PHYSICS 1

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Physics
reporting
physics_stemeuler.2019
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Heat and
Temperature
Introduction
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Temperature and
Thermal Equilibrium
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Temperature and
Thermal Equilibrium
Temperature (sometimes called thermodynamic
temperature) is a measure of the average kinetic energy of
the particles in a system. Adding heat to a system causes its
temperature to rise. The concept of temperature is rooted in
qualitative ideas based on our sense of touch.

Figure (a) shows a familiar system that is used to measure

temperature. When the system becomes hotter, the colored
liquid (usually mercury or ethanol) expands and rises in the
tube, and the value of L increases.
Temperature and
Thermal Equilibrium
Another simple system is a quantity of gas in a constant
volume container in Figure (b)The pressure p, measured by
the gauge, increases or decreases as the gas becomes hotter
or colder. A third example is the electrical resistance R of a
conducting wire, which also varies when the wire becomes
hotter or colder. Each of these properties gives us a number
(L, p, or R) that varies with hotness and coldness, so each
property can be used to make a thermometer.
Thermometer
•is used to measure temperature.

•thermometers take their own

temperature, not the temperature of
the object they are measuring.

“If heat is removed from the object, the Kinetic

Energy decreases lowering its Temperature”
Thermal Equilibrium

•a state in which the interaction of the between

two systems causes no further change in the
system.
Zeroth Law of
Thermodynamics
•if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a
third system, then those two are in thermal equilibrium
 Zeroth Law of
Thermodynamics
•if Systems A and B are in Thermal Equilibrium with System C, then
•Systems A and B are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
•if a=c and b=c, then a=b

“Two systems are in Thermal Equilibrium If and only If they have the same temperature”
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Quantity of Heat
Specific Heat
Molar Heat Capacity
Quantity of Heat
When you put a cold spoon into a cup of hot
coffee, the spoon warms up and the coffee
cools down as they approach thermal
equilibrium. What causes these temperature
changes is a transfer of energy from one
substance to another. Energy transfer that
takes place solely because of a temperature
difference is called heat flow or heat
transfer, and energy transferred in this way
is called heat.
Quantity of Heat

An understanding of the relationship between heat

and other forms of energy emerged during the 18th
and 19th centuries. Sir James Joule (1818–1889)
studied how water can be warmed by vigorous stirring
with a paddle wheel (Fig. 17.15a).

The paddle wheel adds energy to the water by doing

work on it, and Joule found that the temperature rise
is directly proportional to the amount of work done.
The same temperature change can also be caused by
putting the water in contact with some hotter body
(Fig. 17.15b); hence this interaction must also involve
an energy exchange.
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Quantity of Heat
We can define a unit of quantity of heat based on temperature changes of
some specific material.

The calorie (abbreviated cal) is the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C. A food-value calorie is
actually a kilocalorie (kcal), equal to 1000 cal. A corresponding unit of heat
that uses Fahrenheit degrees and British units is the British thermal unit, or
Btu. One Btu is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1
pound (weight) of water 1 F from 63F to 64F.
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Specific Heat
We use the symbol Q for quantity of heat. When it is associated with an
infinitesimal temperature change dT, we call it dQ. The quantity of heat Q
required to increase the temperature of a mass m of a certain material from
T1 to T2 is found to be approximately proportional to the temperature change
T = T2 - T1 .
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Specific Heat
The specific heat c has different values for different materials. For an
infinitesimal temperature change dT and corresponding quantity of heat dQ,
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Specific Heat
Remember that dQ does not represent a change in the amount of heat
contained in a body. Heat is always energy in transit as a result of a
temperature difference. There is no such thing as “the amount of heat in a
body.”
Molar Heat Capacity
Molar heat capacity or molar
specific heat capacity is the
amount of heat energy required
to raise the temperature of 1
mole of a substance.
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Molar Heat Capacity

The total mass m of material is equal to the mass per mole M times
the number of moles n:

