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ME 356: Hypersonic Acrothermodynamics, Spring 2018 Stanford University Final Exam Friday, June 8 Guidelines: Please turn in neat and clean exam solutions that give all the formulae that you have used as well as details that are required for the grader to understand your solution. In the calculations, assume Pr = 0.7 and a calorically perfect gas with y= 14, Ry = 286 J/kgK, and c, = 1 kJ/kgK unless stated otherwise, Attach these sheets to your solutions. Attach these sheets to your solutions. Student’s Name:..... TAY/ER OR BAT. cusuun Student's ID: PART I: Closed notes, calculators allowed, compressible-flow tables allowed ‘Time: 60 mins Questions (50 pts) 1. (20 pts) Describe under what conditions may a flow be regarded as hypersonic. This is an open-ended question, and therefore both creativity and rigor will be graded positively. see ouresaT ass Nores 2. (10 pts) Describe the general non-equilibrium structure of a hypersonic normal shock wave in air, in- cluding the characteristic zones where each degree of freedom of molecular motion, or chemical process, may be in equilibrium or out of equilibrium. In ycur response, include sketches of typical temperature and density distributions across the shock in non-equilibrium conditions. cee pases 442-14 cuass 3. (10 pts) Provide a definition for the adiabatic wall temperature Ti,» and describe the shapes of char- acteristic static temperature profiles that can be encountered in a hypersonic laminar boundary layer depending on whether the wall temperature Ty, is higher, lower or equal to Ta,». Se PACE 68 CIASS MOTE 4, (10 pts) The temperature of a flat plate is T,, = 4T;, where T, is the static temperature of a high Reynolds-number free stream of gas flowing parallel to the plate. At very small Mach numbers, Ma, < 1, is the plate cooled or heated by the gaseous free stream? What characteristic minimum value of the free-stream Mach number Ma, needs to be attained for the plate to be heated by the gas, or equivalently, for high-speed aerodynamic heating to become more important than low-speed convective cooling? te ar Mag eed Be Pure 1s moues BY Ceameane cou ue, aT Hog pa, ® Pine 16 teak BY J6ssDUmeste 1, where g is the acceleration of gravity and L is the length of the tunnel. 4) (20 pts) Consider the expression of the heat: ux [W/m?] on a blunt body Gu = 0.763P2-(2¢phe A) t9(Tooo — Tw), @ where A = (dU./d€)¢-0 is the local strain rate, with ¢ a curvilinear coordinate emanating from the stagnation point (see Fig. 1a). Additionally, the subindex . represents conditions at the edge of the boundary layer (i.e., post-shock conditions behind a normal shock at pre-shock velocity U/), Ty9e is the stagnation temperature of the free stream in the egg reference frame, and Ty is the wall temperature of the egg. Using the Newtonian theory in the vicinity of the egg’s blunt nose (whichever one you have chosen in part b), estimate the strain rate A and derive from (1) the equivalent form 0.3815, -06[__Poottco 5 aT lean @) by assuming that Toco/Ty > 1 because of the high Mach numbers, and also that jte/}t.0 = (To/Too)!!?, with T. ~ Tyo due to the low velocities in the post-shock region. In this formulation, € = pio/p, is a density ratio that can be obtained from the hypersonic normal-shock jump conditions, jig, = 18-10-® Ns/m* is the dynamic viscosity of the air in the tunnel, and Ro is the radius of curvature in the vicinity of the axis of symmetry of the blunt side of the egg that you have previously chosen in part: b). e) (10 pts) Equation (2), along with the relation U(s) obtained in part ¢), provide the dominant aerody- namic heat flux into the egg as function of time. Let us assume that the heat fiux enters the egg uniformly through an effective characteristic area of order 3. Assuming also that the temperature T, inside @ volume Vo = 47/3 of the egg next to the shell is instantaneously uniform, derive an expression for Tas a function of the downrange s integrating the conservation of energy, and state whether T, will ever reach the critical value 338 K for the egg to get cooked in the tunnel ?. “It is assumed that the egg is shielded from any possible aerodynamic pressure loads that could cause it to erack by an ‘advanced resistant armor that has negligible thermal inertie and fits perfectly to the shape of the egg so as to not modify the drag coeflicient. Similarly to a railgun, the armor together with the egg slide through an incident electromagnetic field that enables the high accelerations. 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