Introduction

The Raspberry Pi is a credit card-sized computer designed and manufactured in the UK with
the initial intention of providing a cheap computing device for education. Since its release,
however, it has grown far beyond the sphere of academia .Its origins can be found in the
University of Cambridge's Computer Laboratory in 2006. Computer scientis Eben Upton,
along with Rob Mullins, Jack Lang and Alan Mycroft, were concerned that incoming
computing undergraduate students had grown divorced from the technical aspects of
computing. This was largely due to school syllabuses that placed an emphasis on using
computers rather than understanding them.

Off the back of this initial concern, the Raspberry Pi foundation was formed. Over the next
six years the team worked on developing a cheap and accessible device that would help
schools to teach concepts such as programming, thus bringing students closer to
understanding how computing works .The Raspberry Pi's initial commercial release was in
February 2012. Since then, the board has gone through a number of revisions and has been
available in two models, those being Model A and Model B.

The Model A device is the cheaper and simpler of the two computers and the Model B the
more powerful, including support for Ethernet connectivity in February 2015, the Raspberry
Pi 2 Model B was released, and this is the device discussed in this book .The new Raspberry
Pi 2 is significantly more powerful than previous versions, opening us up to many new
possibilities.
What is Raspberry pi ?

The Raspberry pi is a single computer board with credit card size , that can be used for many
tasks that your computer does, like games, word processing, spreadsheets and also to play HD
video. It was established by the Raspberry pi foundation from the UK. It has been ready
for public consumption since 2012 with the idea of making a low-cost educational
microcomputer for students and children. The main purpose of designing the raspberry pi board
is, to encourage learning, experimentation and innovation for school level students. The
raspberry pi board is a portable and low cost. Maximum of the raspberry pi computers is used
in mobile phones. In the 2st century, the growth of mobile computing technologies is very high,
a huge segment of this being driven by the mobile industries. The 98% of the mobile phones
were using ARM technology.

Raspberry Pi Hardware Specifications

The raspberry pi board comprises a program memory (RAM), processor and graphics chip,
CPU, GPU, Ethernet port, GPIO pins, Xbee socket, UART, power source connector. And
various interfaces for other external devices. It also requires mass storage, for that we use an
SD flash memory card. So that raspberry pi board will boot from this SD card similarly as a
PC boots up into windows from its hard disk.

Essential hardware specifications of raspberry pi board mainly include SD card containing

Linux OS, US keyboard, monitor, power supply and video cable. Optional hardware
specifications include USB mouse, powered USB hub, case, internet connection, the
Model A or B: USB Wifi adaptor is used and internet connection to Model B is LAN cable.
Memory

The raspberry pi model Aboard is designed with 256MB of SDRAM and model B is designed
with 51MB.Raspberry pi is a small size PC compare with other PCs. The normal PCs RAM
memory is available in gigabytes. But in raspberry pi board, the RAM memory is available
more than 256MB or 512MB

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

The Central processing unit is the brain of the raspberry pi board and that is responsible for
carrying out the instructions of the computer through logical and mathematical operations. The
raspberry pi uses ARM11 series processor, which has joined the ranks of the Samsung galaxy
phone.

GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)

The GPU is a specialized chip in the raspberry pi board and that is designed to speed up the
operation of image calculations. This board designed with a Broadcom video core IV and it
supports OpenGL

Ethernet Port

The Ethernet port of the raspberry pi is the main gateway for communicating with additional
devices. The raspberry pi Ethernet port is used to plug your home router to access the
internet.

GPIO Pins

The general purpose input & output pins are used in the raspberry pi to associate with the other
electronic boards. These pins can accept input & output commands based on programming
raspberry pi. The raspberry pi affords digital GPIO pins. These pins are used to connect other
electronic components. For example, you can connect it to the temperature sensor to transmit
digital data.

XBee Socket

The XBee socket is used in raspberry pi board for the wireless communication purpose.

Power Source Connector

The power source cable is a small switch, which is placed on side of the shield. The main
purpose of the power source connector is to enable an external power source.

UART

The Universal Asynchronous Receiver/ Transmitter is a serial input & output port. That can be
used to transfer the serial data in the form of text and it is useful for converting the debugging
code.
Display

The connection options of the raspberry pi board are two types such as HDMI and Composite
.Many LCD and HD TV monitors can be attached using an HDMI male cable and with a low-
cost adaptor. The versions of HDMI are 1.3 and 1.4 are supported and 1.4 version cable is
recommended. The O/Ps of the Raspberry Pi audio and video through HMDI, but does not
support HDMI I/p. Older TVs can be connected using composite video. When using a
composite video connection, audio is available from the 3.5mm jack socket and can be sent to
your TV. To send audio to your TV, you need a cable which adjusts from 3.5mm to double
RCA connectors.

