ME 356: Hypersonic Acrothermodynamics, Spring 2018
Stanford University
Final Exam
Friday, June 8
Guidelines: Please turn in neat and clean exam solutions that give all the formulae that you have
used as well as details that are required for the grader to understand your solution. In the calculations,
assume Pr = 0.7 and a calorically perfect gas with y= 14, Ry = 286 J/kgK, and c, = 1 kJ/kgK
unless stated otherwise, Attach these sheets to your solutions. Attach these sheets to your solutions.
Student’s Name:..... TAY/ER OR BAT. cusuun Student's ID:
PART I: Closed notes, calculators allowed, compressible-flow tables allowed
‘Time: 60 mins
Questions (50 pts)
1. (20 pts) Describe under what conditions may a flow be regarded as hypersonic. This is an open-ended
question, and therefore both creativity and rigor will be graded positively. see ouresaT ass
Nores
2. (10 pts) Describe the general non-equilibrium structure of a hypersonic normal shock wave in air, in-
cluding the characteristic zones where each degree of freedom of molecular motion, or chemical process,
may be in equilibrium or out of equilibrium. In ycur response, include sketches of typical temperature
and density distributions across the shock in non-equilibrium conditions. cee pases 442-14 cuass
3. (10 pts) Provide a definition for the adiabatic wall temperature Ti,» and describe the shapes of char-
acteristic static temperature profiles that can be encountered in a hypersonic laminar boundary layer
depending on whether the wall temperature Ty, is higher, lower or equal to Ta,».
Se PACE 68 CIASS MOTE
4, (10 pts) The temperature of a flat plate is T,, = 4T;, where T, is the static temperature of a high
Reynolds-number free stream of gas flowing parallel to the plate. At very small Mach numbers,
Ma, < 1, is the plate cooled or heated by the gaseous free stream? What characteristic minimum
value of the free-stream Mach number Ma, needs to be attained for the plate to be heated by the
gas, or equivalently, for high-speed aerodynamic heating to become more important than low-speed
convective cooling? te
ar Mag eed Be Pure 1s moues BY Ceameane cou ue,
aT Hog pa, ® Pine 16 teak BY J6ssDUmeste 1, where g is the acceleration of gravity and L is the length of the tunnel.
4) (20 pts) Consider the expression of the heat: ux [W/m?] on a blunt body
Gu = 0.763P2-(2¢phe A) t9(Tooo — Tw), @
where A = (dU./d€)¢-0 is the local strain rate, with ¢ a curvilinear coordinate emanating from the
stagnation point (see Fig. 1a). Additionally, the subindex . represents conditions at the edge of the
boundary layer (i.e., post-shock conditions behind a normal shock at pre-shock velocity U/), Ty9e is the
stagnation temperature of the free stream in the egg reference frame, and Ty is the wall temperature
of the egg. Using the Newtonian theory in the vicinity of the egg’s blunt nose (whichever one you have
chosen in part b), estimate the strain rate A and derive from (1) the equivalent form
0.3815, -06[__Poottco 5
aT lean @)
by assuming that Toco/Ty > 1 because of the high Mach numbers, and also that jte/}t.0 = (To/Too)!!?,
with T. ~ Tyo due to the low velocities in the post-shock region. In this formulation, € = pio/p, is a
density ratio that can be obtained from the hypersonic normal-shock jump conditions, jig, = 18-10-®
Ns/m* is the dynamic viscosity of the air in the tunnel, and Ro is the radius of curvature in the vicinity
of the axis of symmetry of the blunt side of the egg that you have previously chosen in part: b).
e) (10 pts) Equation (2), along with the relation U(s) obtained in part ¢), provide the dominant aerody-
namic heat flux into the egg as function of time. Let us assume that the heat fiux enters the egg
uniformly through an effective characteristic area of order 3. Assuming also that the temperature
T, inside @ volume Vo = 47/3 of the egg next to the shell is instantaneously uniform, derive an
expression for Tas a function of the downrange s integrating the conservation of energy, and state
whether T, will ever reach the critical value 338 K for the egg to get cooked in the tunnel ?.
“It is assumed that the egg is shielded from any possible aerodynamic pressure loads that could cause it to erack by an
‘advanced resistant armor that has negligible thermal inertie and fits perfectly to the shape of the egg so as to not modify
the drag coeflicient. Similarly to a railgun, the armor together with the egg slide through an incident electromagnetic
field that enables the high accelerations.
SAssume Crp = 1 if you got stuck in part a)
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