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ax&0g'½IaxmihfrS avhvmokH;oyfjcif;

q&mawmf OD;"r®yd, Ph.D.

NIBBĀNA IN THERAVĀDA PERSPECTIVE

by

Sayadaw U Dhammapia, Ph.D.

t&Sifauvmo (EdkifiHawmfy&dwdWomoemhwuUodkvf) jrefrmjyefonf

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ESpfq,ft½G,fü ax&0g'&[ef;awmf jzpfvmonf/ 1980 jynfhESpfwGif ygVdusrf;*efrsm; (wwf
ajrmufjcif;)jzihf omoe"Z"r®mp&d,bGJU&&SdcJhonf/ xdkESpfwGifyif &efukefNrdKU? r[mpnfomoemh
&dyfomü 0dyóemur®|mef;w&m; tm;xkwfcJhonf/
1982 wGif r[mpnfomoemh&dyfü tNrJoDwif;okH;&[ef;awmf jzpfvmonf/ þ&dyfomü
oDwif;okH;pOf &[ef; omraP oDv&Sif a,m*Drsm;tm; 0dyóemur®|mef;udk oifMum;ay;NyD;
jrefrmEdkifiH NrdKUe,ftrsm;tjym;ü w&m;pcef;rsm;udk OD;pD;zGifhvSpfay;cJhonf/
1986 wGif rav;&Sm;EdkifiH? yDeefNrdKU? rav;&Sm;Ak'¨bmomw&m;&dyfom (MBMC) ü oDwif;
okH;aexdkif&ef q&mawmfOD;y@dwmbd0Ho (y@dwm&mrq&mawmf) \ wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&
onf/ yDeefwGifoDwif;okH;pOf a'ocHESihfjynfya,m*Drsm;tm; w&m;jyNyD; q&mawmf OD;y@dwm-
bd0Ho\"r®c&D;wGif puFmyl? xkdif;? eDayg? ,lau? *smreD? MopaMwvs? uae'gESifh tar&duef
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHrsm;odkY vdkufygcJhonf/
1992 wGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk? umvDzdk;eD;,m;jynfe,f? qef[dkaq; (San Jose) NrdKU?
wxm*ww&m;&dyfom ausmif;xdkifq&mawmftjzpf yihfzdwfjcif;cH&NyD; 0dyóemur®|mef;½IrSwf
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rItajccHrsm;udk oifMum;ay;onf/
þw&m;&dyfomü oDwif;okH;pOf 1997 wGif bDat (bmomw&m;rsm; EIdif;,SOfavhvmrI)
bGJUESihf 1998 wGif qef[dkaq;pwdwf,leDAmpDwDrS trfat ('óeduaA') bGJUwdkYudk &&SdcJhonf/
1999 wGif q&mawmfonf umvDzdk;eD;,m;jynfe,f? z&D;armifh (Fremont) NrdKUü arwåmeE´
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q&mawmf\ udk,fusKd;pGefYaqmif½GufrIaMumihf tar&duefjynfaxmifpk? jrefrmESihf tjcm;
aomEdkifiHrsm;rS w&m;tm;xkwfolrsm;pGmwdkY w&m;"r®tESpfom&udk cHpm;EdkifMuonf/

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"r®ygvukef;ajr? r&rf;ukef;pmwdkuf? &efukefNrdKU/
2004 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D 14 &uf/

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¤if;\ ax&0g'Ak'¨bmompmayqdkif&m pmayESihfvufawGY uRrf;usifwwfajrmufrIudk aus;Zl;wif&rnfjzpfonf/
wpfzef ,if;odyÜHausmif;rSyif ygarmu© pwDAif *G'frif (Prof. Steven Goodman) \ uRrf;usifvdr®mrIESifh ñSmwm
axmufxm;jcif;wdkYjzihf ESpfoufzG,f tBuHÓPfay;rI? qef[dkaq; pwdwf,leDAmpDwDrS ygarmu© c&pöwdef *sKd;csdrf;
(Prof. Christian Jochim) \ rSwfom;zG,f jznfhpGuftm;ay;rIESihf aMumif;usKd;qDavsmfonfh wdkufwGef;rIwdkYudkvnf;
txl;trSwf&ygonf/ azmfjyygyk*¾KdvfwdkY\ tultnDrygbJ þusrf;pm yef;wdkifodkY a&mufrnfr[kwfay/
xdkYjyifvnf; umvDzdk;eD;,m;odyÜHrSyif þtu,f'rpfusrf;pmNyD;ajrmufa&;twGuf jzpfEdkifaomenf;vrf;jzihf
Muifemaom tMuHÓPf? tm;ay;ulnDrI ay;cJhMuaom ygarmu©rsm;? tBuHay;olrsm;ESihf ¤if;wdkY\tzGJY0ifrsm;
jzpfMuonhf ygarmu© *sifrf ½kdif,ef (Prof. Jim Ryan)? ygarmu© ,D0l (Prof. Yi Wu)? tJefeD xdcsf (Anne Teich, Ph.D)?
umvDzdk;eD;,m;odyÜHpmMunhfwdkuf ñTeMf um;a&;rª;ygarmu© Amref &SD&mZD (Prof. Bahman Shirazi)? ,if;odyÜHrS ½nf
ñTef;usrf;ESihf uwfwavmufa&;&m yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufolrsm;ESihf pmMunhfwdkufrª;rsm;? OD;rsKd;ausmfjrihf (San Jose)
ESihf qpfpf qm&m rwfcfpf (Sis. Sarah Marks, San Jose) wdkYtm;vnf; rSwfwrf;wifygonf/ xkdyk*¾dKvrf sm;\ udk,f
wdkifulnDrIESihf yk*¾Kdvfa&;ESihf pdwyf dkif;qkdif&m tm;ay;rIwdkYrSm usrf;jyKoludka&m usrf;jyKol\avhvmrItwGufyg
trSefwu,f cGeftm;jzpfapNyD; tusKd;&Sdojzihf aus;Zl;wifxkdufolrsm;jzpfygonf/
aemufqkH;taejzihf þbGJU,lusrf;pmavhvmrItwGuf aiGaMu;ESihf pdwf"mwfa&;&mtm;jzihf axmufyHhcJh
Muaom Ak'¨bmomolawmfpifrsm;ESihf þusrf;pmESihf ywfoufoa½GU aus;Zl;wifxdkufolrsm;tm; vIdufvSJ0rf;om
pGm aus;Zl;wifygonf/ ¤if;wdkY\ axmufyHhvª'gef;rI? Muifemtm;ay;rIwdkrY &SdbJ þokawoepmwrf; jzpfrvm
Edkifay/ ¤if;wdkYonf þavhvmrIvkyfief;udk NyD;ajrmufatmifaqmif½Guf&mwGif vG,u f lacsmrGwfa&;twGuf ulnD
cJhMuonf/ þavhvmrItwGuf aemufqkH; odkYaomf tenf;qkH;r[kwfonfh MuifemrI? tm;ay;axmufyHhrIESihf
jrwfEdk;rI ay;cJhMuolrsm;onfvnf; þusrf;pmjyKpkol\ teufeJqkH; pdwf"mwfa&;&m cGeftm;rsm;jzpfaMumif;
azmfjyvdkygonf/
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usrf;udk; twdkaumufrSwfcsuf

A Atthakathā
Ab Abhidhamma-Pitaka
Ab-S Abhidhammattha-sangaha
Ab-S-N Abhidhammattha-sangaha nissaya
Ab-T Abhiddhammattha (sangaha) vibhāvinī-tīka
Ab-B-T Abhidhammattha (sangaha) bhāsa-tīka
Ac-Ab A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma by Bhikhu Bodhi
An-N Anguttara-Nikāya (Vols. I, II, II)
Ap Apadāna
Be Burmese script deitation of PALI Texts (Burma)
BD Buddhist Dictionary, by Nyānatiloka
BPS Buddhist Publication Society (Sri Lanka)
Ch-CD Chattha Sangāyanā CD-ROM: Version 3
Cu Culaniddesa
Dha Dhammapada
Dha-A Dhammasanganī-atthakathā
Di-N Dīghha-Nikāya (Vols. I, II , III)
Di-N-NT A New Translation of the Digha Nikāya, WP
G-M-Ni Gambhīrāgamghira-Mhanibbuta-Dīpanī
It Itivuttaka
Ka Kathāvatthu
Kh-N Khuddaka-Nikāya
Kh-T Khuddaka-tīka
Ma-N Majjhima-Nikāya (Vols. I, II, III)
Aa-N-NT A New Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya, WP
Ma-P-D Mhavagga PALI, Dīgha-Nikāya
Ma-P-V Mahvgga PALI, Vinaya Pitaka
Ne Netti-Pali
Ni-B-F Nirvana and Other Buddhist Felicities
Ni-Di Nibbāna-Dipani
Pa Pariva-Pāli
Pa-ED Pali English Dictionary; PTS, London, 1986.
Pa-Ni Paradox and Nirvana
Pat Patismbhidāmagga
PED Pāli English Dictionary (PTS)
PTS Pali Text Society (Oxford, England)
Pu Pugaalapannatti-Pāli
Q-Mi Qestion of King Milinda (Translation fo Milinda-panna, Be)
Sa-N Samyutta-Nikāya (Vols. I, II, III)
Sa-N-NT A New Traslation of the Samyutta Nikāya Vols. I& II, WP
T Tīkā
Ud Udāna-Pali
Vi-M Visuddhimagga (Vols. I& II, Be)
Vi-M Tran. The Path of Purification, BPS
Vi-P Vinaya-Pitaka (Vols. I, II, III)
Vm Translation of Vimuttimagga, BPS
WP Wisdom Publication (Boston)

rSwfcsuf/ / ygVdawmfrsm;ESihft|uxmusrf;udk;rsm;rSm jrefrmtu©&mjzihfykHESdyfxm;onfh usrf;pmrludk ½nf½G,fonf/

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rmwdum

pmtjrKaw ... ... ... ... 4

q&mawmfOD;oDvmeE´\ rdwfquf ... ... ... ... 5
bmomjyefol\ oabmxm; ... ... ... ... 6
aus;Zl;pum; ... ... ... ... 7
usrf;udk; twdkaumufrSwfcsuf ... ... ... ... 8

tcef; 1 ed'gef;
a&S;OD; Ak'¨bmomorkdif; tajccH ... ... ... 14
edAÁmefavhvmcsuf enf;rSefust,ltq ... ... ... 18
þokawoejyKrI\ vdk&if;tcsKyf ... ... ... 29

tcef; 2 ½IaxmifhrsKd;pkHrS edAÁmeft,ltq

edAÁmeyk'f\a0g[m&&if;jrpf ... ... ... 24
edAÁmefESihf a&S;OD;Ak'¨0g' t,ltq ... ... ... 25
ygVdawmfvm edAÁmeft"dyÜm,f zGifhqdkcsufrsm; ... ... ... 29
edAÁmeft"dyÜm,f t|uxmzGifhqdkcsufrsm; ... ... ... 30
ax&0g'r[kwfaom Ak'¨0g'Dynm&SifwdkY\ edAÁmeft,ltq ... 33
Ak'¨0g'DESihf Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwfol ynm&Sifrsm;\ edAÁmeft"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm; ... 36
usrf;*efvm enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh edAmÁ efudk em;vnfjcif; ... ... 38

tcef; 3 b0 (jzpfwnfrI)ESihf 0db0 (jzpfwnfrIr&Sdjcif;)

b0 (jzpfwnfrI) [lonf tb,fenf; ... ... ... 40
ouf&SdwdkYtwGuf bkHXmet,ltq ... ... ... 43
Ak'¨0g' pMu0Vm t,ltq ... ... ... 48
urÇmavmupwifykH ,lqcsufESpf&yf ... ... ... 52
'k*¾wdbkH wnf&Sdjcif; ... ... ... ... 56
ok*wdbkH wnf&Sdjcif; ... ... ... ... 57
touf&Sifjcif;ESihf aojcif;wdkY\ tusKd;qufrsm; ... ... ... 59
aojcif;w&m;udk wnfNidrfpGm &ifqdkifjcif; ... ... ... 61

tcef; 4 edAÁmefwnf&SdrIudk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvmjcif;

edAÁmef wnf&Sdygoavm ... ... ... 67
edAÁmef[lonf tb,fenf; ... ... ... 70
edAÁmefonf rnfonhfae&mü wnf&Sdoenf; ... ... ... 72
edAÁmeftrsKd;tpm; rnfrQ&Sdoenf; ... ... ... 75
edAÁmef[lonf tvkH;pkH csrf;ajrUaomt&mavm ... ... ... 79
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or

edAÁmefonf oHo&mü &Sdoavm ... ... ... 80

a.

edAÁmefESihfywfoufí a0zefrIrsm; ... ... ... 84

as

&[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfrsm;twGuf edAÁmefonf wnf&dS\ ... ... ... 86

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tcef; 5 0drkwådudk OD;wnfonhf ur®|mef;bm0em

Ak'¨0g'\vGwfajrmufrI (0drkwåd) t,ltq ... ... ... 88
Ak'¨0g'ur®|mef;½IrSwfrI\ &nf½G,fcsuf ... ... ... 92
tajccH Ak'¨0g'ur®|mef; xkdifenf;rsm; ... ... ... 93
tmemygeur®|mef;jzihf psmefw&m;udk &&Sdjcif; ... ... ... 95
0dyóemur®|mef;jzihf ÓPftjrifudk&Sdjcif; ... ... ... 96
0dyóemur®|mef;ü 0dok'¨dckepfyg; ... ... ... 100
aemufqkH; edAÁmefudkodjrifjcif; ... ... ... ... 103
ed*kH;rSwfcsufrsm; ... ... ... ... 107

aemufqufwGJ (u) ... ... ... ... 110

aemufqufwGJ (c) ... ... ... ... 113
ygVdtbd"mefi,f ... ... ... ... 115
usrf;udk;pm&if; (Bibliography) ... ... ... ... 121