Model a Raspberry Pi Board

The Raspberry Pi board is a Broadcom( BCM2835) SOC(system on chip) board. It comes

equipped with an ARM1176JZF-S core CPU, 256 MB of SDRAM and 700 MHz, The
raspberry pi USB 2.0 ports use only external data connectivity options. The board draws its
power from a micro USB adapter, with min range of 2. Watts (500 MA). The graphics,
specialized chip is designed to speed up the operation of image calculations. This is in built
with Broadcom video core IV cable , that is useful if you want to run a game and video through
your raspberry pi.

Features of Raspberry PI Model A

 The Model A raspberry pi features mainly includes

 256 MB SDRAM memory
 Single 2.0 USB connector
 Dual Core Video Core IV Multimedia coprocessor
 HDMI (rev 1.3 & 1.4) Composite RCA (PAL and NTSC) Video Out
 3.5 MM Jack, HDMI, Audio Out
 SD, MMC, SDIO Card slot on board storage
 Linux Operating system
 Broadcom BCM2835 SoC full HD multimedia processor
 8.6cm*5.4cm*1.5cm dimensions

Model B Raspberry pi Board

The Raspberry Pi is a Broadcom BCM2835 SOC (system on chip board). It comes

equipped with a 700 MHz, 512 MB of SDRAM and ARM1176JZF-S core CPU. The
USB 2.0 port of the raspberry pi boars uses only external data connectivity options. The
Ethernet in the raspberry pi is the main gateway to interconnect with other devices and
the internet in model B. This draws its power from a micro USB adapter, with a
minimum range of 2.5 watts (500 MA). The graphics, specialized chip is designed to
speed up the manipulation of image calculations. This is in built with Broadcom video
core IV cable , that is useful if you want to run a game and video through your raspberry
pi.
Features of Raspberry PI Model B

 512 MB SDRAM memory

 Broadcom BCM2835 SoC full high definition multimedia processor
 Dual Core Video Core IV Multimedia coprocessor
 Single 2.0 USB connector
 HDMI (rev 1.3 and 1.4) Composite RCA (PAL & NTSC) Video Out
 3.5 MM Jack, HDMI Audio Out
 MMC, SD, SDIO Card slot on board storage
 Linux Operating system
 Dimensions are 8.6cm*5.4cm*1.7cm
 On board 10/100 Ethernet RJ45 jack

To Set Up & Start your Raspberry Pi

The Raspberry Pi board comes equipped with an SD card. This slot permits us to insert an SD
card and that can use it as our devices. The SD card is a main storage device for raspberry pi
board like a hard disk of a personal computer. The bootable Linux operating system is loaded
onto the card, you are planning to use. The raspberry pi supports Linux, Qtonpi, ARM, Mac
operating systems. You can select one OS; you will need to write it to an SD card using a Disk
manager application. You can also use other storage mechanism, like USB external hard drive
or USB drive. There are a numerous brands of SD cards are available in the market in different
sizes. The raspberry pi supports max 64 GB SD card.

Before you start your raspberry pi, you are going to need to connect a display, keyboard, mouse
like as a PC. It supports three different O/Ps like HDMI video, composite video, and DSI
video, where the DSI video needs some specific hardware. When you buy a raspberry pi board
it may sold with or without an SD card. It is a very important specification in raspberry pi
board. Because, it keeps its operating system, documents and programs. If your raspberry pi
did not come with an SD card, then the min size you should get is 4GB.
Advantages of the raspberry pi is, it is small in size, and it works as a normal computer at low
cost server to handle web traffic.

Applications of Raspberry Pi

The raspberry pi boards are used in many applications like Media streamer, Arcade machine,
Tablet computer, Home automation, Carputer , Internet radio, Controlling robots, Cosmic
Computer, Hunting for meteorites, Coffee and also in raspberry pi based projects.

Hardware and software Requirements

DC Motor, Raspberry pi model, TV or PC monitor, Motor Driver IC, LED, Resistors,

Capacitors, Diode, Transformer, Voltage Regulator and PHP program/wiring pi
The Best Raspberry Pi Operating Systems

Raspbian is a Debian-based operating system. It is the Raspberry Pi Foundation’s official

operating system, so it is suited to all your needs.

Raspbian already has a lot of pre-installed software. Most of it is made up of programs you
need to learn programming. These include Python, Java, Scratch, and others. There is also a
pre-installed Minecraft Pi, a version of the popular game that you can play on this device.

