Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
References
1. Sophocles J. Orfanidis, “Introduction to Signal Processing” 2nd edition, Prentice
Hall, Inc, 20101.
2. Oppenhiem V.A.V and Schaffer R.W, “Discrete – time Signal Processing”, 3rd edition,
Prentice Hall, 2013.
3. Lawrence R Rabiner and Bernard Gold, “Theory and Application of Digital Signal
Processing”, PHI 2009.
Signal processing is an immense and diverse field. It is also a field that did
not exist 50 years ago and one that remains mysterious, or quite unknown
to most people. Signal processing is not the transmission of signals, as
through telephone wires or by radio waves, but the changes made to
signals so as to improve transmission or use of the signals.
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Digital Signal Processing?
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Digital versus Analog Processing
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DSP as a specific methodology….From a need to design a product
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Practical application of DSP: Wearable Sensors and Systems
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Introduction to Signals
Signal and System
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Functional representation
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Tabular representation
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Sequence representation
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Classification
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Continuous & Discrete-Time Signals
Continuous-Time
Signals x(t)
• Most signals in the real world are
continuous time, as the scale is
infinitesimally fine.
• Eg voltage, velocity, t
• Denote by x(t), where the time
interval may be bounded (finite) or
infinite
Discrete-Time Signals
• Some real world and many digital x[n]
signals are discrete time, as they are
sampled
• E.g. pixels, daily stock price (anything
that a digital computer processes) n
• Denote by x[n], where n is an integer
value that varies discretely
Deterministic signals, random signals
Deterministic signal
Exp. sin(3t)
Random signal
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Causal and anti causal Signals
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Even Signals
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Odd Signals
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Decomposition of a Signal into Even and Odd Parts
x(t) = xe(t)+xo(t),
The functions xe and xo are called the even part and odd part of x,
respectively.
For convenience, the even and odd parts of x are often denoted as Even{x}
and Odd{x}, respectively.
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Periodic Signals
A function x is said to be periodic with period T (or T-periodic) if, for some
strictly-positive real constant T, the following condition holds:
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N = 2π(m/ω0)
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Numerical problems
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Periodic Signals
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Periodic Signals
The period of a periodic signal is not unique. That is, a signal that is
periodic with period T is also periodic with period kT, for every (strictly)
positive integer k.
Although the above theorem only directly addresses the case of the sum
of two functions, the case of N functions (where N > 2) can be handled by
applying the theorem repeatedly N −1 times.
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Signal Energy and Power
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Energy and Power of Unit Step Sequence
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Right-handed and left-handed signals
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Elementary Signals or Basic Signals
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Unit step signal
Shift a
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1, t a
u (t a)
0 , t a a t 38
Unit Impulse or Unit sample signal
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Unit ramp signal
Sinusoidal signal
DT Real Exponential signal
DT Complex Exponential signal
Basic Operations on Signals
Shifting
Time reversal
Time scaling
Scalar multiplication
Signal multiplier
Signal addition
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Amplitude Scaling
Note: uat = ut time scaling is not applicable for unit step function.
Time Reversal
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Time Reversal (Folding) and Shifting
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Examples of Transformations
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Trigonometric Identities
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Power Series Expansions
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Numerical Problems
Prob.1 Determine whether or not each of the following signals is periodic. If the signal is
periodic, determine its fundamental period.
(a) x(t) = 2 cos(2t + π/5).
Solution. This signal is a CT sinusoid so it is periodic. Its fundamental angular frequency is
2rad/sec and hence its fundamental period is T = 2π/ω0 = π.
Figure 3: The plot of (a) x(1 − t), (b) x(2 − t), and (c) x2(t)
Prob.3 Find the fundamental frequency of the following continuous signal:
x(t) = cos(10πt/3) + sin(5πt/4)