G.H.PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY V.V.

NAGAR
2180901-TESTING AND COMMISSIONING OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
Department of Electrical Engineering
Date: __/__/20__

Experiment: 3

AIM: To perform Polarity test on single phase transformer and polarity

and ratio test on current transformer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: 825VA transformer, variac, multimeter, jumper wire,
Current transformer, DC supply, Galvanometer.

PART A: Polarity test on single phase transformer

RATIONLE: With power or distribution transformers, polarity is important only if the need arises
to parallel transformers to gain additional capacity or to hook up three single-phase transformers to
make a three-phase bank. In situations where the secondary bushing identification is not available or
when a transformer has been rewound, it may be necessary to determine the transformer polarity by
test. The way the connections are made affects angular displacement, phase rotation, and direction of
rotation of connected motors.

Polarity is also important when hooking up current transformers for relay protection and
metering. Transformer polarity depends on which direction coils are wound around the core
(clockwise or counterclockwise) and how the leads are brought out. Transformers are sometimes
marked at their terminals with polarity marks. Often, polarity marks are shown as white paint dots
(for plus) or plus-minus marks on the transformer and Symbols on the nameplate. These marks show
the connections where the input and output voltages (and currents) have the same instantaneous
polarity.
In case of transformer each terminal of primary and secondary winding is alternatively
positive and negative w.r.t each other. It is important to know the relative polarity of primary and
secondary terminal at any instant of time for making the correct connections under the situation
mentioned above.

FORMULAE: V3=V1+V2

+ve for additive polarity

-ve for subtractive polarity

Department of Electrical Engineering--GCET

 G.H.PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY V.V.NAGAR
2180901-TESTING AND COMMISSIONING OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
Department of Electrical Engineering

CIRCUIT CONNECTION

PROCEDURE:

1. The P1 (left-hand) primary bushing and the left-hand secondary bushing are temporarily
jumpered together and a test voltage is applied to the transformer primary.
2. The resultant voltage is measured between the right-hand bushings.
3. If the measured voltage is greater than the applied voltage, the transformer is Additive
Polarity because the polarity is such that the secondary voltage is being added to the applied
primary voltage.
4. If, the measured voltage across the right-hand bushings is less than the applied primary
voltage, the transformer is Subtractive Polarity.

TABULAR COLUMN:

Sr. Primary Secondary V3=V1+V2 Remarks

No Voltage voltage Additive/Subtractive
V1 V2
1

Department of Electrical Engineering--GCET

 G.H.PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY V.V.NAGAR
2180901-TESTING AND COMMISSIONING OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
Department of Electrical Engineering

PART B: polarity and ratio test on current transformer.

RATIONALE: Polarity markings of transformer windings are a means of describing the relative
directions in which the two windings are wound on the transformer core. The terminals identified by
solid
marks indicate the starting ends of the two windings, meaning that if these are considered to be the
starting points, and we trace the two windings along the transformer core, both windings will go
around the core in the same sense (i.e. counterclockwise or clockwise). In a transformer, if one of the
winding currents is considered to be flowing into the marked terminal, the current in the other
winding should be considered to be leaving its marked terminal. The two currents will then be
(approximately) in phase with each other. Similarly, the voltages of the two windings, when
measured from the unmarked terminal to the marked terminal, will be (approximately) in phase with
each other. This convention for polarity marking is also used for current transformers. An alternative
way is to label the primary winding terminals H1 and H2, and the secondary winding terminals Xl
and X2. H1 and X1 may then be assumed to have the polarity mark on them. Both of these
conventions are shown in Figure. Since current transformer secondary windings are connected in
quite complex networks in the overall protection systems for three-phase apparatus, it is extremely
important that the meaning of the polarity marking be clearly understood. A current I1 in the primary
winding of the CT will produce a current I2 in its secondary winding, where the magnitudes of I1 and
I2 are in inverse proportion to the turns ratio (neglecting the magnetizing current for the moment),
and their phase angles will be as indicated by the polarity markings. An easy way to remember this is
to think of H1 being the same terminal as X1. The continuity of the current is then reflected by the
polarity markings. It is well to think of the current transformer secondary winding as a constant
current source of I2 as determined by I1.