Since it is an official operating system of the foundation, it is the most reliable. If you want to
use Raspberry Pi for your basic computing needs, you should look no further than Raspbian.
Introduction
Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics projects. Arduino consists of
both a physical programmable circuit board (often referred to as a microcontroller) and a piece
of software, or IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that runs on your computer, used
to write and upload computer code to the physical board.
The Arduino platform has become quite popular with people just starting out with electronics,
and for good reason. Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, the Arduino does not
need a separate piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load new code onto the
board -- you can simply use a USB cable. Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified
version of C++, making it easier to learn to program. Finally, Arduino provides a standard form
factor that breaks out the functions of the micro-controller into a more accessible package.

What is ardunio:
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and
software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a
Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing
something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based
on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.

Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday objects to
complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students, hobbyists,
artists, programmers, and professionals - has gathered around this open-source platform, their
contributions have added up to an incredible amount of accessible knowledge that can be of
great help to novices and experts alike.

Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast prototyping,
aimed at students without a background in electronics and programming. As soon as it reached
a wider community, the Arduino board started changing to adapt to new needs and challenges,
differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to products for IoT applications, wearable, 3D
printing, and embedded environments. All Arduino boards are completely open-source,
empowering users to build them independently and eventually adapt them to their particular
needs. The software, too, is open-source, and it is growing through the contributions of users
worldwide.
Features of ardunio:

 It is an easy USB interface. This allows interface with USB as this is like a serial device.
 The chip on the board plugs straight into your USB port and supports on your computer
as a virtual serial port. The benefit of this setup is that serial communication is an
extremely easy protocol which is time-tested and USB makes connection with modern
computers and makes it comfortable.
 It is easy-to-find the microcontroller brain which is the ATmega328 chip. It has more
number of hardware features like timers, external and internal interrupts, PWM pins
and multiple sleep modes.
 It is an open source design and there is an advantage of being open source is that it has
a large community of people using and troubleshooting it. This makes it easy to help in
debugging projects.
 It is a 16 MHz clock which is fast enough for most applications and does not speeds up
the microcontroller.
 It is very convenient to manage power inside it and it had a feature of built-in voltage
regulation. This can also be powered directly off a USB port without any external
power. You can connect an external power source of upto 12v and this regulates it to
both 5v and 3.3v.
 13 digital pins and 6 analog pins. This sort of pins allows you to connect hardware to
your Arduino Uno board externally. These pins are used as a key for extending the
computing capability of the Arduino Uno into the real world. Simply plug your
electronic devices and sensors into the sockets that correspond to each of these pins and
you are good to go.
 This has an ICSP connector for bypassing the USB port and interfacing the Arduino
directly as a serial device. This port is necessary to re-bootload your chip if it corrupts
and can no longer used to your computer.
 It has a 32 KB of flash memory for storing your code.
 An on-board LED is attached to digital pin 13 to make fast the debugging of code and
to make the debug process easy.
 Finally, it has a button to reset the program on the chip.
Advantages of Arduino Technology

 It is cheap
 It comes with an open supply hardware feature that permits users to develop their own
kit
 The software of the Arduino is well-suited with all kinds of in operation systems like
Linux, Windows, and Macintosh, etc.
 It also comes with open supply software system feature that permits tough software
system developers to use the Arduino code to merge with the prevailing programing
language libraries and may be extended and changed.
 For beginners, it is very simple to use.
Introduction of Microcontroller

automatic control systems including security systems, office machines, power tools, alarming
system, traffic light control, washing machine, and much more.It is economical programmable
logic control that can be interfaced with external devices in order to control the devices from a
distance.First microcontroller was made by Michael Cochran and Gary Boone.It was
specially built for embedded system and consisted of read write memory, read only memory,
I/O ports, processor and built in clock.C and assembly languages are used to program the
microcontrollers.There are also other languages available to program the microcontroller but
at the start learning a microcontroller programming with C and assembly language is a great
choice, both are easy to learn and provide a clear concept about microcontroller.Technology
have been evolved in an amazing way and made our lives easier more Microcontroller is a
compact tiny computer that is fabricated inside a chip and is used in than ever before.Few years
ago making the elevator in running condition was a hell of task which involved complex
programming and circuitry.Now, you are capable of not only controlling elevator from
microcontroller but you can also move the submarine with the proper instructions directed into
a single microcontroller.Any application which involves measuring, controlling, and
displaying contains a microcontroller chip inside it.

