educere To bring up and nurture.
72. Electromagnetism Electromagnetism is a fundamental physical force that is
responsible for interactions between charged particles which
occur because of their charge and for the emission and
absorption of photons, that is about a hundredth the strength
of the strong force, and that extends over infinite distances
but is dominant over atomic and molecular distances
73. Elimination A logical method to identify an entity of interest among
several ones by excluding all other entities.
74. Empirical Readily understandable in relation to truth, by means of a
Adequacy distinction between observable and unobservable entities
75. Empiricism Empiricism is the belief that people should rely on practical
experience and experiments, rather than on theories, as a
basis for knowledge.
76. Enumerative Inductive verification of a universal proposition by
Induction enumeration and examination of all the instances to which it
applies — called also perfect induction.
77. Epiphenomenalism Epiphenomenalism is the view in philosophy of mind
according to which physical events have mental effects, but
mental events have no effects of any kind. In other words,
the causal relations go only one way, from physical to
mental. In recent times it is usually considered a type of
dualism, because it postulates physical events but also non-
physical mental events; but historically it has sometimes
been thought a kind of monism, because of its sharp
divergence from substance dualism.
78. Epistemic Epistemic foundationalism is a view about the proper
Foundationalism structure of one’s knowledge or justified beliefs. Some
beliefs are known or justifiably believed only because some
 other beliefs are known or justifiably believed.
79. Epistemic Epistemic relativism is the view that what counts as
Relativism knowledge, as opposed to merely true belief, is relative to
the standards of some social group. Hence, knowledge is
just those beliefs that are considered legitimate by particular
institutions and authorities within some society.
80. Epistemology Epistemology is the study of the nature and scope of
knowledge and justified belief. It analyzes the nature of
knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as
truth, belief and justification.
81. Essentialism Essentialism is the belief and practice centered on a
philosophical claim that for any specific kind of entity it is
at least theoretically possible to specify a finite list of
characteristics, all of which any entity must have to belong
to the group defined.
82. Eternalism Eternalism is a philosophical approach to the ontological
nature of time. It builds on the standard method of modeling
time as a dimension in physics, to give time a similar
ontology to that of space. This would mean that time is just
another dimension, that future events are "already there",
and that there is no objective flow of time.
83. Ether Ether or luminiferous Ether, was the hypothetical substance
through which electromagnetic waves travel. It was
proposed by the greek philosopher Aristotle Eric
Weisstein's World of Biography and used by several optical
theories as a way to allow propagation of light, which was
believed to be impossible in "empty" space.
84. Ethic Ethic is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing,
defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong
conduct. The field of ethics, along with aesthetics, concern
matters of value, and thus comprise the branch of
philosophy called axiology.
85. Evidence The information which is used in a court of law to try to
 prove something. Evidence is obtained from documents,
objects, or witnesses.
86. Evolution Evolution is the proess by which different kinds of living
organism are believed to have developed from earlier forms
during the history of the earth.
87. Examplars A model, original, or pattern, to be copied or imitated; a
specimen; sometimes; an ideal model or type, as that which
an artist conceives
88. Existential Existential statement is one which expresses the existence
Statement of at least one object (in a particular universe of discourse)
which has a particular property.
89. Existentialism Existentialism is a philosophy concerned with finding self
and the meaning of life through free will, choice, and
personal responsibility. The belief is that people are
searching to find out who and what they are throughout life
as they make choices based on their experiences, beliefs,
and outlook.
90. Existentialism Includes no particular political doctrines, but it stresses both
personal responsibility and an aversion to conformity and to
whatever impairs human freedom
91. Experientialism Experientialism is the philosophy that knowledge is to be
measured according to experiences and first hand accounts.
92. Experiment A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test
a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.
93. Explanandum Explanandum (a Latin term) is a sentence describing a
phenomenon that is to be explained. For example, one
person may pose an explanandum by asking "Why is there
smoke?". In this example, "smoke" is the explanandum.
94. Explanans Explanans are the sentences adduced as explanations of that
phenomenon. For example, an explanans by responding
"Because there is a fire". In this example, "fire" is the
explanans.