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tcef; 1

ed'gef;
tbd"r®m[kac:onhf Ak'¨0g'qdkif&m tawG;tac:wGif edAÁmef[lonf tocFw"r®tppftrSefjzpfonf/ tocFw
"r®tppftrSefjzpfívnf; ,if;tppftrSefw&m;udk a0zefokH;oyf&jcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;tppftrSefw&m;ESihf ywf
oufí t"dyÜm,ftrsKd;rsKd;ESihf ½Iyaf xG;onhf zGifhqdkcsuftaxGaxGaMumihf aemufqkH;wGif edAÁmeft,ltqonf
Ak'¨0g'ü xif&Sm;onhftaMumif;t&mjzpfvmonf/ þavhvmcsufonf Ak'¨0g'üazmfjyonhf edAÁmeft,ltqESihf
,if;tm; a&S;OD;acwf t"dyÜm,fzGifhqkdrIudk pl;prf;jcif;jzpfonf/ tqdkyg a&S;OD;acwf t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkrIrsm;ü a0zef
aqG;aEG;zG,ftcsufrsm; yg&Sdaeonf/ oDtkd&DtqdktrdefYESihf vufawGUusifhpOfudk tajccHí þpmwrf;onf edAÁmef
\a&S;OD;acwf t"dyÜm,fziG fhqdkcsuftm; ,if;zGihfqdkcsufESihf qufEG,fonfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk tokH;jyKvsuf OD;wnf
avhvmjcif;jzpfonf/ ygVd ]edAÁme}? ouúw ]ae&fAme}\ t"dyÜm,fudk orkdif;? ygVdpmayESihf,kwådenf;us tcsuf
tvufrsm;rS&&Sdonfh t,ltqtusOf;csKyfudk ygVdESihfjrefrmpmay &nfñTef;usrf;rsm;ESihfonD avhvm&ef &nf½G,f
onf/ þavhvmcsuf\ t"dutpdwftydkif;onf ygVdawmf? t|uxmESihf #Dumusrf;rsm; txl;ojzihf jrefrm
EdkifiH ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomudk &nfñTef;udk;um;í edAÁmef\ t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkrIudk pkHprf;avhvmrnfjzpfonf/ odkYwap
tcsKdUaom taemufwdkif;Ak'¨pmayrS t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkrIrsm;udkvnf; xnhfoGif;tm;jznfhxm;onf/ þ okawoejyK
rI\ &nf½G,fcsufrSm vufawGY odkYr[kwf tawGUtMuKH½IaxmifhrS edAÁmef\ usr;f *efxGuft"dyÜm,fudk pkHprf;&SmazG
&efjzpfonf/ awG;ac:ajrmfjrifrIqdkif&m tajccHrsm;udkvnf; aqG;aEG;xm;onf/ xdkYjyif a&S;a[mif; Ak'¨bmom
usrf;pmrsm;\ t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkcsufESihf Ak'¨bmom0ifESihf Ak'¨bmom0ifr[kwfol ynm&Sifrsm;\,lqcsufrsm;udk
tqifhjrihf odyÜHenf;us cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmí avhvmrnfjzpfonf/
trSefaomf ordkif;pOft& tqifhrD t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkcsufrsm;onf edAÁmef[lonf rnfodkYaomt&mjzpfonf [l
aomtcsufudk &Sif;vif;pGmem;vnf&ef rvkHavmufbJ&do S nf/ yxrtaMumif;rSm ¤if;wdkYtokH;jyKonfh bmom
pum;\ uefYowfcsufaMumihfjzpfNyD; 'kwd,taMumif;rSm usrf;jyKolrsm;udk,fwkdif edAÁmef\t"dyÜm,fudk zGihfqdkEdkif&ef
vkHavmufonhf usihfBut H m;xkwfrI r&SdaomaMumifhjzpfEdkifonf/ rnfonhf Ak'¨0g'tpOftvmwGifrS wdusonhf
edAÁmeft"dyÜm,f ed*kH;aumufcsufudk azmfjyrxm;ay/ a,bk,stm;jzihf edAÁmeft,ltqESihfywfoufí xif&Sm;onhf
Ak'¨0g'tpOftvmrsm;twGif;? tpOftvmwpfckwnf;rSmyif wlnDaomajz&Si;f csuf wpfpkHwpf&mudk rawGY&ojzihf
tjcm;bmomw&m;rsm;u edAÁmefudk rnfodkY,lqonf[kqdk&efyif rjzpfEkdifawmhacs/ odkY&mwGif edAÁmef\t"dyÜm,f
ay:vGifap&ef ,ciftqihfjrihf t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;udka&m ygVdawmfusrf;*efrsm;\ zGifhqdkcsufrsm;udkyg þ
avhvmcsufü pl;prf;rnfjzpfonf/ edAmÁ ef[lonf rnfonhft&mjzpfaMumif; trSeftwdkif; qkH;jzwf&ef vkHavmuf
pGm r&Sif;vif;EkdifMuaomaMumihf Ak'¨bmomr[kwfol ynm&SiftcsKdUu edAÁmefudk ]ew¬du0g' = b0qkH;jywf csKyfNidrf;
0g'} tjzpf t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdk&ef BudK;yrf;cJhMuonf/ Ak'¨bmom0if r[kwfol ygVdynm&Sif rmufpf rlvm (Max Muller,
1823-1900)u edAÁmef[lonf ]b0qkH;jywfcsKyfNidrf;0g'} jzpfonf[k t"dyÜm,faumuf,lcJhonf/ ¤if;tqdkt& edAÁmef
1
[lonf vkH;0 b0csKyfNird f;jywfpJoGm;jcif;xufydkí bmrQtxl;t"dyÜg,fr&Sd[k qdkonf / odkY&mwGif tqdkyg b0csKyf
jywfoGm;rI0g'rSm Ak'¨0g'\rl&if;&nf½G,fcsuf r[kwfacs/ ¤if;\ t,ltqrSm Ak'¨0g'ESihf rsm;pGm qefYusifae
aMumif; awGY&onf/
g

rmufpf rlvmESihfrwlbJ Ak'¨bmomynm&Sif vm aAmvD yl&Sif (La Vallee Poussing, 1866-1962) u ]]edAÁmef
or

[lonf ]b0qkH;jywfcsKyfNidrf;0g'} jzpfonf[laomtqdkrSm a&S;OD;Ak'¨0g'r[kwfaMumif; uREfkyfwdkY 0efcH&rnf/ ,if;

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1
Guy Richard Welbon, The Buddhist Nirvana and Its Western Interpreters (Chicago: the University of Chicago Press, 1968), 133.
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onf Ak'¨\rlv&nf½G,fcsufr[kwfbJ aemufxGift"dyÜm,f jzpfonf/ ousrkedAk'¨ (odkYr[kwf bk&m;ausmif;) onf

,if;odkYaom vGwfajrmufrIjzihf pwifcJhonfr[kwfay/ tqdkyg t,ltqrSm ¤if; (odkYr[kwf ¤if;wdkY) taejzihf
2
twåvdyfjymaumifwnf&SdrIudk jiif;qdkEkdifatmif taqmwvsif ,lqcJhjcif;jzpfonf}}[k a&;cJhonf / yl&Sifonf
rmufpfrlvm\ usrf;pmüazmfjyonhf edAÁmef[lonf ]b0qkH;jywfcsKyfNidrf;0g'} tqdkrSm;,Gif;aMumif; awGU&SdNyD; ,if;
ESihfrwlbJ usihfMut
H m;xkwfaeol Ak'¨bmomwpfa,muf\ ½IaxmihfrSaeí edAÁmef[lonfudk ]Nidrf;csrf;onhf ae&m
Xme}tjzpf ,lqcJhonf/ odkYwdkifatmifvnf; yl&Siftvdkt& edAÁmeft"dyÜm,fudkazmfjy&ef vkHavmufonhf pum;vkH;
r&Sdacs/ ¤if;u edAÁmeft,ltqudk atmufygtwdkif; txl;jyKazmfjycJhonf –

edAÁmefyk'f\ twdusqkH;ESihf tcdkifvkHqkH; t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrSm b0qkH;jywfcsKyfNidrf;oGm;jcif; r[kwfacs/

3
t<uif;rJhvGwfajrmufrI? rnfonfht&mESifhrQ azmfñTef;cGihfr&Sdonhf vGwfajrmufrIjzpfonf /

yl&Sif\ cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmrIt& rl&if; tdE´d,Ak'¨0g'tvdk edAÁmeft"dyÜm,f&Sif;vif;csufonf awG;jrif,lqrI

odkYr[kwf oDtdk&Dt& MuHqrIwdkYtay: rwnfrSDbJ ,if;ajz&Sif;csuf\ vdktyfcsuftjzpf vufawGYcsOf;uyfrI tay:
üomwnfrSDaMumif; azmfjycJhonf/ yl&Sifu ,kHMunfpGmqdkcJhonfrmS ]edAÁmeftaMumif;avhvmcsufonf ,if;\
tajzü rwnfrSDacs/ ,if;jyóemudk jrihfwufapcJhonhf t½IyftaxG;wGif yg0ifjcif;r&SdbJ edAÁmef\ jzpfEdkifzG,f
4
aMumif;usKd;nDñGwfaom ordkif;tawG;udk vG,fulpGm wnfaqmufEdkifonf }[k a&;cJhonf/ yl&iS fuJhodkYyif oDtdk'dk
pcsmAmpuD (Theodore Stcherbastsky, 1866-1942) onf Ak'¨bmomynm&Sifwpfa,mufjzpfaomfvnf; ¤if;\
trnfudk taemufwdkif; y&dowftaejzihf tuRr;f r0ifbJ&SdEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif taemufwdkif;om;rsm;taejzihf
¤if;\ cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm pOf;pm;qifjcifxm;onhf tawG;tjrifrsm;udk aus;Zl;wif&rnfjzpfonf/ ¤if;\ a0zefokH;oyf
csufrsm;udk ¤if;a&; om;onhf ]Ak'¨0g'edAÁmeftjrif (The Conception of Buddhist Nirvana)} usr;f pmü zwf½IEkdifonf/
¤if;txl;jyK azmfjyxm;onfrSm ]vGwfajrmufrIvrf;pOftaejzihf Ak'¨0g'\t"du&nf½G,fcsufudk qufwdkufjzpf
ysufaeonhf "r®tcdkuftwHhrsm;\ jzpfpOftm; xdef;csKyfxm;rItjzpf ½Ijrifonf/ taemufwdkif; t"dyÜm,fziG fhqdkol
trsm;pktzdkY oHo,jzihf zGifhqdkcJhMuykH&onhf b0jzpfwnfrIonf 'ku©opömjzpf\[laom xif&Sm;onhf Ak'¨0g' opöm
w&m;onf pcsmAmpuD\azmfjycsufwGif taumif;qkH;aoma0g[m&zvS,frI wpf&yfjzpfvmonf/ taMumif;rl
5
¤if;u 'ku©yk'fudk 0rf;enf;pdwfysufjcif;[k bmomrjyefbJ rwnfrNidrfjzpfrI[k bmomjyefcJhaomaMumifhwnf; } [l
íjzpfonf/ edAÁme[laoma0g[m&ESihfywfoufí yl&Sifu atmufygtwkdif; qdkcJhonf-

tdE´d,(ynm&Sif)rsm;onf tcsuftvufESihf tawG;tjrif? tawG;tjrifESihf pum;vkH;rsm;tMum; &Sif;vif;

onhf jcm;em;csufwpf&yfudk rjyKvkyfcJhMuay/ ¤if;wdkYonf ½IyfaxG;rI\tajccHudk vkH;0 &Sif;vif;pGm tod
trSwf rjyKcJhMuay/ Ak'¨0g'aqG;aEG;rIonf tudkif;av;ckygonfh tajzrJhjyqdkjcif;rsKd;jzpfonf – edAÁmefonf
wnf&Sd\ odkYr[kwf rwnf&dS odkYr[kwf wnf&Sdrwnf&SdEpS frsKd;vkH; odkYr[kwf wnf&dSonfvnf;r[kwf rwnf&dS
6
onfvnf; r[kwf /

þudpöESihfywfoufí edAÁmef[laoma0g[m&udk ½kyfvGef½IaxmifhrS jiif;qdkEdkifonf/ ]edAÁmefonf r&Sdyg}[l

aom0gusü jiif;qdkcsufavm? trSefaomf jiif;qdkcsufum;r[kwf/ taMumif;rl Ak'¨0g'\rlv&nf½G,fcsufonf
7
jiif;qdkcsufr[kwfaomaMumifhwnf;/ Adbled tufpf ,m'Af(Bibhuni S.Yadav) u atmufygtwdkif; jiif;qdkcJhonf–

2
Ibid, 276.
3
Ibid, 277.
g

4
or

Ibid, 280.
5
Ibid, 289-290.
a.

6
K.N. Jayatileke, Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge (1963; reprint, Delhi; Motilal Banarsiedss Publisher, 1998), 333.
as

7
Adblwd tufpf ,m'Af (Ph. D., Banaras Hinwdu University) onf wrfy,fvfwuúodkvf (TempleUniversity) bmoma&;Xme
el

vufaxmuf ygarmu© jzpfonf/ ¤if;\aqmif;yg;rsm;udk Indian Philosophical Jounal wGif ykHESdyfazmfjycJhonf/