Polarity in a CT is similar to the identification of +ve and –ve terminals of a battery. Polarity is very
important when connecting relays, as this will determine correct operation or not depending on the
types of relays. The terminals of CT are marked by P1 and P2 on the primary, and S1 and S2 on the
secondary as per Fig. BS 3938 states that at the instant when current is flowing from P1 to P2 in
primary, then current, in secondary must flow from S1 to S2 through the external circuit.

Department of Electrical Engineering--GCET

 G.H.PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY V.V.NAGAR
2180901-TESTING AND COMMISSIONING OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
Department of Electrical Engineering
Polarity Test
Perform a polarity test of each current transformer. There are two generally accepted methods of
testing a CT’s polarity using simple meters and connections:

1. DC Kick/Flick Test For this test, a dc battery, a dc voltmeter or ammeter (preferably analog), and
test leads are required. This method is a quick and easy test for polarity, but there is a possibility that
it may leave remnant flux in the CT. Remnant flux may cause saturation when the CT is next
energized. Always perform an excitation/saturation test after performing this test. The steps of the dc
kick/flick test are as follows

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the positive of the voltmeter to the H1 (marked) terminal of the high-voltage side of
the CT and the negative lead to the H2 as shown in Figure 3.
2. Calculate the expected voltage using the battery voltage and the CT ratio. (Battery voltage/CT
ratio.)
3. Connect the negative terminal of the battery to the non polarity of the CT winding under test.
Momentarily touch or connect the battery’s positive terminal to the polarity terminal of the CT
winding under test.
4. Closely watch the needle or analog scale of the voltmeter. It should jump in the positive
direction.
This happens in a fraction of a second, so the meter must be monitored very closely. If the
voltmeter kicks in the positive direction, the polarity marks are correct. If it kicks in the
negative direction, the polarity marks are incorrect.

2. AC Voltage Method: This method digs deep into transformer theory and can be used with any
kind of transformer. Most transformer polarities are marked with additive polarity that allows
creation of an autotransformer by connecting X1 and H2 or H1 and X2 together. This method is
limited by the accuracy of the meters and may not be reliable with unstable source voltages (such as
construction power or generator) and high ratio CTs due to the low H side voltages induced

Department of Electrical Engineering--GCET

 G.H.PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY V.V.NAGAR
2180901-TESTING AND COMMISSIONING OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
Department of Electrical Engineering

Ratio test

Ratio testing involves simultaneously measuring the primary current and the secondary current in
order to calculate the operating ratio of the circuit. This ratio value is compared to the rated ratio to
determine the percent error for that CT. Ratio values greater than the rated ratio result in under-billing
and ratio values less than the rated ratio result in over-billing. As presented in the Table, ratio errors
can be caused by manufacturer error, shorting bar left connected at the CT, shorted primary turns,
shorted secondary turns, magnetization, etc. Most utilities use an error threshold of plus or minus 2
percent to determine adequate ratio performance of installed CT’s. Others choose to have an error
threshold of 1 percent for their large CT customers and 2 percent for their smaller CT customers.

Department of Electrical Engineering--GCET

 G.H.PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY V.V.NAGAR
2180901-TESTING AND COMMISSIONING OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
Department of Electrical Engineering
Sr.No Primary Current/P1 Secondary Current Ratio
S2

Questions:

1. List out Various test conducted on transformer.

2. Explain importance of polarity in transformer.

3. Explain polarity test of power transformer.

4. Explain polarity test of 1 phase transformer.

5. Why Polarity test important for CT?

6. How polarity test on CT is performed explain in brief.

7. Explain accuracy class of CT.

8. What is the ratio error?

Conclusion

Department of Electrical Engineering--GCET