95. Explanation Giving a valid argument and the primary goal of the
 scientific enterprise theory that should have explanatory
power.
96. Expressionism Expressionism is an aesthetic and artistic movement that
distorted reality for enhanced or overexaggerated emotional
effect. It can also apply to some literature; the works of
Franz Kafka and Georg Kaiser are often said to be
expressionistic.
97. Externalism In epistemology, externalism is the theory that justification
can hold elements not known to the subject of the belief.
98 Externism Externism is pseudo-philosophical theory, developed by
fictitious genius Jára Cimrman. It deals with people's
knowledge and learning process.
F DEFINITIONS
99. Fallibilism The principle that propositions concerning empirical
knowledge can be accepted even though they cannot be
proved with certainty.
100. Falsifiability The assertion that for any hypothesis to have credence, it
must be inherently disprovable before it can become
accepted as a scientific hypothesis or theory.
101. Falsificationism A scientific philosophy based on the requirement that
hypotheses must be falsifiable in order to be scientific; if a
claim is not able to be refuted it is not a scientific claim
102. Feminism The belief that women should be allowed the same rights,
power, and opportunities as men and be treated in the same
way, or the set of activities intended to achieve this state:
She had a lifelong commitment to feminism.
103. Feminist An approach to philosophy from a feminist perspective and
Philosophy also the employment of philosophical methods to feminist
topics and questions. Feminist philosophy involves both
reinterpreting philosophical texts and methods in order to
supplement the feminist movement and attempts to criticise
or re-evaluate the ideas of traditional philosophy from
within a feminist framework.
104. Final Causation According to the Aristotelian doctrine of final causes, the
final cause (or telos) of a thing’s existence is the purpose or
end for which it exists. For instance, the final cause of a
chair is sitting, and so on. Teleology is the branch of
knowledge having to do with purposes and design. A fact is
teleological if it is of or related to teleology or final causes.
Some arguments for the existence of God are teleological in
nature; such arguments appeal to the apparent design or
purpose of human beings or the universe to argue for the
existence of a cosmic designer.
105. Form A technical term in the philosophy of Plato and Aristotle
meaning the structure or essence of a thing as opposed to its
matter or substance. For example, the form of a statue is its
shape, whereas its matter is the lump of marble from which
it is made. The term ‘form’ is sometimes used in the history
of science to refer to the real nature or cause of something.
106 Foundationalism The theory in Epistemology that beliefs can be justified
based on basic or foundational beliefs (beliefs that give
justificatory support to other beliefs).
107. Fundamental Law The law which determines the constitution of government in
astate, and prescribes and regulates the manner of Its
exercise; the organic law of astate; the constitution.
G DEFINITION
108. Geocentrism A belief that Earth is the center of the universe and does not
move.
109. Gestalt The perception of a pattern or structure as a whole: Barnes
(2001) PHG 25, 4 defines a Gestalt shift as a change marked
by abrupt disjunctions rather than inevitable progress, thus
resembling, or equating to, a paradigm shift.
110. Grasping One of the indicator of understanding that needs full of
comprehension and prediction
111. Great Philosophers People are systematic philosophers who have thought out
their ideas to a more profound leve than most phillosophers
 and have had on subsequent generations of philosophers.
H DEFINITIONS
112. Historical Historical determinism is the philosophical proposition that
Determinism events in history were determined by a series of occurrences
previous to the event.
113. Human Error Human error is something has been done that was not
intended by the actor; not desired by a set of rules or an
external observer; or that led the task or system outside its
acceptable limits, or it is when someone makes a mistake
which causes an accident or causes something bad to
happen.
114. Hypothetico- Hypothetico-deductivism is a theory of the scientific
Deductivism method according to which science proceeds by the
generation of hypotheses, from which predictions are
deduced that can be tested by experiment. This theory can
be cashed out in inductivist or falsificationist terms
depending on whether positive test results are regarded as
confirming the theory or not, respectively.
I DEFINITIONS
115. Ideaism The view that the immediate or direct objects of sensory
experience are not objects in the external world, but our
own ideas (or representations or sense-data).
116. Idealism The group of metaphysical philosophies that assert that
reality, or reality as humans can know it, is fundamentally
mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial.