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½kyfvGefynmonf enf;vrf;usonhf pdwful;,OfrI? wnf&Sdonf[kqdkjcif;jzihf wnf&SdvdkrIudk ½IyfaxG;aponhf

ud&d,mwefqmyvm wpfckjzpfonf---½kyfvGef awG;ac:rIonf wnf&Sdonf rwnf&Sd[laom ,kwådqifjcifrI?
8
wpfpHkwpfckonf wnf&Sd\ odkYwnf;r[kwf rwnff&Sd[lonfudk jiif;qdkjcif;ESihf qufEG,fonf /

edAÁmet,ltqtwGif ],if;onf wnf&Sdvsuf rwnf&Sd (&Sdvsufr&Sd)} [laom0gusü 'Gd[t"dyÜm,f yg&Sdae

ojzihf þt"dyÜm,favm xdkt"dyÜm,favm[lonfudk vG,fulpGm em;rvnfEdkifacs/ odkYjzihf edAÁmef\ &Si;f vif;onhf
t"dyÜm,fziG fhqdkcsufonf Ak'¨bmom0ifr[kwfonfh a&S;OD;Ak'¨bmom ynm&SifwdkYtm; r,kHMunfvdkonfh oHo,
rsm;udk jzpfay:aponf/
]edAÁmefESihf tjcm;Ak'¨0g' O'gef;rsm; (Nirvana and other Buddhist Felicities)} pmtkyf tygt0if usrf;pmtrsm;
tjym;a&;om;cJhol acwfopf Ak'¨bmomynm&Sif pwDAifaumvif;pf (Steven Collins)url tjcm;enf;vrf;jzifh
edAÁmef\t"dyÜg,fudk zGifhqdk&ef BudK;pm;cJhonf/ odkY&mwGif aumvif;pfonf xm0&wnf&Sdjcif;ESihf xm0&rwnf&Sd
jcif;t,ltqrsm;udk ajz&Sif;jcif;rjyKcJhacs/ ¤if;onf edAÁmefudk pdwful;,Of edAÁmeftjzpf,lqcJhonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm
¤if;onf edAÁmef\o½kyfoP²mefudk NrdKUawmftjzpf ,lqvdkcJhonf/ edAÁmef\ tajctaeudk ½kyfe,fudkausmfvGef
9
aomtjrif? Ak'¨0g'ESihfoufqdkifonhf xl;jcm;onhf"r®? Ak'¨0g'\ tqkH;pGef&&SdrItjzpf ñTefjycJhonf /
Ak'¨bmomr[kwfolrsm;tzdkY edAmÁ ef[lonf a&S;OD;Ak'¨bmom[k ac:wGifonhf tdE´d,Ak'¨bmom\ em;
rvnfEdkifaom w&m;"r®wpfck jzpfykH&onf/ odkY&mwGif Ak'¨0g'onf ,if;\ ,kwådenf;usw&m;"r®? udk,fusifh
w&m;vrf;ñTefrIESihf ,if;\&nfrSef;csufwdkYaMumifh ta&SUrStaemufodkY jyefYESYHcJhonf/ trSefpifppf edAmÁ ef\
t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkcsufESihf ywfoufí Ak'¨bmom0ifESihf Ak'¨bmom0ifr[kwfol ynm&Sifrsm;tzdkY a0zefMuqJ jzpfNyD;
'dGwåt"dyÜm,faumuf,lrIrsm;aMumihf twdtusazmfjy&ef jzpfEdkifbJ&Sdonf/ odkYjzpfí Ak'¨0g'tpOftvmrsm;udk avh
vm&mwGif usrf;*efazmfjycsuft"dyÜg,fEiS hf ukd,fwdkifod&SdawGUBuKHrIEiS hf ywfoufonfh &SifoefqJ t"dyÜm,fziG fhqdkrI
wdkYtMum; ñSdEdIif;&efvdkonf/ uefYowfcH t"dyÜg,faumuf,lrIrsm;ESihf aqG;aEG;bdrl vufrcHEdkifonhf oHo,udk
ydkrdkwdk;yGm;aponf[k ,lq&onf/ Ak'¨0g'avhvmusifhokH;rI ½Iaxmifhrq S dkaomf ,if;oHo,0dwufonf 0dyóem
10
ynmwdk;wufrIudk wm;qD;wwfaom eD0&Pw&m;wpfck jzpfvmEdkifonf /
odkY&mwGif aeYpOfb0ü qufoG,fa&;twGuf vlwkdYonhf bmompum;udk tokH;jyKMu&onf/ bmompum;
r&SdbJ awGUBuKHod&SdrI wpfpkHwpf&mudk r&Sif;jyEdkifacs/ t&om? cHpm;rI? pdwfvIyf&Sm;rI? aysmf½TifrIponfudk xkwfazmf
ajymqdk&ef pum;vkH;rsm;vdktyfonf/ odkY&mwGif edAÁmef\t"dyÜm,fudkrl pum;vkH;rQjzihf t"dyÜm,fazmfjy&ef rjzpfEkdif
acs/ taMumif;rl bmompmum;[lonfyif trnfemrwpfckrQom jzpfaomaMumihfwnf;/ "r®t&omESihf edAÁmef\
tESpfom&um; tqkH;pGef y&rw¬w&m;jzpfí bmompum;\ e,fedrdwfudk ausmfvGefonf/ Ak'¨0g'½Iaxmifht&rl
11
tppftrSefw&m;ü trnfowfrSwfrIr&Sd? bmompum;r&Sd /
tppftrSefw&m;ESifh ywfoufí vufawGUusifhokH;rIrS&&Sdonhf tawGUtBuHKtwGuf enf;rSefustrnfemr
rsm;uJhodkYaom awGUBuHKod&SdrIrsm;\ ppfrSefonhft"dyÜm,fudk pum;vkH;rQjzihf azmfjy&efenf;vrf;r&SdaMumif; em;vnf
&onf/ xdke,fy,fü udk,fwdkif awGUBuKHod&SdcHpm;zl;olonfomvQif ,if;pum;vkH;rsm;udk trSefwu,fem;vnf
onf/ todÓPfxl;udk &&SdMuvsuf avmukwå&me,fodkY qdkufa&mufMuNyD;jzpfaom t&d,myk*¾Kdvfrsm;om odjrif
Ekdifonhf edAmÁ efum; ,if;odkYaom a0g[m&jzpfonf/ us,fajymeuf½Idif;onhf ur®|mef;bm0em½IrSwfjcif;rS &&Sdonhf
12
r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfudk&&SdrSom ,if;edAÁmefudk odjrifEdkifNyD; awG;ac:MuHq½kHrQjzihf rodem;rvnfEdkifacs / wpfpkHwpf
a,mufonf awG;ac:ajrmfjrifrI ½Iaxmifhudk tajcjyKNyD; oDtdk&Dt& edAÁmef\t"dyÜm,fudk zGihfqdkEdkifz, G f&Sdonf/
odkYwapvnf; r[mowdy|meokwfudk tajccHonhf owdy|mef0dyóemudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfjcif;r&SdbJ 'óe
g
or

8
Bibhuti S. Yadav, 'Negation, Nirvana and Nonsense,' Journal of the American Academy of Rleigion 45(1977), 452
a.

9
Steven Collins, Nirvana and Other Buddhist Felicities (New York:; Cambridge University Press, 1998), 33, 224.
as

10
U Pandita Sayadaw, InThis Very Life (Bsoton: Wisdom Publications, 1992), 71-73.
11
Hsueh-li Cheng, Nagarjuna's Twelve Great Treatise (Boston: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1982), 21-24.
el

12
Bhikkhu Bodhi, ed., A Comprehensive Manual fof Abhidhamma (Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, 1993), 258.
.k
w

13
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enf;t& t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkí edAÁmef\t"dyÜm,frSefukd em;vnf&ef rjzpfEdkifacs/ ,if;,lqcsufESifh ywfoufí azmfjy

csufwpf&yfudk atmufygtwkdif;awGU&onf-

a,m [d aumpd bdu©a0 £ar pwåma&m owdy|mae {0H bma0,s owå0ómed -- owåm[H
13
owå'd0oH zvmeH tnw&H zvH yg#ducø 'da|0 "ar® tnm 0g Oyg'daoao tem*grdwm /
&[ef;wdkY? þowdy|mefav;yg;udk ckepfESpfrQ -- ckepf&ufrQ yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfol rnfolrqdkonf ,ck
b0üyif &[EÅmb0udkjzpfap? tu,fí Oyg"dt<uif;tusef&SdcJhao;vQif tem*grfb0udkjzpfap þtusKd;
14
w&m; ESpfyg;teuf wpfckckudk arQmfvifhEdkifonf /

xdkYjyif yGm;tm;xkwfjcif;r&SdbJ rnfonfhbmompum;jzihfrqdk edAmÁ ef\t"dyÜm,frSefudk tjynfhtpkH azmfaqmif

Edkifrnfr[kwfacs/ t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdk½kHrQonf wpfcgwpf&Hü zwf½Iavhvmolrsm;tm; t"dyÜm,ftrsKd;rsKd; aumuf,l
vsuf rSm;,Gif;jcif;qDodkY OD;wnfoGm;onf/ trSefpifppf Ak'¨bmom edAÁmeft,ltqudk tokH;jyKaomtcg uefY
owfcH t"dyÜm,faumuf,lcsufESihf tuefYtowfrJh ukd,fwkdifxdk;xGif;odjrifrIESpf&yftMum; uGm[csufudk
ñSdEIdif;&ef vkdtyfonf/ oihfawmfonhf t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkrIjzihf Ak'¨\ta&;ygonhf tqkH;trudk wnfaqmuf&ef
þokawoe jyKcsufonf ygVdawmfusrf;*efrsm;ESihftnD edAÁmef\rl&if;t"dyÜm,fudk txl;jyKazmfjyoGm;rnfjzpf
onf/ yxr a&S;OD; ygVdawmfusrf;rsm; ordkif;wpfavQmuf wdk;wufcJhykHtaMumif;udk avhvmrnfjzpfonf/
'kwd,taejzihf Ak'"¨ r® rl&if;ESihf 'óeqdkif&m enf;vrf;rsm;ESifhywfoufí qufEG,ft"dyÜm,f zGifhqdkcsufrsm;ü
Ak'¨usr;f *efrsm;wGif tokH; jyKonhf usrf;*efvmenf;vrf;rsm; odkYr[kwf ygVdt|uxmenf;vrf;rsm;udk
OD;pm;ay;azmfjyrnfjzpfonf/ aemuf qkH;taejzifh edAÁmef\t"dyÜm,fudk em;vnf&ef ur®|mef;½IrSwfrIü wdkuf½dkuf
tokH;jyKonhf 0dyóemenf;vrf;udk azmf jyrnfjzpfonf/
a&SUwGiq f dkcJhonhftwdkif; þavhvmcsuo f nf rl&if;usrf;*efrsm; qdkvdkonfrSm jrefrmAk'¨bmom usrf;*efrsm;
tygt0if ygVdawmf? t|uxm? #Dumusrf;rsm;ESifhtnD twdtuszGifhqdkrnfjzpfonf/ jrefrmusrf;*efrsm;teuf
þokawoejyKcsufü a½Tusifq&mawmf a&;om;jyKpkonhf *rÇD&m*rÇD&r[medAÁKw'DyeD usrf;ESihf v,fwDq&m
awmf a&;om;jyKpkonfh edAÁme'DyeDESpfusrf;ukd t"duokawoejyK azmfjyrnfjzpfonf/ ,if;ESpfusrf;onf
rl&if;ax&0g'Ak'¨bmom ygVdawmf t|uxm #Dumusrf;rsm;udk tajcjyKa&;om;xm;aom usrf;rsm;jzpfMuonf/

a&S;OD; Ak'¨bmomorkdif; tajccH

Ak'¨bmomonf Ak'¨a[mMumcsufrsm;u ¤if;\wynfhom0ursm;tm; vIHUaqmfay;cJhNyD;aemuf rlvblwtm;jzihf
tdE´d,wGif pwifxGef;um;cJhonf/ odkYjzpfí rl&if;Ak'b ¨ mom[lonfudk tdEd´Ak'¨bmom[k ac:a0:jcif;jzpfonf/
ueOD;tcsdefwGif Ak'¨0g'onf pHjyjzpfcJhNyD; nDñGwfrI&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif ESpfwpf&mcefY MumNyD;aemuf bmoma&;
qdkif&mvIyf&Sm;rI wpf&yfaMumihf *kdPf;*P trsKd;rsKd;uGJjym;oGm;onf/ þonfrSm tcsdefumv? ywf0ef;usiftajc
taetrsKd;rsKd;ESihf ,Ofaus;rItaxGaxGwdkYaMumihf jzpfonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí edAÁmef\t"dyÜg,fEiS fh Ak'¨0g'\yef;wdkif
bmjzpfonf[laom tcsufrsm;tygt0if Ak'¨w&m;awmfrsm;ü a,bk,soabmwlnDcsufr&SdbJ jzpfoGm;onf/
[d&u0 tud& (Hirakawa Akira) yk*¾Kdfvf\tvdkt& tdE´d,Ak'¨bmomwGif a&S;OD;ax&0g'*dkPf;uGJ q,fhESpfck
15
&SdcJhonf / ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomtwGif; tjcm;*dkPf;uGJtrsKd;rsKd; vnf;&Sdao;onf/ odkY&mwGif þokaweojyK
csufonf ax&0g'*dkPf;uGJtrsKd;rsKd; tvkH;pkHudk pmwrf;wpfckwnf;ü azmfjy&efrjzpfEdkifojzihf *dkPf;toD;oD;\ rlv
&if;jrpfudk &SmazGrnfr[kwfacs/ ,if;onf þavhvmcsuf\ e,fy,ftwdkif;twm jyifbufü&Sdonf/ þavhvm
csufü ]Ak'¨0g'ESpfaygif; 2500}usrf;pmvm yDADbywf (P.V. Bapat) tqdkESihftnD ax&0g'*dkPf;uGJrsm;ü oAÁw¬d0g'
(Sthaviravadin) onf t"du*kdPf;uGJjzpfvmonf[laomtqdkudk todtrSwfjyKrnfjzpfonf/ xdkjyif ax&0g'DwdkY
g
or
a.

13
r[m0*¾ygVd? 'DCedum, (&efukef? jrefrm? omoema&; OD;pD;Xme? 1993)? 251-252/
as

14
Maurice Walshe, trans., Te Long Discourses of the Buddha. A Translation of the Digha Nikaya (Boston: Wisdom Publications, 1987), 350.
15
el

Hirakawa Akira, A History of Indian Buddhism: From Sakyamuni to Early Mahayana (1915; repring, Honolulu; University of Hawaii Press,
.k

1990), 116.
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14
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onf ygVdudk jrifhjrwfonhfbmompum;? odkYr[kwf ¤if;wdkY0g'\ ygVdawmfqdkif&m bmompum;tjzpf tokH;jyKMu

onf/ ]ygVdpmayüawGY&rnfh a&S;tusqkH;Ak'¨0g'um; tpOftvmudk twdtusvdkufemaom *dkPf;uGJwpfckjzpf
16
onhf ax&0g'jzpf\} / ax&0g'ESihfpyfvsOf;í jrefrmEdkifiHAk'¨bmomudk ax&0g'tpOftvmtjzpf ,lq&
onf/ oD&dvuFmordkif;t& od&d"r®mtaomu rif;w&m;BuD;apvTwfcJhonhf t&SifaomPESihf t&SifOwå&trnf
&Sd &[ef;awmfESpfyg;onf a,bk,stm;jzihf jrefrmEdkifiHtjzpf twnfjyKxm;onhf ok0PÖblrd t&yfwGif Ak'¨0g'udk
17
a[mMum;cJhMuonf / taomuacwf (bDpD 3 &mpk) twGif; Ak'¨omoemjyK vkyfief;rsm;udk oD&dvuFm? jrefrmESihf
xdkif;iHrsm;odkYwdkif jzefYusufcJhonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;t&rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf –

a&S;tusqkH; jrefrmEdkifiH (ok0PÖblrd) ax&0g'Ak'b¨ mom taxmuftxm;rSm at'D 5 &mpk ygVdbmom

ausmufpmjzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHü wpfcsdefu r[m,meESifh wEÅ&Ak'¨bmom xGe;f um;cJhaomfvnf; taemf
&xmrif;onf at'D 11 &mpkwGif jrefrmEdkifiHtm; ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomodkY oGwfoiG f;cJhonf/ &mpkESpf ESpcf k
18
twGif; ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomudk jrefrmEdkifiHü ydkrdkus,fjyefYpGm vdkufemusihfokH;vmcJhonf /