Replacing the mass m in the previous equation by the product nM,

we find:
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Molar Heat Capacity

The product Mc is called the molar heat capacity (or molar specific
heat) and is denoted by C (capitalized). With this notation we rewrite
the equation as:
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Molar Heat Capacity

We can express the molar heat capacity C (heat per mole per
temperature change) in terms of the specific heat c (heat per mass per
temperature change) and the molar mass M (mass per mole):

For example, the molar heat capacity of water is:

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Molar Heat Capacity

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Molar Heat Capacity

Sample problem:
How much heat energy in Joules is required to heat up 5
mole of water from 20C to 50C? (the molar heat capacity
of water is 75.4 J/mol C)
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Calorimetry and Phase

Changes
Phase Changes
Heat Calculations
Calorimetry
The process of measuring the amount of
heat released or absorbed during a chemical
reaction.

The term "calorimetry" comes from the

Latin calor ("heat") and
Greek metron ("measure"), so it means
"measuring heat." Devices used to perform
calorimetry measurements are
called calorimeters .
Phase Change

We use the term phase to describe a

specific state of matter, such as a solid,
liquid, or gas.

A transition from one phase to another is

called a phase change or phase transition.
For any given pressure a phase change
takes place at a definite temperature,
usually accompanied by heat flowing in or
out and a change of volume and density.
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Phase Change
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Heat of Fusion
To change 1 kg of ice at 0C to 1 kg of liquid water at 0 degrees C and normal
Atmospheric pressure requires 3.34 * 10^5 J of heat. The heat required per
unit mass is called the heat of fusion (or sometimes latent heat of fusion),
denoted by Lf .

For water at normal atmospheric pressure the heat of fusion is

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Heat of Vaporization
The corresponding heat (per unit mass) is called the heat of vaporization Lv .
At normal atmospheric pressure the heat of vaporization Lv for water is
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Heats of Fusion and Vaporization

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Example:
A camper pours 0.300 kg of coffee, initially in a pot at 70.0-C, into a
0.120-kg aluminum cup initially at 20.0-C. What is the equilibrium temperature?
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Example 1:
A camper pours 0.300 kg of coffee, initially in a pot at 70.0-C, into a
0.120-kg aluminum cup initially at 20.0-C. What is the equilibrium temperature?
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Example 2:
A glass contains 0.25 kg of Omni-Cola (mostly water) initially at 25°C.
How much ice, initially at -25°C, must you add to obtain a final temperature
of 0°C with all the ice melted? Ignore the heat capacity of the glass.
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Example 2:
A glass contains 0.25 kg of Omni-Cola (mostly water) initially at 25°C.
How much ice, initially at -25°C, must you add to obtain a final temperature
of 0°C with all the ice melted? Ignore the heat capacity of the glass.
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Example 2:
A glass contains 0.25 kg of Omni-Cola (mostly water) initially at 25°C.
How much ice, initially at -25°C, must you add to obtain a final temperature
of 0°C with all the ice melted? Ignore the heat capacity of the glass.
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Mechanisms of Heat
Transfer
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Conduction
•Energy transfer that occurs between two solid
bodies in contact with each other.

•The atoms don’t move from one region of material

to another, but their energy does.

•The direction of heat transfer is from higher to lower

temperature

•Metals can effectively conduct heat because they

have “free electrons”
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Conduction
HEAT CURRENT
THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITIES
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Convection
•the transfer of energy by the motion of mass from
one region of space to another.

Two types:
1. Forced convection - If the fluid is circulated by a
blower or pump

2. Free convection - if the flow is caused by

differences in density due to thermal expansion
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Convection
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Convection
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Convection
Radiation
•the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves such
as visible light, infrared, and ultraviolet radiation.

•this heat transfer would occur even if there were

nothing but vacuum between you and the source of
heat.

•every body, even at ordinary temp,emits energy in

the form of electromagnetic radiation
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Radiation
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Radiation
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Radiation
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Radiation