117. Ideas Universal unchanging, and act as the template and
organizing framework for experience.
118. Ideology A collection of normative beliefs and values that an
individual or group holds for other than purely epistemic
reasons.
119. Immaterialism A philosophical theory that material things have no reality
except as mental perceptions
120. Incompatibilism A belief that free will and determinism are not logically
 compatible categories.
121. Incompatibility The condition of two things being so different in nature as
to be incapable of coexisting.
122. Inconsistency A set of sentences are asserted that cannot both possibly be
true.
123. Indeterminism The philosophical belief contradictory to determinism: that
there are events that do not correspond with determinism
and therefore are uncaused in some sense.
124. Induction An argument that establish the truth of the conclusion as
probable or probably true. So, informally at least, an
inductive argument claims its conclusion follows with some
degree of probability. The word "claims" is included in this
version of the definition if we want to use the meaningful
phrase "incorrect inductive argument."
125. Inductionism The scientific philosophy where laws are "induced" from
sets of data. As an example, one might measure the strength
of electrical forces at varying distances from charges and
induce the inverse square law of electrostatics. See also
inductive reasoning.
126. Inductive Logic A logic of evidential support. In a deductive logic, the
premises of a valid deductive argument logically entail the
conclusion, where logical entailment means that every
logically possible state of affairs that makes the premises
true must make the conclusion truth as well.
127. Inductive Inductive reasoning is analyzing a problem by working
Reasoning from specific facts and discovering general principles.
128. Inductive Statistics The phase of statistics which is concerned with the
conditions under which conclusions about populations can
be drawn from analysis of particular samples. The
inferences drawn by inductive statistics are generally
couched in the language of probability theory.
129. Inductivism When a large number of observations of Xs under a wide
variety of conditions have been made, and when all Xs have
 been found to possess property Y, and when no instance has
been found to contradict the universal generalisation ‘all Xs
possess property Y’.
130. Inference to the An idea or conclusion that's drawn from evidence and
best explanation reasoning. An inference is an educated guess.
(IBE)
131. Instrumentalism An interpretation within the philosophy of science that
holds that a successful scientific theory reveals nothing
known either true or false about nature's unobservable
objects, properties or processes.
132. Intellectual A work or invention that is the result of creativity, such as a
Property manuscript or a design, to which one has rights and for
which one may apply for a patent, copyright, trademark, etc.
133. Intellectualism A doctrine about the possibility of deriving knowledge from
reason alone, intellectualism can stand for a general
approach emphasising the importance of learning and
logical thinking. Criticism of this attitude, sometimes
summed up as Left Bank, caricatures intellectualism's faith
in the mind and puts it in opposition to emotion, instinct,
and primitivist values in general.
134. Intelligence A controversial concept that places humans in a structure or
Quotient hierarchy of intellectual abilities. One of the main
controversies is that race plays a part in determining at what
level an individual might achieve.
135. Internalism In epistemology, internalism is the view that all evidence
involved in justification must be knowable to the subject.
136. Interpretivism In epistemology, interpretivism is the view that all
knowledge is a matter of interpretation.
137. Irrational’s Shared with the animal kingdom and concernedwith bodily
Element appetites and passions;
138. Irrealism Irrealism is a philosophy combining the phenomenalism and
physicalism in epistemology with the view that either could
be used interchangeably as agents of free will and study of
 the aesthetic.
J DEFINITIONS
139. Justification Justification is the reason that someone (properly) holds a
belief. When a claim is in doubt, justification can be used to
support the claim and reduce or remove the doubt.
K DEFINITIONS
140. Knowledge In philosophy, the study of knowledge is called
epistemology; the philosopher Plato famously defined
knowledge as "justified true belief", though this definition is
now thought by some analytic philosophers [citation
needed] to be problematic because of the Gettier problems,
while others defend the platonic definition.
L DEFINITIONS
141. Law of Nature The philosophy of science, a stated regularity in the
relations or order of phenomena in the world that holds,
under a stipulated set of conditions, either universally or in
a stated proportion of instances.
142. Literary People who are those famous writers who had ideas but did
Philosophers not produce systems of philosophy because their
achievement in literary.