þazmfjycsufudk tajccHíqdk&aomf rsufarSmufacwfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHax&0g'Ak'¨bmomonf &if;jrpftm;

jzihf tdE´d,ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomrS qif;oufcJhonfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,frvkdacs/ Ak'¨bmomynm&Sifrsm;onf Ak'¨\
rlvblwjzpfonhf w&m;awmfrsm;udk ygVdbmomjzihfa&;om;xm;aMumif; ,lqMuonf/ ygVdbmom[lonf Ak'¨
acwf bDpD 5 &mpk0ef;usifwGif r*"EdkifiHtjzpfxif&Sm;cJhonfh tdE´d,tv,fydkif;ü ajymqdkonhf rm*"Dbmom
pum;jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ ygVdESihf rm*"Dbmompum;ESpf&yftMum; wdkuf½kdufqufoG,frIudk razmfjyEdkifacs/ odkY&mwGif
Ak'¨bmomynm&Sifrsm;onf Ak'¨acwfu rm*"a'owGif aexdkifolrsm;onf ygVdbmom\ rlvblvblwjzpfonhf
rm*"Dbmompum;udk ajymqdkaMumif; ,lqMuonf/ wdyd#uygVdjrefrm tbd"mef twGJ 16? pm-536 wGif rm*"
bmomudk ygVdbmomtjzpf twnfjyKxm;onf/

ok'¨rm*"dumwd rm*a"ok bmom ww¬ 0d'dwm 0g rm*"m? o'´g/ aw {wo®ð awok 0g ed,kwåmwd
19
rm*"dum /
ok'¨rm*"dum[l&mü rm*"wdkif;wGif rlvtm;jzihf pwifcJhNy;D ,if;a'oüaexkdifolrsm; ajymqdkonfh bmom
pum;udk rm*"Dbmompum;[k ac:onf/ rm*"wdkif;om;wdkY\ bmompum;onf o'´genf;t& rm*"D
20
trnfwGifonf /

ordkif;t&qdkaomf yxroH*g,emudk rm*"EdkifiH &mZ*[ (&mZN*ØK[f) NrdKUawmfü usif;ycJhonf/ oH*g,em

wif q&mawmfrsm;onf ygVdbmomudk w&m;0if tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/ ,if;bmompum;onf rm*"DESihf ygVd[k
trnfESpfrsKd;&SdcJhykH&aomfvnf; rl&if;bmompum;rSm twlwlyifjzpfykH&onf/
oHCmhtpnf;ta0;wGif tzGJU0ifoHCmawmfrsm;onf txl;ojzifh ax&0g'[laomtrnfudk tokH;jyKcJhMu
onf/ tb,faMumihf oHCmonf xdktrnfudk okH;cJhMuoenf;/ ygVdbmomwGif ax&0g'[laomtrnfonf
yk'feuft& rax&fBu;D wdkY\vrf;pOf odkYr[kwf rax&fBuD;wdkY\"r®[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ trSefaomf Ak'¨&iS fawmfjrwf
onf xdkw&m;"r®rsm;udk OD;pGma[mMum;awmfrlNyD; rax&fBuD;rsm;u jyefvnfa[mMum;vsuf Ak'¨\w&m;"r®rsm;udk
apmihfa&SmifhcJhMuonf/ odkYjzifh ,if;wdkY\a[mMum;csufrsm;udk rax&fBuD;wkdY\0g'[k ac:a0:jcif;jzpfonf/ ygVd
awmf usrf;pmrsm;ü twGJaygif; rsm;pGmyg&Sdonf/ ax&0g'Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;u ,if;"r®usrf;pmrsm;udk wdyd#u
g

16
P.V. Bapat, 2500Years of Buddhism (1956; reprint, India; Publications Division, 1994), 89.
or

17
Ibid, 76.
a.

18
Melford E. Spiro, Buddhism and Society: A Great Tradition and Its Burmese Vicissitudes (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1970), 378-
as

382.
19
Subodhalankara-Tika (Rangoon, Burma: Department of Religious Affairs, 1973), 25.
el

20
oufqdkif&m edó,usrf;rsm;udkrSDí usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvf t*Fvdyfbm jyefqdkcJhonf/
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15
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(jcif;awmif;okH;ck)[k &nfñTef;Muonf/ ]uxH yd#u0aoe wd0d"H? oAÁrÜd apwH 0de,yd#uH okwåEÅyd#uH tbd"r®
yd#uEÅd wdyÜab'ar0 a[mwd - yd#uwfokH;ykH rnfodkYjym;oenf;/ ,if;wdkYrSm 0de,yd#u = pnf;rsOf;jcif;awmif;?
21
okwåyd#u = "r®jcif;awmif;ESihf tbd"r®yd#u = tbd"r®jcif;awmif; wdkYjzpfonf} /
ax&0g'ESihf r[m,meAk'¨bmomtwGif; *dkPf;uGJrsm;pGm&Sdonf/ odkYwap ax&0g'ESihf r[m,me*kdPf;uGJ
trsKd;rsKd;taMumif;udk tao;pdwfazmfjyjcif; þavhvmcsufü yg0ifrnfr[kwfay/ odkY&mwGif tajccHAk'¨0g'tkyfpk
ESpfcktaejcihf cGJjcrf;azmfjycsufudk ykHrSeftokH;jyKxm;onf/ ,if;wdkYrSm ygVdtpOftvmESihf ouúwtpOftvmjzpf
onf/ ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomtjzpfxif&Sm;onhf ygVdtpOftvmwGif oD&dvuFm? jrefrm? ,dk;',m;? uarÇm'D;,m;?
vmtdkEdkifiHwdkYyg0ifonf/ r[m,metjzpfxif&Sm;onhf ouúwAk'¨bmomonf w½kwf? wdAuf? eDayg? blwef?
udk&D;,m;? *syef? xdkif0rfESihf AD,uferfEdkifiHwdkYyg0ifonfh ajrmufydkif;Ak'¨bmomjzpfonf/ þavhvmcsufonf
t"dutm;jzihf ygVdAk'¨bmomtjrifudk tav;ay;azmfjyrnfjzpfonf/ taMumif;rl okawoejyKolonf touf
udk;ESpft½G,frSpí jrefrmEdkifiHax&0g'Ak'¨bmom tqkH;trjzihf oifhwifhonfhavhvmrIESihf avhusifhtm;xkwfrIudk
&&SdcJhaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ xdkYjyif ygVdAk'¨bmomESifh qufEG,fNyD; rdrdudk,fwdkifvdkufemonhf bmoma&;b0ESihf
r[mpnfenf;jzihf 0dyóemtm;xkwfrIwGif ur®|mef;enf;jyq&mtjzpf uRrf;usifoljzpfonf/
ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomusihfpOfwGif eHygwfwpfESihf tvdktyfqkH;aom a&S;OD;Ak'¨bmomtqkH;trrSm Ak'¨&Sifawmf
jrwf "r®puúy0wåeokwfawmfü a[mawmfxm;onhftwdkif; opömav;yg;jzpfonf/ ,if;okwåefwGif Ak'¨\ta&;
22
tygqkH;aom w&m;wpf&yfrSm edAÁmef[laom a0g[m&ESihf y&d,m,fwlonhf 'ku©eda&m"opöm jzpfonf / ygVd
awmf t|xmESihf Ak'p¨ mayusrf;*efwdkYü eda&m" odkYr[kwf edAÁme[laom a0g[m&wdkYudk rMumcPawGY&onf/
aemiftcgwGif Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf edAÁmef[laoma0g[m&udk ydkrdkokH;pGJcJhonf/ r[my&dedAÁmeokwaf wmfü Ak'&¨ iS f
awmfjrwfonf edAÁmef[laoma0g[m&udk wdkuf½dkufokH;pGJcJhonf/

{um,aem t,H bdu©a0 ra*¾g owåmeH 0dok'¨d,m aomuy&da'0geH orwduúrm, 'ku©a'greómeH

23
tw¬*Frm, Ó,ó t"d*rm, edAÁmeó opödud&d,m, ,'d'H pwåma&m owdy|mem /
&[ef;wdkY? owå0gwdkY pifMu,fap&ef aomuy&da'0udk vGefajrmuf&ef 'ku©a'reóudk Nidrf;ap&ef rSefuef
onhf vrf;pOfudk&&Sd&ef edAÁmefudk&&Sd&ef owdy|mefav;yg;onfom wpfaMumif;wnf;aom vrf;pOfjzpf
24
onf /

xdktwlyif edAÁmef[laom a0g[m&udk twGJ av;q,f&Sdonhf ygVdawmfusr;f rsm;ESihf t|uxm#Dumusrf;

wdkYü tBudraf jcmuf&mxufrenf; awGYEdkifonf/ edAÁme[laom a0[m&jzihf ygVdA'k ¨bmomwGif wpfcgwpf&H aemuf
25
qkH;vGwfajrmufrI 0drkwåd"r® ('ku©rS tvkH;pkH vGwfajrmufjcif;)tjzpf azmfjyMuonf /
odkY&mwGif ordkif;wpfavQmuf Ak'¨0g'rsKd;pkHwdkY\ rSwfwrf;wdkif;ü edAÁmeft,ltqudk MumjrihfpGmawGY&onf/
tcsdefu edAÁmefESihf tEÅdrtppftrSef[laom pum;vkH;wdkY\ t,ltqtrsKd;rsKd; ay:aygufapcJhonfrSm oHo,
jzpfzG,frvdkacs/ þtcsufESihfywfoufí Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ crf;em;vSonhf rlvw&m;awmfvmazmfjycsufrSm
tcsdefumvuGmjcm;csufESihf Ak'¨0g'trsKd;rsKd;ay:aygufvmjcif;wdkYaMumihf arS;rSdefoGm;cJhaMumif; jiif;csufxkwfEdkif
onf/ wpfacwfNyD;wpfacwf ynm&SifwdkY t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;ESihf Ak'¨0g'tpOftvmtrsKd;rsKd;wdkY\ ½IjrifrIudk
tajccHNyD; rajymif;vJaom tppftrSefw&m;jzpfonhf edAÁmeft,ltqonf ajymif;vJoGm;cJhonf/
&Snfvsm;onhf ordkif;wpfaphwpfapmif;u Ak'¨"r®qdkif&m t"dyÜm,faumuf,lrItrsKd;rsKd;ESihf a&S;OD;Ak'¨"r®udk
oabmrwlnDEdkifrIwdkYaMumihf Ak'¨0g'ykHpHopfwdkYonf Ak'¨"r®qdkif&m a&S;OD;t"dyÜg,faumuf,lrIrsm;rS aoGznfoGm;cJh

21
Silakkhandha-vagga-atthakatha (Rangoon, Burma: Department of Religious Affairs, 1975), 17.
g

22
Bhikkhu Bodhi, The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya Vol. II(Boston: Wisdom Publications,
or

2000), 1844.
a.

23
Ma-P, Di-N Vol. II 231.
as

24
Di-N-NT, 335.
25
el

Venerable Nyanaponika Thera and Bhikkhu Bodhi Numerical Discourses of the Buddha: An Anthology of Suttas from the Anguttara Nikaya
.k

(New York: Altamira Press, 1999), 130-131.

w

16
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26
aMumif; azmfjyvsuf&Sdonf/ Ak'¨0g'ykHpHopfwpfckrSm r[m,meAk'¨bmomjzpfonf / ouúwAk'¨bmom odkYr[kwf
r[m,meAk'¨bmom ynm&Sifrsm;onf a&S;OD;Ak'¨0g't,ltqrsm;udk vufrcHbJ&SdMuonf/ em*&ZÆKe (Nagarjuna)
27
onf r[m,meAk'¨bmom ynm&Sifwpfa,mufjzpfonf / em*&ZÆKeonf edAÁmefudk jcm;em;onhf tajctae
wpf&yfrS wifjycJhonf/ ¤if;t,lt& edAÁmef[lonf oHo&mjzpfNyD; oHo&m[lonf edAÁmefyifwnf;/ ,if;ESpfck
jcm;em;jcif;r&SdbJ awGYMuKHod&SdrIt& t&mESpfrsKd;r [kwfacs/ trSefpifppf ,if;ESpfrsKd;rSm twlwljzpfonf/ xdkYjyif
¤if;onf edAÁmefudk oknw(qdwfokH;jcif;)[kvnf; t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcJhonf/ ¤if;t& t&mcyfodrf;rSm oknwjzpfNyD;
ouf&SdoufrJhtm;vkH;vnf; oknwjzpfonf/ oknwudk rZÑdr'#dy'gvrf;pOftjzpf em;vnfcJhonf/ oknw
28
vrf;pOfudk edAÁmefa&mufaMumif; vrf;pOftjzpfvnf; ,lqcJhonf /
,if;tpOtvmtwGif;ü edAÁmef\t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsuftcsKdUudk oabmrwlEdkifrIaMumihf r[m,me*dkPf;
twGif;ü tjcm;*dkPf;opfrsm; ay:aygufcJhonf/ ,if; r[m,me*dkPf;uGJykHpHopfrSm okc0wDAk'¨0g'tjzpf xif
29
&Sm;onf / okc0wD*kdPf;onf eddAÁmefudk edAÁmefbkH odkYr[kwf Ak'¨bHktjzpf zGifhqdkonf/ okc0wDbkHonf trdw
bmbk&m;ryGifhrD ESpfaygif; toacsFteEÅMumatmif usifhBuHtm;xkwfcJhonfh aAm"dowåusihfpOf\ &v'fjzpfonf/
okc0wD0g'onf ousrkedAk'¨\ "r®um,udk rysufrpD; xm0&wnfNrJtaejzihf tvdk&SdaMumif; txl;jyKazmfjycJh
30
onf / okc0wDAk'¨0g'\ txl;jyKazmfjycsufrSm xm0&wnf&Sdaeaom Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf awG;ac:ajrmfjrifrI
t& txnfudk,fokH;rsKd;(Bwdum,)jzihf xif&Sm;&Sdonf/ ,if;t,ltqonf to*F (Asnga) ESihf tjcm;a,m*gpm&
q&mBuD;rsm;\ t,ltqESihf qufEG,frI&Sd onf/