Characteristics of Microcontroller :-

 In modern technologies, some microcontrollers devices constitute a complex design and are
capable of having word length more than 64 bit.

 Microcontroller consists of built in components including EPROM, EEPROM, RAM,

ROM, timers, I/O ports and reset button. RAM is used for data storage while ROM is used
for program and other parameters storage.

 Modern microcontroller are designed using CISC (complex instruction set computer)
architecture which involves marco-type instructions.

 Single macro type instruction is used to replace the number of small instructions.

 Modern microcontrollers operate at much lower power consumption as compared to older

ones.
 They can operate at a lower voltage ranging from 1.8 V to 5.5 V.

 Flash memory like EPROM and EEPROM are very liable and advanced features in latest
microcontrollers which set them apart from older microcontrollers.

 EPROM is faster and quick than EEPROM memory. It allows to erase and write cycles as
many times as you want which makes it user friendly.

There are numerous types of microcontrollers and I am gonna discuss few of

them in detail here:

8051 Microcontroller:

 Most commonly used microcontrollers are belonged to 8051 family.

 8051 microcontrollers are considered as an ideal choice for most of the
professionals.
 Invented by Intel, 8051 microcontroller consists of two members including
8052 and 8031.
 8052 consists of 3 times and 256 bytes RAM. It encompasses same features
as that of 8051 microcontrollers.
 You can also consider 8051 as a subset of 8052 microcontroller..
 Similarly, 8031 exhibits same features as that of 8051 except ROM.
 However, external ROM of 64k bytes can be incorporated in this chip for
execution of instructions.

8051 Microcontroller Architecture:

 8051 microcontroller is a 40 pin 8 bit microcontroller invented by Intel in 1981.

 8051 comes with 128 bytes of RAM and 4KB of built in ROM.
 Based on priorities, 64 KB external memory can be incorporated with the
microcontroller.
 A crystalline oscillator is embedded on this microcontroller which comes with a frequency
of 12 MHz.

 Two 16 bit timers are integrated in this microcontroller that can be used as a timer as well
as a counter.

 8051 consists of 5 interrupts including External interrupt 0, external interrupt 1, Timer

interrupt 0, timer interrupt 1 and Serial port interrupt. It also consists of four 8 bits
programmable ports.

PIC Microcontroller:-

 Micro-chip technology invented Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC) which is very

common among most of the professionals and experts.

 Micro-chip Technology is very concerned with the needs and requirements of the customers
so they constantly keep upgrading their products in order to provide top notch service.

 Low cost, serial programmable ability, and wide availability make this microcontroller
stand out of the party.

 PIC microcontroller architecture.

 PIC microcontroller supports Harvard architecture.

 It consists of ROM, CPU, serial communication, timers and counters, oscillators,

interrupts, I/O ports and set of registers that also behave as a RAM.

 Special purpose registers are also incorporated on chip hardware.

 Low power consumption makes this controller an ideal choice for an industrial purpose.

 Every PIC brings into play “stack” that is capable of saving return addresses.

 In the older version of PIC microcontrollers, stack could not be accessed by programming,
but later versions can be easily accessed by programming.

 Low specification computer is enough to run the software that is capable of programming
the PIC microcontroller circuit.

 Serial port or USB port is used to connect he computer with the microcontroller.

AVR Microcontroller:

 AVR is referred as Advances Virtual RISC which was produced by Atmel in 1966.

 It supports Harvard Architecture in which program and data is stored in different spaces of
microcontroller and can easily be accessed.
 It is considered as earlier types of controllers in which on-chip flash is used for storing
program.

AVR architecture:-

 AVR architecture was produced by Vegard Wollan and Alf-Egil Bogen.

 The AT90S8515 was the first controller that was based on AVR architechture.

 However, AT90S1200 was the first AVR microcontroller that was commercially available
in 1997.

 The flash, EEPROM and SRAM all are integrated on a single chip, which removes the
possibility of joining any external memory with the controller.

 This controller has a watchdog timer and many power saving sleep modes that make this
controller reliable and user-friendly.

Application :-

Peripheral controller of a PC

 Robotics and Embedded systems

 Bio-medical equipment

 Communication and power systems

 Automobiles and security systems

 Implanted medical equipment

 Fire detection devices

 Temperature and light sensing devices

 Industrial automation devices

 Process control devices

 Measuring and Controlling revolving objects

That’s all for today. I hope you have enjoyed the article. Our job is to provide you useful
information step by step, so you can digest the information without much effort. However, if
still you feel skeptical or have any doubt you can ask me in the comment section below. I’d
love to help you according to best of my expertise. Stay Tuned.