143. Logic The study of reasoning abstracted from what that reasoning
is about
M DEFINITIONS
144. Materialism In philosophy, the view that all facts (including facts about
the human mind and will and the course of human history)
are causally dependent upon physical processes, or
even reducible to them.
145. Meaningful Having meaning, significant while beneficial is helpful or
good to something or someone.
146. Meaningless Without meaning, significance, purpose, or value;
purposeless; insignificant:
147. Metaphysics The philosophical study whose object is to determine the
real nature of things
148. Metaphysicsal The view that most of the objects that populate the world
Realism exist independently of our thought and have their natures
independently of how, if at all, we conceive of them. It is
committed, in my opinion, to a robust form of essentialism.
149. Methodology The specific procedures or techniques used to identify,
select, process, and analyze information about a topic. In
a research paper, the methodology section allows the reader
to critically evaluate a study's overall validity and
reliability.
150. Moderate Factivity An agent/someone can have a single false central belief in
the understanding, not the whole truth
151. Moderns Science The transformation of thought about nature in which the
Aristotelian tradition
152. Modification To change somewhat the form or qualities of; alter partially;
amend: to modify a contract

N DEFINITIONS
153. Naturalism A literary genre that started as a movement in late
nineteenth century in literature, film, theater, and art. It is a
type of extreme realism. It concludes that natural forces
predetermine a character’s decisions, making him/her act in
a particular way.
154. Natural Selection The scientific method consists of some steps such as the
objectives and facts, generalisation of observation, and
scientific laws.
155 Nazism A set of political beliefs associated with the Nazi Party of
Germany, led by Adolf Hitler.
156. Negation The action for giving a negative statement, judgment, or
doctrine especially : a logical proposition formed by
asserting the falsity of a given proposition
O DEFINITIONS
157. Objectivity a philosophical concept of being true independently
from individual subjectivity caused by perception,
emotions, or imagination. A proposition is considered to
 have objective truth when its truth conditions are met
without bias caused by a sentient subject.
158. Observation Is supposed to be undertaken without prejudice or
preconception
159. Ontology ‘ontology’ comes from the Greek for ‘being’ and it is
therefore the study
160. Oral Philosphers We are all philosophers of some kind, depending on our
ability and our commitment to the subject
161. Ostensive Part of specification of the meaning of an expression that
specifies the meaning of an expression by pointing to examples
of things to which the expression applies (e.g., green is the color
of grass, limes, lily pads, and emeralds).
162. Overdetermination When more than one set of causal condition are in place but
each of them is sufficient to bring it about
P DEFINITIONS
163. Paradigm A wide structure encompassing perception, beliefs, and
awareness of different theories and practices used to carry
out scientific research. The scientific research paradigm is
also characterized by a precise procedure consisting of
several stages
164. Perception A process of the consciousness of an object. It is one of the
means of valid knowledge in the world and consists in an
inseparable relation of the perceptive consciousness with its
content. The objects that are seen in the world are
considered by the common man to be existing outside his
body and the senses, and he feels that the objects are
reflected, as it were, in his mind in perception
165. Phenomenology Involves phenomenological reduction or apache, which
describe mental acts in away that is free of theorist and
presuppositions, either about those acts themselves or about
the existence of object in the world.
166. Phenotypic Specifies the meaning of an expression by pointing to
examples of things to which the expression applies (e.g.,
 green is the color of grass, limes, lily pads, and emeralds).
167. Philosophy of Examine the historical process as a whole and how history
History unfolds in that process.
168. Philosophy of It includes the study of linguistics which explains the
Language structure of language, grammar and syntax from Chomsky
and spech act theory.
169. Philosophy of It includes the needs of faith, the existence, and attributes of
Religion God, th persistnce of evil in the world. The role of
religiousrevelation, the nature of miracles, life after death,
the relationship between religion and morality, and the role
of mysticism.
170. Philosophy of Examines the facts of science as arrived at by scientific
Science theory and experiment.
171. Philosophy The way of thinking deeply and consistently about core
subjects which arethe world, the universe, and society. It
works by asking very basic questions about the nature of
human thought, the nature of the universe, and the
connections between them. The ideas in philosophy are
often general and abstract.