Ak'¨\udk,fcE¨monf ta&twGuftm;jzifh wpfckwnf;jzpfaomfvnf; vkyfaqmifcsuftm;jzihf rsm;jym;onf/

a&S;OD;r[m,mewdkYonf Ak'¨tm; cE¨mESpfck&Sdonf[k,q
l Muonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm toGifoP²mefrJh wnfNrJonhf
tppftrSefw&m;[laom "r®um,ESihf ta&miftqif;&Sd auG;ñGwfEdkifNy;D tm½kHig;yg;jzihf awGUodcHpm;Edkif
aom toGifoP²mef&Sd ½lyum,jzpfonf/ to*FESihf tjcm;aom a,m*gpm& q&mrsm;url aemufqkH;ü
Ak'¨tm; "r®um,? oarÇm*um, (tm½kHcHpm;Edkifaomudk,fcE¨m) ESifh edr®meum, (zefqif;udk,fcE¨m)[lí
31
okH;rsKd;&SdaMumif;,lqcJhMuonf /

txufygazmfjycsufudk tajcjyKí okc0wDAk'¨bmom0ifwdkYonf ordkif;wpfcsdefwGif xif&Sm;&SdcJhonfh Ak'¨&Sif

awmfjrwfonf vlYavmuwGif rwnf&Sdawmhaomfvnf; jrihfjrwfaomcE¨mudk,fonf Ak'¨bkH[kac:onhf tjrihfqkH;
bkHXmewGif xm0&wnf&Sdaeonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/ þazmfjycsufü Ak'¨\"r®ukd,fonf okc0wDAk'¨0g'tvdkt&
rysufrpD; xm0&wnfNrJaeonf[k qdkvdk&ma&mufonf/
þordkif;0ifazmfjycsufudk tajcjyKí 0dyóemÓPf wdk;wufatmif tm;rxkwfzl;olwpfa,muftzkdY ax&
0g'ESihfr[m,meAk'¨0g' ESpfrsKd;vkH;tm; qefYusifonhf tawG;tjrif wpf&yftjzpf ,lqEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif þ
tcsufESihfywfoufí yd#uwfusrf;*efrsm;wGif tajccHonfh edAmÁ eft"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkcsuf trsKd;rsKd;udk pl;prf;&SmazG&ef

26
r[m,meAk'¨bmom ay:aygufcJhonhf a&S;OD;umvESihfywfoufí t,ltqtrsKd;rsKd;&Sdonf/ tcsKdUynm&Sifrsm;u 'kwd,
oH*g,emNyD;rSay:aygufcJhaMumif; ,kHMunfNyD; tcsKdUurl wwd,oH*g,emNyD;rS ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomESihf jcm;em;vsuf pwifay:
aygufcJhaMumif; ,kHMunfMuonf/ Akira, 105-116 udk ½Iyg/
27
Cheng, 1-12. Cheng u em*½ZÆKe (at'D 2 &mpkwGif ay:xGef;cJhNyD; rZÑrduAk'¨0g'udk wnfaxmifcJhol) \tawG;tjriftm; r[m
,metawG;tjrif\ tajccHtjzpf ,lqcJhaMumif; azmfjycJhonf/
28
Herbert V. Guenther, Philosophy and Psychology in the Abhidharma (1957:reprint, Delhi: Mothlal Banarsidass Publishers, 1991), 194.
29
okc0wDAk'¨0g' (Pure Land Buddhism)onf Ak'¨\w&m;"r®rsm;udk tajccHonfh r[m,me*dkPf;uGJwpfckjzpfonf/ aESmif;acwfwGif
xif&Sm;onhf okc0wD\"r®rsm;udk at'D 12-&mpk *syefEdkifiHwGif tajcjyKcJhonfh &SJifokc0wD*dkPf;udk wnf;axmifol &SJif&ef ½Ideif
g
or

(Shinran Shorin 1173-1262)u a[mMum;cJhonf/ ¤if;\t,ltqxif&Sm;vm&jcif;rSm aeYpOfb0wGif vlwdkif;vdkufemEdkifonfh vG,ful

a.

onhf usihfpOfpepf aMumihfjzpfonf/ þazmfjycsufrSm Cheng pm-11 rSjzpfonf/

as

30
Ibid, 12.
31
el

Takeuchi Yoshinori, ed., Buddhist Spirituality: Later China, Korea, Japan and the Modern World. Vol. II (New York; Crossroad Press, 1999),
.k

396.
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17
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'óeenf;vrf;rsm;&Sdonf/ ,if;enf;vrf;rsm;teuf ygVdusrf;*efenf;vrf;rsm;ESihf 'óeenf;vrf;tcsKdU yg0if

onf/ 'óeenf;vrf;rsm;udk tokH;jyKjcif;onf awG;ac:olrsm;tm; eddAÁmeft"dyÜm,f em;vnfrIudk &Sif;vif;
us,fjyefYapEdkifNyD; usrf;*efvm enf;vrf;rsm;udk tokH;jyKjcif;onff avhusihftm;xkwfolrsm;tm; r*fÓPfzdkvf
ÓPf\ crf;em;rIudk em;vnfapEdkifonf/ txl;jyKqdk&aomf ,if;'óeqdkif&m enf;vrf;rsm;ESihf usrf;*efenf;
vrf;rsm;udk tokH;jyKjcif;onf þavhvmcsuftm; tpGef;a&muft,ltqESpfrsKd;jzpfonfh Oapä''d|dESihf oów'd|d
ESpfrsKd;udk &Sif;vif;apEdkifrnfjzpfonf/

edAÁmefavhvmcsuf enf;rSefust,ltq
Ak'¨0g'tpOftvm\ ½IaxmihftaxGaxGjzifh ordkif;aemufcHjzpfpOfudk azmfjyNyD;jzpfojzihf ,if;ordkif;aemufcHrQjzihf
edAÁmef\t"dyÜm,fudk avhvm&efrvkHavmufao;aMumif; xif&Sm;onf/ t"dyÜm,fziG fhqdkcsuf trsm;tjym;udk azmfjy
&efvdktyfonf/ ,cifu t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkcJhonhfusrf;rsm;onf Ak'¨\rlva[mMum;csufudk jynfhpkH &Sif;vif;aponf
xuf awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm ½IyfaxG;qefYusifaponf/ ,if;t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufqdkif&m usrf;rsm;udk wnfhrwfap&ef
þavhvmcsufonf a&S;OD;Ak'¨0g' pl;prf;avhvmrIpwif&eftwGuf usrf;*efenf;vrf;rsm;ESihf 'óeenf;vrf;rsm;
yg0ifonhf enf;vrf;rsm;udk tokH;jyKonf/
usrf;*efvmenf;vrf;[lonf tb,fenf;? ,if;onf ygVdusrf;*efrsm;ü tokH;jyKxm;onf enf;vrf;udk qdkvdk
onf/ ygVdAk'¨bmomwGif usrf;*efenf;vrf;onf ½IaxmifhokH;rsKd;ESihf qEG,fonf (1) y&d,wåd tqdktrdefY (2)
y#dywådusifhpOfESihf (3) y#da0" awGUBuKHod&SdcHpm;rI wdkYjzpfonf/ þü y&d,wåd[lonf Ak'¨a[mMum;csufESifh tnD
t,ltqoDtdk&Drsm;udk azmfjyonfhenf;vrf;udk qdkvkdonf/ y#dywåd[lonf pdwfydkif;b0ESihf pdwf"mwf&ifhusufrI
udk &&Sd&efESifh edAÁmef\t"dyÜg,fukd em;vnf&efvdktyfonhf vrf;ñTefcsuftjzpf "r®tqdktrdefYrsm;udk vufawGY
tokH;csjcif;jzpfonf/ y#da0"[lonf orx 0dyóemur®|mef;tm;xkwfrIESpfrsKd;rS awGUBuHKo&d SdrIudk ñTe;f qdkjcif;
jzpfonf/ ,if;okH;rsdK;teuf y&d,wådudk Ak'¨a'oemawmftwGufr&Sdrjzpf vkdtyfaomt&mtjzpf rSwf,lonf/
taMumif;rl ,if;y&d,wådudk tajcjyKí Ak'¨0g'vdkufemusifhokH;olrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ bmoma&;vrf;pOfwGif
32
tjcm;ESpfrsKd;udkvnf; jznhfusifhEdkifaomaMumifhjzpfonf /

ww¬ y&d,wåDwd wDPD yd#umed/ y#dywåDwd y#dy'g/ y#da0a"mwd opöy#da0a"m/ omoe|dwd,m ye

33
y&d,wådyrmPH/ y@dawm [d awyd#uH okwGm a'Gyd yla&wd /
y&dwåd[lonf yd#uwfokH;ykHwnf;/ y#dywåd[lonf tusihfwnf;/ y#da0"[lonf opömav;yg;udk xdk;xGi;f í
odjrifjcif;wnf;/ ,if;okH;rsKd;teuf y&d,wådonf tjcm;ESpfrsKd;xuf tajccHusNyD; ta&;ygonf/ tajccH
34
w&m;rsm;udk avhvmNyD;aemuf ynm&Sdyk*¾Kdvfonf tjcm;ESpfrsKd;udk jynfhpkHapEdkifonf /

ygVdusrf;*efvm enf;vrf;rsm;\ av;eufcrf;em;rIudk awGYjrifNyD;jzpfonhftwdkif; edAÁmef\t"dyÜm,fudk avh

vmEdkif&ef þavhvmrItwGuf y&d,wådudk tokH;jyKEdkifonf/ trSefw&m; em;vnfrIudk tuJjzwf&mü usihfBuHtm;
xkwfrI tawGYtBuHKwiG f psmefw&m;udk od&SdrIESihf 0dyóemÓPf r*fÓPfzdkvfÓPfwdkYtygt0if ÓPfjzihfawGYBuKH
35
od&SdrIwdkYyg yg0ifonf /
odkY&mwGif þavhvmcsuüf pepfwuszGJYpnf;rItm;jzihf Ak'¨usrf;*efrsm;udk t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkEdkifa&;twGuf oihf
awmfonhf 'óeqdkif&menf;vrf;rsm;udk a½G;cs,f&ef vdktyfonf/ þusrf;pmwGif a0g[m&cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmrIESihf
tokH;wGifonhf a0g[m&tokH;jyKrI enf;vrf;rsm;udk tokH;jyKEdkifonf/ a0g[m&cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm enf;vrf;onf vl
om;ESihf bmoma&;usrf;pmrsm;udk t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkrIwGif em;vnfrIwdkYESihf ywfoufonf/ ,if;onf rlvtm;jzihf
ygVdawmfusr;f *efrsm;udk t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkrIESihf tenf;i,fom ywfoufonf/ odkY&mwGif a0g[m& cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm
g
or

32
a.

Pathikavagga-atthakatha, Digha-Nikaya (Rangoon, Burma: Department of Religious Affairs, 1993), 82.

33
as

Ibid, 82.
34
,if;onf #DumzGihfqdkcsufudk tajccHí usrf;jyKol\ t*FvdyfbmomjyefrS jrefrmjyefqkdjcif;onf/
el

35
Di-N-A, Vol. III, 82-83.
.k
w

18
w
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 www.kelasa.org

enf;vrf;udk ,aeYacwfwGif bdkifb,fvf (Bible) avhvmjcif;? bmoma&;avhvmjcif;ESihf 'óee,fy,fwdkYü

rMumcP tokH;jyKonf/ ,if;enf;vrf;onf q,fhESpf&mpkwGif z&uf'&pf &SmvD,mrmcsm (Friendrich Schleie-
rmacher) usrf;\pmjzihf acwfopf t"dyÜg,fzGihfqdkrIEiS hf 'óetpOftvmrsm;ESihf ywfoufí r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfaom
'óetajccHwpfck jzpfvmonf/ xdkYjyif z&uf'&pf &SmvD,mrmcsm a&S;OD;pGm wdk;wufatmif vkyfaqmifcJhonfh
]a0g[m& cGJjcrf; pdwfjzmenf;vrf; puf0ef;}onf usrf;*efodkY jyefYoGm;NyD; t"dyÜg,fzGihfqdkrItopfudk jzpfay:aponhf
36
jzpfpOfjzpfonf/ ,if;onf tcsdefwdkif; t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkrItopf jzpfykH&onf / odkYwap a0g[m&cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm
enf;vrf;tay: acwfopfpdwf0ifpm;rIonf acwfopft"dyÜg,faumuf,lrI oDtdk&Drsm;ESihf ydkíywfoufrI&Sdonf/
bmoma&;qdkif&m usrf;*efrsm;udk t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdk&ef ]Ak'¨bmomqdkif&m a0g[m&cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmenf;vrf;}onfvnf;
37
,if;\usrf;*efrsm;udk t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkrIESihf ywfoufonf /

,if;aemufqkH; t,ltqudk qkH;jzwf&ef&mS azGjcif;onf Ak'¨0g'a0g[m&cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmrIwGif t"du ywfouf

rIwpfckjzpfvmNyD; usrf;*effrsm;udk t"dyÜg,faumuf,l&mü azmfjyygjyóemrsm;udk jzpfay:apaom Ak'¨&Sif
awmfjrwf\ w&m;"r®a[mMum;&mü xufjrufonhf enf;vrf;jzpfonhf Oyg,a'oemonfyif t"dyÜg,fzGifh
qdkrIudk aqmif½Gufonhf tajccHwpf&yfjzpfvmoihfonf/ Oyg,[lonf ax&0g'aewådygVdESihf ul½kdif (Kurai)
\ ZlZl&Sif½Gef (Jujushinron) usrf;wdkYü azmfjyouJhodkY jcm;em;vGef;onf[kxif&aom usrf;*efvm trsKd;tpm;
cGJjcm; pepf\tajccHrsm;udk wnfaqmufykHvnf;&onf/ --- ax&0g'tzGifhusrf;rsm;onf ,if;wdkY\ a0g
[m&cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmrI r[mAsL[mudk wjznf;wjznf; aAm"dÓPfodkYa&mufaMumif; vrf;pOft,ltqay:
wGif tajccHonf/ odkYjzpfí ¤if;wdkYonf pdwfydkif;b0wdk;wufrIESihf p½dkuftqihftwef;uJhodkYaom tcsuf
rsm;udk tajccHvsuf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf w&m;"r®a[mMum;cJhaom yk*¾KdvfykHpHrsm;udk tao;pdwf azmfjyMu
38
onf /

t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkrItaMumif;qdk&mü Ak'¨&iS fawmfjrwfonf wynfhom0utm;vkH;tm; wlnDaom taMumif;

t&mudk a[mMum;awmfrrlcJhacs/ Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkYonf edAÁmef\t"dyÜg,fudkzGifhqdk&mü oufqdkif&musrf;*efüyg&Sd
onfh qufEG,ft"dyÜg,frsm;udk &&Sdap&ef enf;vrf;pkHudk tokH;jyK&rnfjzpfonf/ odkYjzihf Ak'¨bmoma0g[m&cGJ
jcrf;pdwfjzmenf;pepfonf edAÁmeftaMumif;udkzGifhqdkMuonhf ,cifusrf;pmrsm;udk okH;oyfavhvm&ef þokawoe
pmwrf;ESihf ywfoufqufEG,frI&Sdonf/
tcsKyftm;jzihf a&S;usrf;wdkYü azmfjyxm;NyD;jzpfonhf t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkcsufudkMunfhjcif;ü t"dyÜg,fziG fhqdkrI enf;
ynmpuf0ef;rS rvGwfEdkifacs/ a0g[m&cGJjcrf;pdwf jzmenf;puf0ef;wGif t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkrIpuf0ef;onf wpfpdwf
wpfa'oESihf tvkH;pkHwdkYtMum; qufEG,fr&I Sdonf/ ,if;onf tpdwftydkif;wpfckpDudk t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkjcif;rSm yk'f
wpfckvkH;udk t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkjcif;ü wnfrSDaMumif; qdkvkdonf/ ,if;enf;vrf;onf þavhvmcsuftwGuf trSefyif
tokH;0ifonf/ taMumif;rl t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;onf wpfcgwpf&H ,if;wdkY\ t"dyÜg,fwdrfjrKyfrI qufEG,f
rsm;jym;ojzihf tvGef½IyfaxG;aomaMumihfjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí a0g[m&cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm enf;vrf;onf þokawoe
jyKrI\ yef;wdkifodkYa&muf&ef tm;udk;&aom enf;vrf;jzpfonf/
þavhvmcsufonf vufawGUtokH;usrI0g'udkvnf; tokH;jyKrnfjzpfonf/ vufawGYtokH;usrI0g'onf
rlvtm;jzihf tar&duefEdkifiHü wdk;wufcJhonf/ þenf;vrf;onf awG;jrifrIt"dyÜg,f odkYr[kwf trSefw&m; t,l
tqonf vufawGU&v'f\ udpöwpf&yfjzpf&rnf[k ,lqonf/ ]vufawGY[al om a0g[m&onf awG;BuHonhf
39
twkdif; vIyf&Sm;aqmif½GufrI[k t"dyÜg,f&onf / vufawGYtokH;usrI0g'onf ,if;\ enf;vrf;udk trSefw&m;
\ oDtdk&Dtjzpf wdk;wufapcJhonf/ csm;pf qef'g ydkif;&fpf (Charles Sanders Peirce, 1839-1914)u vufawGYtokH;
usrI0g'udk tawG;tjrifrsm;udk &Sif;vif;onhf enf;vrf;tjzpf t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkcJhonf/ ¤if;tvdkt& vufawGY
g
or
a.

