ME 356: Hypersonic Acrothermodynamics, Spring 2019 Stanford University Final Exam Friday June 7 Guidelines: Please turn in neat and clean exam solutions that give all the formulae that you have used as well as details that are required for the grader to understand your solution, Inthe ealeulations, assume Pr = 0.7 and a calorically perfect gas with 7 = 14, Ry = 286 J/kgK, and cy = 1 ki/kgk unless stated otherwise. Attach these sheets to your solutions Student’s Name:..... JAVIER... URRAY. Student's ID: PART I: Closed notes, calculators allowed, compressible-flow tables allowed ‘Time: 80 mins Questions (50 pts) 1, (10 pts) Describe under what conditions may a flow be regarded as hypersonic, This is an open-ended ‘question, and therefore both creativity and rigor wil be graded positively. 2. (20 pts) Describe the structure of a normal shock wave in thermochemical equilibrium air in the stratosphere, including characteristic internalenergy odes and typical chemical gpocica found in the post-shock gas depending on the Mach number. 3. (20 pts) The temperature of a water-cooled flat plate is uniform and equal to Ty. A high-Reynolds-numaber hhypersonic air stream at Mach number Mae = 10 and static temperature T, = Ty/4 flows over the plate ere- ating a laminar boundary layer with negligible pres. sure gradient, as skotched in Fig. 1. Assuming that the Prandtl number Pr is close to unity, Pr = 1, an ‘wer the following questions: (a) Show that the plate temperature Ty is lower than the adiabatic wall temperature Tyo. (b) Estimate the local dimensionless streamwise ve- locity u*/U,, the local temperature T*/T., and Figure 1: Hypersonic boundary layer over an the local Mach number Ma* where the temper- isothermal flat plate ‘ature within the boundary layer attains its max- imum value, as indicated in Fig, 1 () What is the asymptotic value of the local Mack number Ma* where the temperature becomes max imum in the limit. Ma, -+ 00? ME 856 Hypersonic Acrothermodynamics 1ME 356: Hypersonic Aerothermodynamics, Spring 2019 Stanford University Final Bxam Friday, June 7 Guidelines: Please turn in neat and clean exam solutions that give all the formulae that you have used as wel as details that are required for the grader to understand your solution. In the calculations, fassume Pr = 0,7 and a ealorcally perfect gas with = 14, Ry = 286 J/kgK, and ¢ = 1 43/kgK Relevant constants to be used inthis problem are jig = 398.6-10* kan? /s? as the standard gravitational Parameter, Re) = 6378 km as the radius ofthe Earth, 1/3 = 6700 m as the scale height ofthe terrestrial ‘atmosphere, p= 1.22 kg/m? as the soslovel air density, and o = 5.67: 10-* W/m?K¢ as the Stefan Boltzmann radiation constant. Attach these sheets to your solutions Student's Name:... SAVIER,..URRAY. Student's ID: PART II: Open notes, calculators allowed, compressible-flow tables allowed ‘Time: 100 mins Problem (50 pts) ‘The Titan-II was a multi-stage liquid-fueled intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) in service in the United States from 1963 to 1987 (Fig 1a). Besides lying several Gemini missions for NASA during the 60's, the Titan-II was primarily designed to carry a 4,000 kg nuclear warhead known as W-53 with. ‘9. megatons of explosive yield (approx. 38,000 TJ} and with a range of 16,000 km over the North Pole ‘The nuclear warhead was contained within a Mark-VI reentzy vehicle or nose cone (Fig. 1b.) ° ° Figure 2: Titan-Il ICBM, A characteristic intercepting elliptic orbit followed by the Titan-I ICBM is shown in Fig. 3. The trajectory consists of the following phases: ') A boost phase where the ICBM gains altitude while powered by rocket engines until a burnout altitude 2, = 150 km, where the velocity is Uj = 7 kun/s. 4i) A midcourse unpowered phase where the nose cone separates from the booster and coasts in space along the intercepting elliptic orbit, ii) A terminal re-entry phase where the nose cone enters ballstcaly the atmosphere at an approximate velocity Up = Ujp and entry angle 7 equal in magnitude to the burnout fight-path angle My ME 856 Hypersonic Acrothermodynamics 28) (10pts) Consider the launch (A) and target (@) points over the surface ofthe Earth, So as etched in ig 3. Ifthe geodesic die Cy io® pe a Re ees Ny, tance fp between A and Bis fa = 8,000 km, estimate the fee ight tange ag yh ‘angle ¥ (in doing so, neglect the horizon- ect tal distance travel by the ICBM dating fos the boost and re-entry phases). Calculate ggg the burnout fight-path angle Me by using smosshere the following expression (soo Bate et l., Fundamentals of Astrodynamics, 1971) sinlne + 0/2) = 22 nc /2), (1) where Quo = UB/ia 8 the ratio of the bburnout velocity to the circular orbit ve- locity at the burnout altitude. Pick the so- Intion that yields the largest Yo, of eq alently, the highest apogee. ') (10 pts) The Mark-VI re-entry vehiele can be described by the sphere-cone geometry provided in Fig. 4. Caleulate the drag co- ficient Cp on the vehicle during the re- entry phase using the straight Newtonian theory of hypersonics, ©) (20 pts) Calculate the ratio of the kanetie energy at the impact point B to the explo- sive yield 4) (10 pts) Caleulate the maximum dy- namic pressure ag = pasU2,/2 acting on the Mark-VI vehicle during the re-entry phase along with the corresponding alti- ‘tude where that maximum is attained, In this formulation, px isthe local air density and Usy the nose-cone velocity (Fig. 4). ©) (10 pts) As shown in class, the heat flux Figure 4: Mark-VI re-entry nose-cone model hose entering, the nose region is a func- ton of the nose curvature radius R, After some algebra, dag, can be written as Figure 3: Titan-II ICBM trajectory over the North Pole ae In this formulation, € = (y ~1)/(y +1) is the density ratio in the hypersonic limit, jog = 1.8- 10° No/i is the free-stream dynamic viscosity, and Ti, = 273 K is the fre-stream temperature, With jx and Tr being assumed to be constant throughout the re-entry phase. Estimate the maxizaum wall temperature Ty by balancing the maximum value of qf. attained during the re-entry phase with the hheat flux radiated from the nose surface qf, = 27% knowing that the ablative surface material of the ‘Mark-VI was phenolic nylon (emissivity © = 0.87) and neglecting gasification of the material, ME 856 Hypersonic Acrothermodynamics 3[Barons Conestonc) © wis cweran T cues nes © ste peste too san (04 cus temas @ Bed, Heeto. a igs We Teale Tee Te s)he Pree Tes W(eues Tee Wek. B Eye "24S b) sce Pred sun dtfignD, THe cousenvariow eavatitos pon Tetum o MRE AELPSIKLAR, AMD THtAEHAE ()) wim Tes T+ SopsmivuTiwe (2) wre (4) = TeTwe (Tent) (2) = (Yo) ad re jw ye om tne) EDO () F = ay [tot + (Fag Te (%)] » SiNce OYhy 22 RMEnaMeAE win THe BOUNEKEY LAYER, THO HA. 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