172. Philosophy of Its inquiries have generally fallen into three broad
Literature categories: philosophical, descriptive and evaluative.
Literature is criticised in terms of what it is, what it does,
and what it is worth.
173. Philosophy of Psychology involves the study of the mind and the
Psychology philosophy of mind is also a closely related philosophical
subject. But psychology differs most from philosophy as an
experimental, empirical science.
174. Political It originates with the affairs of the ancient Greek polis (city)
Philosophy but now refers mainly to the practices and institutions of
national and local government. However, controversy
surrounds the ‘politicising’ of our affairs, and the rights and
wrongs of ‘political correctness’.
175. Postmodernism A reaction against modernist ideas concerning the economic
progres of society, the benefits of scientific progress, the
promotion of individualism, and development of the
subjective self
176. Pragmatism Broadly the view that the value of ideas, theories and
opinion lies in their usefulbess, workability, and practicality
177. Prediction A statement about the way things will happen in the future,
often but not always based on experience or knowledge
178. Pre-Emption When an event that was going to haen for some reason
haens earlier for different reason.
179. Premises A proposition one offers in support of a conclusion. That is,
one offers a premise as evidence for the truth of the
conclusion, as justification for or a reason to believe the
conclusion
180. Presupposition Implicit assumption about the world or background belief
relating to an utterance whose truth is taken for granted in
discourse.
181. Prior Knowledge What students already know from academic, personal and
cultural experience; they can connect it to new concepts.
182. Probability A way of expressing knowledge or belief that an event will
occur or has occured.
183. Professional People who earn their living by teaching and researching
Philophers into philosophy or by writing books, appearing on television
or other resources, then it makes a briliant minds.
184. Proposition Adeclarative sentence that is either true or false (but not
both)
185. Pseudo-science Statements, beliefs, or practices that are claimed to be both
scientific and factual but are incompatible with the scientific
method
R DEFINITIONS
186. Rational’s Element Cognitive element, unique to humans and capable of
governing the irrational elements.
187. Realism Accords to things which are known or perceived an
 existence or nature which is independent of whether anyone
is thinking about or perceiving them.
188. Refutation An action for proving a statement or a theory
189. Revolution The movement of one object around a center or another
object, a forceful overthrow of a government by the people
or any sudden or grand change. An example of revolution is
movement of the earth around the sun.
190. Romanticism Emerged in the eighteenth century to provide an alternative
perspective on the role of experience in learning, children
learn naturally from their experiences and from contact with
key influences.

S DEFINITIONS
191. Scepticism An attitude that shows you doubt whether something is true
or useful
192. Scientific Deserves to be trusted by everyone regardless of
Knowledge beliefs and other values.
193. Scientific Method Supposed to be rational, and to give us objective knowledge
of the world
194. Scientism The broad-based belief that the assumptions and methods of
research of the physical and natural sciences are equally
appropriate to all other discpline
195. Simplicity The quality or condition of being easy to understand or do
and being simple
196. Street Philosophers People who could use ethics to govern how you act, you
could use political philosophy in literal politics and how
you believe things should be controlled
197. Student People who are studying philosophy in a formal way at
Philosophers school, college or university
198 Syllogism An argument arranged in three parts which are major
premise ( general principle), minor premise (specific
instance), then conclusion (follow logically).
 T DEFINITIONS
200. Teaching A complex human activity demanding personal
characteristics and insight.
201. Teleology A reason or explanation for something as a function of its
end, purpose, or goal.
202. Truth A verified or indisputable fact, proposition, principle
U DEFINITIONS
203. Underdetermination To determine the situation in which you have insufficient
evidence data to determine which theory is true or wrong.
204.. Understanding A cognitive achievement or accomplishment and the object
of undestanding
GLOSSARY OF PHILOSOPHY

Arranged by :
Riza Yoga Indriani
06012681923005

Instructor:
Dr. Ismail Petrus, M.A.

Class :
Friday-Saturday Class

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SRIWIJAYA UNIVERSITY OF PALEMBANG
2019