36
Robert Audi, ed., The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 323-324.
as

37
Donald S. Lopez, Jr., Buddhist Hermenetitices (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1988), 1-5.
38
Ibid, 5-6.
el

39
Samuel Enoch Stumpf, Socrates to Sartre: A History of Philosophy (New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1988), 411.
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tokH;usrI0g'\ tajccHrlrSm awG;jrifBuHqrIrsm;udk prf;oyfppfaq;rIwpfcktjzpfxm;&SdNyD; tusKd;qufrsm;udk

apmifhMunhfavhvm&efjzpfonf/ ydkif;&fpfu awG;ac:ajrmfjrifrItm;vkH;rSm wpfpkHwpfckjyKvkyf&ef enf;vrf;wpfck
tjzpf,lqrIudk trSeftjzpf,lqcJhonf/ odkYwap wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf tawG;tjriftjzpfodkY ajymif;vJoGm;
aom ,kHMunfrIwpf&yf&Sd&rnf/ awGYBuKHod&SdrIESihf pl;prf;qifjcifrIwdkY\ pHñTef;rSwfausmufjzihf prf;oyfEdkifaom
40
tawG;tjrifonfom ,if;\jyKrltavhtusifhudk wnfaqmuf&ef ,kHMunfrIudk ay;pGrf;Edkifrnfjzpfonf /
0DvsH*sdrf;pf (William James, 1842-1910) url rSefuefonhf ,lqcsufrsm;onf prf;oyfawGU&SdrItwGuf tokH;
0ifonf[laom t,ltqudk azmfjycJhonf/ *sdrf;pfu ]vufawGY tokH;usrI0g'onf enf;vrf;wpfckomjzpfonf -
--- ,if;0g'onf aocsmonfhtajztwGuf r&yfwnfaomfvnf; vufawGYusifhBuHonhf enf;vrf;wpfck taejzihf
41
,if;\tESpfom&onf tajzrsm;udk aocsmwdusaponf / odkYjzpfí þavhvmcsufonf tqdktrdefYrsm;? w&m;
"r®rsm;ESihf t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;yg0ifonhf vufawGYtokH;us prf;oyfrIrSwpfqifh vufawGY tusKd;w&m;rsm;ESihf
ywfoufrnfjzpfonf/ azmfjyygtcsufonf vufawGYtokH;usprf;oyfrIESihf vufawGY usihfokH;rItusKd;qufwdkYudk
tokH;jyKvsuf edAÁmef\t"dyÜg,fudk zGihfqdk&efvnf; vufawGYtokH;jyK rnfjzpfonf/ þokawoejyKrIü usrf;*ef
vmenf;vrf;ESifh 'óeenf;vrf;rsm;udk tokH;jyKjcif;jzihf þavhvmcsufonf edAÁmef\ajymif;vJwdk;wufrjI zihf
,if;\ yef;wkdifudk jznfhpGufay;rnfjzpfonf/ ,if;onf þ usrf;pm\ t"du&nf½G,fcsufjzpfonf/

þokawoejyKrI\ vdk&if;tcsKyf
edAÁmeft"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkrIudk azmfjyjcif;ESifhywfoufí &Sif;vif;onfh Ak'¨0g'tawG;tjrifrSm 0dyóemur®|mef;w&m;
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfrIrS&&Sdaom udk,fwdkifod&SdrIrSwpfqifh edAÁmef\crf;em;rIESihf t"dutm;jzihf ywfoufonf/ odkYaomf
þokawoejyKcsufonf ax&0g'Ak'¨ bmom½Iaxmihfudk tajccHonhf edAÁmeft"dyÜg,f&Sif;vif;rIudk BudK;pm;aqmif
½Gufrnfjzpfonf/ edAÁmefudk udk,fwdkifod&SdrIonf rvGJraoGvdktyfNyD; ,if;\tESpfom&udk wdusonhf t"dyÜg,fjzihf
zGifhqdk&ef rjzpfEdkifacs/ odkYwap tm;udk;avmufonhf tudk;tum;rsm;jzihf usrf;*efenf;vrf;eihf 'óeenf;vrf;
rsm;udk tajcjyKonhf aMumif;usKd;qDavsmfonhf t"dyÜg,fudk &SmazG&efrl jzpfEdkifonf/ a&SUwGifazmfjyNyD;jzpfonhf
twdkif; þokawoejyKrItwGuf tm;tudk;&qkH;aom &if;jrpfrsm;rSm ygVdawmfrsm;? ,if;\tzGifht|uxm
#Dumusrf;rsm;? Ak'¨bmom usrf;*efpmayrsm;ESihf jrefrmAk'¨bmom usrf;*efrsm;jzpfonf/
þu@onf edAÁmef\ usrf;*efvmt"dyÜm,frsm;udk rnfodkYavhvmrnf[laom tcsufudk tusOf;tm;jzihf
azmfjyonf/ tcef; 2 wGif ygVdpmayESihf a&S;OD; Ak'b ¨ momESihfoufqdkifonhf a&S;acwf a&;om;csufrsm;ESihf
Ak'¨bmomESihf Ak'¨bmomr[kwfol ynm&SifwdkY\ t"dyÜg,fzGihfqdkcsufrsm;udk tav;ay;azmfjyrnfjzpfonf/ Ak'¨
a[mMum;cJhonhf w&m;awmfrsm;ESihf wdkuf½dkufqufEG,frI&&Sdap&ef þokawoejyKrItwGuf ygVdpmayonf tvdk
tyfqkH;ud&d,m wefqmyvmjzpfonf/ pmaytawG;tjrifonf edAÁmeftaMumif;azmfjyonhf Ak'¨bmomusrf;*ef
rsm;tjyif ynm&SifwdkY t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;ESihf t"duywfoufonf/ þtcef;wGif acwfopfAk'¨0g'DESihf Ak'¨0g'D
r[kwfol ynm&Sifrsm;\ t,ltqudkvnf; xnfhoGif;azmfjyrnfjzpfonf/
tcef; 3 ü ur®t,ltqudk tajccHonhf b0wnf&SdrIESihf b0rwnf&SdrIt,ltqESihf Ak'¨0g' pMu0Vm
,lqcsufESihftwl b0oHo&mtaMumif;udk azmfjyrnfjzpfonf/ ygVdawmfazmfjycsufrsm;ü edAÁmefESihf b0oHo&m
wdkYESifhywfoufrI&Sdonfh Ak'¨0g'qdkif&m pMu0Vmt,ltqudk Ak'¨bmomusrf;*efrsm;ü &Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyonf/
Ak'¨bmomusrf;*efwdkYü pMu0Vmt,ltqudk azmfjyjcif;\&nf½G,fcsufrSm b0jzpfpOfESihfaojcif;? b0wnf&SdrIrI
ESihf b0rwnf&SdrIwdkYudk &Sif;jy&efESihf em;vnf&efjzpfonf/ r*fÓPfzdkvfÓPfudk &&SdNyD;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf b0oHo&m
wGif rnfodkYwnf&Sdonf b0oHo&mqif;&Judk rnfodkYy,f&Sm;EdkifonfwdkYukd odjrifaMumif; Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkY ,kHMunf
Muonf/ þtcef;ü Ak'¨0g'pMu0VmaA'wGif azmfjyonhftwkdif; oHo&m? edAÁmefESihfywfoufonhf pdwftrsKd;rsdK;
ESihf apwoduftaxGaxGwdkY\jzpfpOfudk &Sif;jy&ef tbd"r®mtawG;tjrifudk tokH;jyKxm;onf/
g
or
a.
as

40
Ibid, 414.
el

41
Ibid, 415-416.
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tcef; 4 onf ygVdynm&Sifrsm;\ t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkcsuftrsKd;rsKd;ESihf ¤if;wdkY\'óeqdkif&m t,ltqvdk&if;udk

od&SdEdkif&efBudK;yrf;xm;onf/ þokawoepmwrf;onf ¤if;wdkY\t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;ESihf t,ltqrsm;udk jyef
ajymif;azmfjyonfrSm aocsmonf/ edAÁmef[laom pum;vkH;onf aemufcH*dkPf;*PtpOftvm trsKd;rsKd;&Sdojzihf
t"dyÜg,ftrsKd;rsKd;ESihf t,ltqtrsKd;rsKd;&SdEdkifonf/ tpOftvmwdkif;wGif ,if;tpOftvm w&m;"r®udk tajccH
onhf udk,fydkifwefzdk;rsm;&Sdonf/ þavhvmcsuf\ vkyfaqmifrIwpf&yfrSm ynm&SifwdkY\t,ltqrsKd;pkHudk em;vnf
&efESihf edAÁmef[laomyk'f\t"dyÜg,fudk ygVdpmayü rnfodkYzGifq h dk&ef BudK;yrf;cJhMuonf[laomtcsufudk &Sif;jy&efjzpf
onf/ xdkYjyif edAÁmef\'óeqdkif&m ,lqcsufESihfoufqdkifaom ynm&SifrsKd;pkH\ ½IaxmihftrsKd;rsKd;udkvnf; xnhf
oGif;azmfjyxm;onf/ trSwfpifppf Ak'¨bmomynm&Sifrsm;\ t,ltqtrsKd;rsKd;udk EIdif;,SOfjyjcif;jzihf Ak'¨0g'udk
EdIif;,SOaf vhvmrItwGuf us,fjyefYonfh tawG;tjrifrsm;udk &&SdapEdkifrnfjzpfonf/
tcef; 5 wGif 0dyóemur®|mef;[kvnf; vlodrsm;onhf owdy|mefav;yg;enf;vrf;udk tokH;jyKvsuf
vufawGUavhusifhtm;xkwfrIudk t"dutxl;jyKazmfjyxm;onf/ rlvblwtm;jzifh Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf a[mMum;
awmfrlcJhonhf ,if;enf;vrf;onf 0dyóemÓPf wdk;wufrItwGuf vrf;pOfjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif at'D 5 &mpk
wGif xif&Sm;cJhol t|uxmq&mBuD; t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmozGifhqdkonhf t|uxmusrf;ü owdy|mefenf;vrf;
taMumif;udk pepfwus aphaphpyfpyf&Sif;jyNyD; em;vnfvG,fonhf zGihfqdkcsufrsm;jzihf ydkrdktao;pdwf azmfjycJhonf/
t|uxmq&mBuD;onf owdy|mefenf;vrf;udk trsKd;tpm;cGJjcm;jcif;rsm;? Oyrmrsm;? ñTefMum;csufrsm;ESihf &Sif;
vif;onhf ½Iaxmihfrsm;jzihf *½kwpdkuf cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmazmfjycJhonf/ ta&;ygonfh tjcm;usrf;*eftcsKdUrSm 0dok'¨dr*¾
t|uxmESihf r[m0*¾ (r[mowdy|meokwf)t|uxmwdkYjzpfonf/ ,if;usrf;*efrsm;rSm ur®|mef;avhusifh tm;
xkwfolrsm;tzdkY ¤if;wdkY\ pdwfydkif;b0vrf;pOfrSefudk em;vnf&ef tvGefta&;ygonf/ owdy|mefur®|mef; enf;
vrf;udk tcef; 5 wGif t"du aqG;aEG;rnfjzpfonf/
edAÁmeft"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkrIqdkif&m azmfjycsufrsm;ESihfywfoufí edAÁmef\t"dyÜm,fudkem;vnf&ef ynm&nftqihf
jrifh t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdk½kHjzihf rvkHavmufbJ oDtdk&DESihf vufawGUusihfBuHrIwdkYudk xnhfoGif;pOfpm; tokH;cs&rnfjzpf
aMumif; þokawoejyKolu ,lqonf/ yxrqkH;taejzihf oDtkd&D½IaxmihfrS edAÁmef[lonf tb,fenf;[lí
jzpfonf/

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tcef; 2

½IaxmifhrsKd;pkHrS edAÁmeft,ltq

edAÁmeyk'f\ a0g[m&&if;jrpf
ygVdawmf t|uxm#Dumusrf;rsm;üawGY&onfh edAÁmeyk'fudk t"dyÜm,faumuf,l&ef cufcJrIwpf&yftjzpf ,lq
onf/ ygVdt|uxm#Dumusrf;jyKq&mrsm;ESihf Ak'¨0g'DESihf Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwfolynm&Sifrsm;onf edAÁmeft"dyÜm,fudk
odvdkMuonfh y&dowfrsKd;pkHtm; ¤if;wdkY\ edAÁmeft"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkudk ay;cJhMuonf/ odkY&mwGif ¤if;wdkY \zGihfqdkcsuf
ESihf t"dyÜm,faumuf,lcsufrsm;onf rwluGJjym;jcm;em;onfh ed*kH;rsm;udk jzpfay:aponf/ ,if;onf edAÁmeft,l
tq ½IyfaxG;rIavsmhenf;ap&efESihf ,if;a0g[m&\ ydkrkdav;pm;zG,f zGifhqdkcsufwpf&yfjzpf&ef ynm&Sifrsm;\
t"dyÜm,faumuf,lykHrsm;pGmudk cGJjcrf;jzm&ef BudK;pm;rI\ taMumif;wpf&yfjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfívnf; þavhvmrIü
Ak'¨0g'tpOftvmtm;vkH;ESihf tNrJwrf; nDñGwfrIr&Sdonfh ed*kH;aumufcsufrsm;udk awGY&rnfjzpfonf/
Ak'¨\tajccHw&m;"r®rsm;ESihf edAÁmeft"dyÜm,faumuf,lrIrsm;udkykdrdkem;vnf&ef Ak'¨0g'tay: raumif;jrif0g'
tjzpf ypfy,fxm;rnfhtpm; Ak'¨0g'usrf;*efpmayESihf ,if;\crf;em;rItaqmufttkHudk rodusKd;uRHjyK&ef rjzpf
Edkifacs/ ygVdawmfusrf;*efrsm;ü Ak'¨0g't,ltqrsm;udk &Sif;vif;rIyg0ifonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí edAÁmeft,ltqvnf;
pwifcJhNyD; ,if;edAÁmef\crf;em;rIudk todtrSwfjyKjcif;rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ xdktcsufudk odrxm;cJhrl edAÁmef
t,ltqESihf ar;cGef;rsm;pGm ay:aygufvmrnfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,frvdkacs/
tbd"rÜw¬o*F[usrf;ü edAÁmefudk y&rw¬"r®av;yg;wGif xnhfoGif;azmfjycJhonf/ y&rw¬[laoma0g[m&ü
y&rESifh tw¬[kyk'fESpfckygonf/ y&r[lonf razmufjyefaom? tjrifhqkH;jzpfaom? aemufqkH;jzpfaom[k t"dyÜ,f
&onf/ tw¬ [lonf tppftrSwfw&m;jzpfNyD; "r®[lonf t&nftaoG;? obm0 odkYr[kwf t&m0w¬K jzpf
onf/ odkYjzpfí y&rw¬"r® rsm;[lonf razmufjyefonhf udk,fydkifobm0ESihf wnf&Sdaeaomt&mrsm; odkYr[kwf
obm0w&m;rsm;[kjzpfonf/ ,if;oabmw&m;rsm;onf b0\aemufqkH;ESihf aemufxyfr&SdEdkifawmhaom w&m;
tpk taygif;jzpfonf/ tbd"r®w¬o*F[usrf;tvdkt& y&rw¬w&m;rsm;wGif pdw?f apwoduf? ½kyfESihf edAÁmef[k
w&m;tpk av;ckyg&Sdonf/ ,if;av;rsKd;teuf yxrokH;rsKd;rSm ocFgw(jzpfysufwwfaom)w&m;rsm;jzpfNyD; av;ck
ajrmufedAÁmefrSm tocFw(jzpfysufrJh)w&m;jzpfonf/ ,if;t& edAÁmef[lonf b0'ku©rS aemufqkH; vGwfajrmuf
42
onhf tqifhjzpfojzihf jzpfysufoabm&Sdaomb0ü yg0ifjcif;r&SdaMumif; qdkvkdonf / tbd"r®w¬o*F[usrf;wGif
y&rw¬w&m;av;rsKd;udk atmufygtwdkif; rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf-

£wd pdwåH apwoduH? ½lyH edAÁmerdpöyd/

43
y&rw¬H yumaoEÅd? pwk"m0 wxm*xm /
þodkY wxm*wbk&m;&SifwdkYonf y&rw¬w&m;udk av;rsKd;&SdaMumif; azmfxkwfawmfrlcJhMu\/ ,if;wdkYum;
44
pdwf? apw oduf? ½kyfESihf edAÁmefwdkYwnf; /

Ak'¨bmomusrf;pmrsm;tvdkt& edAÁmefonf wpfckwnf;aom tESpfom& odkYr[kwf rajymif;vJaom obm0

&Sd\/ qdkvdkonfrSm wa'wH obm0awm {u0d "rÜd = edAÁmefonf obm0tm;jzifh wpfckwnf;aom vu©Pm
g
or
a.
as

42
Ac-Ab, 25-27.
43
Baddanta Anurudda Thera, Abhidhammatthasangaha Pali (Rangoon, Burmma; Department of Religious Affairs, 1993), 114.
el

44
Ac-Ab, 260.
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&Sd\/ edAmÁ ef\ tvdktyfqkH;aom t&nftaoG;rSm tb,fenf;/ ,if;um; oEÅdvu©PH edAÁmeH = edAÁmefonf
45
tvkH;pkHNidr;f csrf;jcif; odkYr[kwf jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;r&Sdaom vu©Pm&Sd\[kjzpfonf /
odkY&mwGif ck'´uedum,f £wd0kwåuygVdawmfü edAÁmeftjym; ESpfyg;&SdaMumif;azmfjyonf/ azmfjycsurf Sm
]a'Grm bdu©a0 edAÁe"mwka,m? uwar a'G? oOyg'daoom p edAÁme"mwk tEkyg'daoom p edAÁme"mwk =
&[ef;wdkY? edAÁme"wf ESpfrsKd;&Sday\/ tb,fESpfrsKd;wdkY enf;[lrl 1) Oyg'd t<uif;&Sdaom edAÁme"mwfESifh 2) Oyg'd
46
t<uif;r&Sdaom edAÁme"mwfwdkYjzpf\} [kjzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrmS oOyg'daooedAÁmef[lonf pdwfydkif;qdkif&m
vGwfajrmufrIudk awGYBuKHod&Sdjcif;wpfrsKd;jzpfonf/ owå0gwpfa,muf\ b0oufwrf;twGif; udavomtnpf
taMu;taMumihfjzpfay:&onfh qif;&J'ku©rS vGwfajrmufjcif;jzpfonf/ tEkyg'daooedAÁmef[lonf udk,fcE¨m
vGwfajrmufrIudk awGYBuHKod&SdrIaemufwpfrsKd;jzpfonf/ ,if;onf edAÁmefudk &&SdNyD;aemuf cE¨mig;yg; (½kyf? a0'em?
onm? ocFg&? 0dnmP) ESihf qufpyfywfoufaeonhf qif;&Jtm;vkH;rS vGwfajrmufrIjzpfonf/
edAÁme[laom a0g[m&onf ygVdawmfrsm;ü tcgtm;avsmfpGm awGY&aomfvnf; ,if;\t"dyÜm,frSm rsm;jym;
onf/ vef'efygVdtoif;tbd"mef (P.T.S.)t& ed&f ESihf 0g [k yk'f&if;ESpfckyg&Sdonfh ae&fAmeyk'fudk a0'acwf
wGif okH;pGJaeNyD;jzpfonf/ t"dyÜg,frSm Nidrf;apjcif; odkYr[kwf `iSdrf;owfjcif;jzpfonf/ okdY&mwGif rD;udkNird f;atmif
tm;xkwfjcif;[lonf avmb? a'go? arm[[laoma0g[m&wdkYudk rD;rsm;tjzpf Ak'¨0g'tawG;tjrifü xif&Sm;
aeNyDjzpfaMumif; qdkvdkonf/ edAÁme[laom ygVdpum;vkH;onf edAÁEÅd [laom Bud,myk'frS qif;oufvmonf/ edAÁEÅd
[laomyk'fudk ck'´uedum,f0if &weokwfawmfü ]edAÁEÅd "D&m ,xm,H y'Dayg (ynm&Sdyk*¾KdvfwdkYonf rD;tdrfrsm;
Nidrf;ouJhodkY Nidrf;Muuke\ f )}[k awGY&onf/ qdkvdkonfrSm `iSdrf;owfjcif;[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ þazmfjycsufü
47
edAÁmef[lonf avmb? a'go? arm[[laom avmuDrD;rsm;udk Nidrf;owfjcif;[k t"dyÜg,foufa&mufonf /
a0g[m&&if;jrpft& edAÁme[laomyk'fonf ygVdbmom edESihf 0ge[laom ESpfy'k fwdkYudk qufpyfxm;aom
a0g[m&jzpfonf/ þae&mü ed[lonf r&Sdjcif; odkYr[kwf xGufcmG jcif; (edu©EÅwåm)jzpfNyD;? 0ge[lonf wPSmjzpf
onf/ tbd"r®w¬0dbm0deD#Dumü]0geocFgwm, wPSm, edu©EÅwåm (0ge[kqdktyfaom wPSmrS xGufajrmuf
48
wwfaomaMumifh)}[kazmjfyonf / 0ge[kqdktyfaom wPSmrSxGufajrmufjcif;[k t"dyÜ,f&onf/ ESpfyk'faygif;
ed+0ge [lonf wPSmrS vGwfajrmufjcif;jzpfonf/ ygVdo'´gykHpHt& 0geyk'fa&SUü aemufxyf ]0}wpfvkH; qufxnfh
&onf/ odkYjzihf 0geyk'fonf 0+0ge = 0Gge [k qufpyfyk'f jzpfvmonf/ ,if; 0Ggeonf o'´genf;t& AÁme jzpf
49
vmojzihf ed+AÁmeonf ygVdykHpHus edAmÁ eyk'fjzpfvmonf/ wPSmrS vGwfajrmufjcif;[k t"dyÜg,f&onf /
odkY&mwGif opömav;yg;w&m;ü Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu 'ku©csKyfNidrf;jcif; edAÁmeyk'fESihf t"dyÜm,fwl[k ,lq&onfh
eda&m"opömudk wwd,opömtjzpf 'DCedum,f r[mowdy|meokwfawmfü rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf/ a[mMum;csuf
udk atmuftwkdif;awGY&onf –

uwrOö bdu©a0 'ku©eda&m"H t&d,opöH? a,m wóma,0 wPSm, taoo0d&m*eda&ma"m pma*g

y#dedóa*¾g rkwåd temva,m --- {aw¬om wPSm y[D,rmem y[D,wd? {w¬ ed½kZÆrmem ed½kZÆwd? £'H
50
0kpöwd bdu©a0 'ku©eda&m"H t&d,opöH /
&[ef;wdkY 'ku©eda&m"opöm[lonf tb,fenf;/ ,if;onf wPSm\ vkH;0t<uif;rJh aysmufuif; csKyfNidr;f
oGm;jcif;? wPSmudk pGefYjcif;? vTwfjcif;? wPSmrS vGwfajrmufjcif;? ruyfNidjcif; --- wPSmudk y,ftyfaomf
51
csKyfNird f;rIay:vm\/ &[ef;wdkY ,if;csKyfNidrf;rIudk 'ku©ead &m"opöm[kac:\ /

45
Ashin Janakabhivamsa Sayadaw, Abhidhammattha-Sangaha-bhasa-tika (Rangoon, Burma: Departement of Religious Affairs, 1979), 545.
g

46
Itivuttaka Pali, Khuddaka-Nikaya (Rangoon, Burma: Department of Religious Affairs, 1972), 221.
or

47
Khuddakapatha Pali, Khuddaka-Nikaya (Rangoon, Burma: Department of Religious Affairs, 1972) 221.
a.

48
Baddanta Sumangalasami-thera, Abhidhammatthavibhavini-tika (Rangoon, Burma: Department of Religious Affairs, 1990), 216.
as

49
Ab-B-T, 544.
50
Ma-P, Di-N Vol. II, 247, 249.
el

51
Di-N-NT, 347-348
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þusrf;*efazmfjycsufü 'DCedum,f r[m0*¾ygVdt|uxmtvdkt& eda&m"[laom a0g[m&onf edAÁme

yk'f\ y&d,m,fwljzpfonf/ edAÁmef (udk&&SdNyD;) tajctaewGif wPSmonf vkH;0jywfpJ\/ odkYjzihf edAÁme [laom
a0g[m&udk þae&mü eda&m"[laomyk'fESifh t"dyÜg,fwl&SdaMumif; em;vnf&onf/ ygVdbmom azmfjycsufü
]taoo0d&m*eda&ma"mwdtm'Ded oAÁmed edAÁmea00pemae0 (taoo0d&m*eda&m"paom a0g[m&wdkYrSm
52
edAÁmeyk'f\ y&d,m,fwlrsm;om jzpfMuonf) } [kawGY&onf/ odkYjzpfí eda&m"opöm[laom pum;pyfü eda&m"
[laom a0g[m&onf edAÁmeyk'Ef Sihf t"dyÜg,ftwlwljzpfonf/
rnfonhftrnfemrESihf t"dyÜg,fwly'k frsm;udk tokH;jyKonfjzpfap edAÁmef\tESpfom&rSm oEÅdvu©Pm(tqkH;
pGef Nidrf;csrf;rI) wpfckomjzpfonf/ odkYwpfap edAÁmeyk'fonf t"dyÜg,frsm;pGm&SdEdkifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf taoo0d
&m* (wPSmrS t<uif;rJhvGwfajrmufjcif;)? taooeda&m" (wPSmt<uif;rJhcsKyfNidrf;jcif;)? pm* (pGefYvTwfjcif;)?
y#dedó*¾ (pGefYypfjcif;)? rkwåd (vGwfajrmufjcif;)? temv, (ruyfNidjcif;)? tem,l[e (jyKjyifrIr&Sdjcif;)? tyÜ#doE¨d
(wpfzefy#doaE¨raejcif;)? t*wd (b0r&Sdjcif;)? tZmw (topfwpfzef rjzpfjcif;)? tZ&m (tdkrIr&Sdjcif;)? tAsm"d
(tema&m*gr&Sdjcif;)? trw (aorIr&Sdjcif;)? taomu (aomur&Sdjcif;)? ty&da'0 (idka<u;rIr&Sdjcif;)? tEkyg
,mo (ylaqG;rIr&Sdjcif;)? toHudvd| (tnpftaMu;r&Sdjcif;) ponfwdkYjzpfonf/ txufyg azmfjycsufrsm;rSm 'DC
53
edum,f r[mowdy|meokwft|uxmrS jzpfonf /
trSefpifppfrl edAÁmeyk'f\ y&d,m,fyk'frsm;rSm ,if;azmfjyyg trnfrsm;xufyif rsm;ao;onf/ txufyg
azmfjycsufü xif&Sm;NyD; tokH;rsm;onhf edAÁmef\ y&d,m,fy'k frsm; ryg0ifao;acs/ þü ygVdpmayvmtcsKdUudk
xkwfjyazmfjy&rl oknw (qdwfokH;jcif;)? tblw (r&Sdjcif;)? oEÅd (Nidrf;csrf;jcif;) ESifh acr (ab;uif;jcif;? wnfNidrf
jcif;? Nidrf;csrf;rI jynfh0jcif;) wdkYjzpfonf/ edAÁmeyk'f\ y&d,m,fwlyk'frsm;udk avhvmrIrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;
onf/ trSeftm;jzihf ygVda&m ouúwyg t*FvdyfbmomuJhodkY y&d,m,fwlyk'frsm; <u,f0Muonf/ t*Fvdyf
bmomwGif y&d,m,fwlyk'frsm;ESihf oHwlaMumif;uGJa0g[m&rsm;udk azmfjyonhf a0g[m&ya'omusrf;rsm;&SdouJh
odkY ygVdESihfouúwbmomwdkYüvnf; tbd"mef[kac:onhf tvm;wlusrf;pmrsm;&Sdonf/ ygVdbmomwGif t"dyÜm,f
wlonhf yk'ftrsKd;rsKd;udk azmfjyonfh tbd"meyÜ'Dydumac:onhf usrf;pmwpfapmif&Sdonf/ ,if;usrf;pm\ t"du
tpdwftydkif;wGif y&d,m,fwlyk'frsm;udk pkaqmif;azmfjyxm;NyD; yPmrESihfed*kH;rygbJ *gxmyk'fa& 1203 yg&Sdonf/
,if;usrf;pmü edAÁmeyk'f\ y&d,m,fwyl k'frsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;usrf;t& edAÁmef\ y&d,m,fwl yk'f 46
54
ck&Sdonf /
Ak'¨bmompmaywGif edAÁmef\t"dyÜg,fukd zGifhqdk&ef tocFwyk'fudk rMumcPazmfjyavh&Sdonf/ tocFwyk'f
onfvnf; edAÁmef\ y&d,m,fwlyk'fyifjzpfonf/ a0g[m&cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmenf;vrf;t& tocFwyk'frSm ygVdpmayü
t-ESihf ocF w ESpfyk'fudk qufpyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ t-[lonf r&Sdjcif;? ocFw[lonf jyKjyifjcif;jzpfonf/
t"dyÜm,frSm ]ypöa,[d tbdocF&dwwåm ocFwH (taMumif;w&m;wdkY jyKjyifjcif;cH&aomaMumihf cE¨mig;yg;onf

52
Bhaddanta Buddhaghosa Thera, Mahava-atthakatha (Rangoon, Burma, Department of Religious Affairs,1992), 390.
53
t|uxmazmfjycsufrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf – {uar0 [d edAÁmeH/ emrmed yeó oAÁocFwmeH emry#d
DI-N-A Vol. II, 390.
yu©0aoe taeumed a[mEÅd/ ao,sxd'H – taoo0d&ma*g taooeda&ma"m pma*g y#dedóa*¾g rkwåd temva,m &m*u©
a,m a'gou©a,m arm[u©a,m wPSu©a,m tEkyÜga'g tyÜ0wåH tedrdwåH tyÜPd[dwH tem,l[eH tyÜ#doE¨d tEkyÜywåd t*wd
tZmwH tZ&H tAsm"d trwH taomuH ty&da'0H tEkyg,moH toHud|EÅd/
54
armau©m eda&ma"m edAÁmeH? 'Dayg wPSmu©a,m y&H/
wmPH avPr½lyÍö? oEÅH opöremv,H/
tocFwH od0rrwH ok''k ´oH? y&m,eH o&P reDwduH wxm/
temo0H "k0 red'óemuwm? yavmudwH edykP reEÅ rocFg&H/
'ku©u©a,m AsmAZÑÍö? 0d0¥H acr au0vH/
g

ty0a*¾g 0dema*g p? yPDw rpöKwH y'H/

or

a,m*u©a,m yg&ryd? rkwåd oEÅd 0dok'¨a,m/

a.

0drkwsmocFw"mwk? ok'¨ edAÁKwda,m od,kH/

as

azmfjyyg *gxmrsm;udk t&Sifarm*¾v’mer[max&fu rSwfwrf;wifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ Abhidhanappadipika (Rangoon, Burma:

el
.k

Department of Religious Affairs, 1990), 3-4.

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24
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ocFwrnf\[k)} jzpfonf/ taMumif;w&m;[lonf uH (ud, k fEIwfESvkH; tjyKtrl)? pdwf? Owk (tat;tylponf)

tm[m& wdkYjzpfonf/ þzGifhqdkcsuft& tocFw[lonf (uH pdwf Owk tm[m&wdkY\) jyKjyifjcif;rcH&aom
55
w&m;[kt"dyÜm,f&onf /
tocFw[laom a0g[m&udk 'DCedum,f? r[my&dedAÁmeokwfüazmfjy\/ ,if;azmfjycsufrsm;onf a0g[m&
cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmenf;½IaxmihfrS tocFwESihf edAÁmeyk'w
f dkY wpfckESihfwpfck qufpyfykHudk azmfjyonf/ ,if;azmfjycsufrSm
atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf –

y&dedAÁKaw b*0wd o[y&dedAÁmem oauúm a'0gerdaE´m £rH *gxH tbmod –

tedpöm 0w ocFg&m? OyÜg'0,"r®daem/
56
OyÜZÆdwGm ed½kZÑEÅd? awoH 0lyoarm okacg /
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf y&dedAmÁ efpHvGefawmfrlaomf ewfwdkYoeif; odMum;rif;onf þ*gxmudk ½Gwfqkd\-
ocFg&w&mwdkYonf rNrJygwum;/ jzpfjcif;ysufjcif; oabm&Sd\/ jzpfay:NyD;aemuf ysufpD;\/ ,if;w&m;wdkY
57
csKyfNidrf;jcif;um; trSefuefqkH; csrf;omwnf; /

awoH 0lyoarm okacg (,if;w&m;wdkY csKyfNidrf;jcif;um; trSefuefqkH; csrf;omwnf;)[laom pum;&yfonf

þazmfjycsufü &Sif;vif;ykHr&acs/ odkYjzpfí t|uxmq&m t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmou 'DCedum,f? r[m0*¾t|
uxmü atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;jyonf –
58
awoH 0lyoarmwd awoH ocFg&meH 0lyoarm? tocFwH edAÁmear0 okcEÅd taw¬m /
awoH 0lyoarm (,if;w&m;wdkYcsKyfNidrf;jcif;um; trSefuefqkH; csr;f omwnf;) [lonf ocFg&w&m;wdkY jywf
59
pJcsKyfNidr;f jcif;aMumifh ,if;w&m;wdkYcsKyfNidrf;onhf edAmÁ efonfom trSefqkH; aysmf½TifrIjzpfonf[k qdkvdk\ /

,if;azmfjycsufü edAÁmeyk'fESihf tocFwyk'fwdkYonf a0g[m&rQom uGJjym;NyD; t"dyÜm,f twlwljzpfonf/

edAÁmef\ t"dyÜm,fESihfywfoufí em;vnf&onfrSm wpfpkHwpfckonf jyKjyifpD&ifjcif;cH&aom oabm&SdvQif ,if;
onf arG;zGm;jcif; jzpfay:jcif;oabm&SdNyD; jyKjyifcHocFww&m;wdkYonf csKyfaysmufysufpD;jcif; oabm&Sd\? ,if;odkY
rjzpfESihf csKyfaysmufysufpD;jcif;r&SdygapESihf[k rnfolrQ awmihfwír&Edkif? edAÁmef[lonfum; jyKjyifcHw&m;r[kwf
ojzifh csKyfysufjcif; arG;zGm;jcif; odkYr[kwf wpfzefjzpfay:jcif;oabmr&Sd [líjzpfonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwffudk,fwdkif
azmfjyxm;csufrSm ],H wH ZmwH blwH ocFwH yavmu"r®H? wH 0w rm yvkZÆDwd? aewH XmeH 0dZÆwd (arG;zGm;jcif;
jzpfay:jcif; jyKjyifoabmw&m;rSeforQonf csKyfysufjcif;oabm&SdNyD; ,if;oabmudk rjzpfysufygapESihf[k awmihf
60
wí r&Edkif)} / edAÁmeft"dyÜm,fudk zGifhqdkonhf ygVdawmfpum;&yf rsm;pGm&SdonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/

edAÁmefESihf a&S;OD;Ak'¨0g' t,ltq

ordkif;qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;t& a&S;OD;tdE´d,bmoma&; tpOftvmrsm;ü armu©[laomtawG;tjrif vTrf;
rdk;cJhaMumif; oHo,jzpfzG,frvdkacs/ xdktcsdefu tdE´d,awG;ac:rItpOftvmwGif armu©[laom t,ltqudk
b0\tqifhtjrifhqkH;yef;wdkiftjzpf ,lqcJhMuonf/ odkYwap tdE´d,tpOftvmtwGif;rSmyif ¤if;wdkY\ obm0
vGeftajctaersm;ESihf oabmxm;rsm;aMumifh *dkPf;*PtrsKd;rsKd;onf rkwåd\obm0? vGwfajrmufrIt"dymÜ ,fESihf
armu©ac: vGwfajrmufrIudk od&SdcHpm;rIwdkYESihf pyfvsOf;í jcm;em;pGm azmfjyMuonf/ *sdef;0g'wGif armu©[lonf

55
Ab-B-t, 481.
g
or

56
Ma-P, Di-N 129-130.
57
a.

Di-NNT,271.
58
as

Di-NNT,271.
59
t|uxmzGifhudk tajccHonhf pmwrf;&Sif\ t*Fvdyfbmomjyefjzpfonf/
el

60
Ma-P, Di-N, 129-130.
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pmayenf;t& vGwfajrmufjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;onf 0dnmOf\ raumif;rIrS vGwfajrmufjcif;ESihf aemufxyftoGif

61
ul;ajymif;rIrS vGwfajrmufjcif;udk qdkvkdonf /
'ku©rSvGwfajrmufrI tjypfrSvGwfajrmufrI[lonfrSm bmomw&m;wdkY\ a,bk,s,lqcsuf jzpfonf/ ,if;
,lqcsufwGif Ak'¨0g'u ,if;\tEÅdryef;wdkifudk edAÁme odkYr[kwf vGwfajrmufrI (rkwåd odkYr[kwf 0drkwåd) [k azmfjy
onf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf rdrdy&dowftm; yxrqkH; pwifa[mMum;awmfrlcJhaomaMumihf 'ku©eda&m"opöm
('ku©csKyfNidr;f jcif; trSefw&m;)\ BuD;jrwfcrf;em;rIudk tav;xm;a[mMum;awmfro l nf/ þü 'ku©ed&m"[laom
pum;vkH;udk vGwfajrmufrItjzpf t"dyÜm,faumuf,lEdkifonf/ Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkYonf aojcif;ESihf y#doaE¨wpfzef
aejcif;rSvGwfajrmufjcif;[laom tqkH;pGefNidrf;csrf;rIudk &&Sda&;twGuf vGwfajrmufrIvrf;pOfudk&SmazG&ef BuKd;yrf;
Muonf/ odkYjzihf Ak'¨0g'DwdkYonf pdwfydkif;ESihf½kyfydkif;b0 vGwfajrmufrItwGuf bmomw&m;ESihfqdkifaom arQmfrSef;
csufwpf&yf&Sdonf/
edAÁmeft"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkrIESihfywfoufí t*¾om0uESpfyg;\ azmfjycsuftjzpfjzihf edAÁmef,lqcsufudk azmfjy
onhf a&S;OD;Ak'¨0g'tawG;tjrifwpf&yf&Sdonf/ t*¾om0ursm;jzpfMuonhf t&Sifom&dykwå&mESihf t&Sifarm*¾v’mef
wdkYonf edAmÁ efudk aojcif;uif;onhf tajctaetjzpf t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcJhonf/ wpfcgaomf aemiftcg tpOf
twkdif; t&Sifom&dykwå&mESihf t&Sifarm*¾mv’mefjzpfvmMurnhf OywdóESihf aumvdwtrnf&Sd trsKd;om;ESpf
a,mufonf uyGJwpfckudk Munfh½IaeMuqJwGif b0&Sdt&m0w¬Krsm;\ rwnfNrJykHudk euf½Idif;pGm oabmaygufcJh
Muonf/ aemufqkH;wGif ¤if;wdkYESpfa,mufonf tdrfaxmifrIb0udkpGefYNyD; vGwfajrmufrIvrf;pOfudk &SmazG&efqkH;
62
jzwfcJhMuonf / odkY&mwGif ¤if;wdkY awmxGufjcif;rjyKrD wpfa,mufonf aojcif;uif;onhftajctae (trw)
udk awGUcJhrl tjcm;wpfa,muftm; ajymjy&ef uwdu0wfjyKMuonf/ þazmfjycsuft& Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkYonf
edAÁmef\ t"dyÜm,fudk em;vnfEkdifMuonf/

awe acg ye ora,e om&dykwåarm*¾v’mem oÍöa, y&dAmZdau jA[®p&,H p&EÅd/ aw[d uwdum
63
uwm a[mwd ]a,m yxrH trwH t"d*päwd? aom £w&ó tma&map[D}wd /
t&Sifom&dykwå&mESihf t&Sifarm*¾v’mefwdkYonf oÍö,trnf&Sdy&dAkdZfq&mBuD;\ vrf;ñTefrIatmufü aexdkif
MupOf þodkYtcsif;csif; uwdu0wfpum;jyKMu\ ]tu,fí wpfa,mufonf aojcif;uif;onhf tajc
64
taeudk yxrqkH; a&muf&SdcJhrnfqdkvQif xdkyk*¾Kdvfonf tjcm;wpfa,muftm; ajym&rnf} /

a&S;OD;Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkYonf ygVdawmfazmfjycsufrsm;udktajccHí edAÁmef odkYr[kwf vGwfajrmufjcif;\ crf;em;

rIt"dyÜm,fudk em;vnfEdkifMuaomfvnf; arG;aorSvGwfajrmufrI t,ltqonf Ak'b ¨ mom0ifr[kwfolrsm;tzdkY
'óeqdkif&m ar;cGef;wpfcktjzpfodkY jrifhwufoGm;Edkifonf/ vGwfajrmufrIESifhywfoufonhf ¤if;wdkY\azmfjycsufrmS
a0zefqef;ppfzG,ftcsuf yg0ifonfh bmomw&m;qdkif&m ,lqrIjzpfonf/ edAÁmef[laoma0g[m&ESihf vufawGU
qufpyfonhf aAm"dÓPf (t&[wår*fÓPf zdkvfÓPf) ESihf vGwfajrmufrI [laom t&mESpfckwdkY rnfodkY qufpyf
oenf;/ aAm"dÓPfudk xdk;xGif;odjrifoGm;NyD;olonf avmutm; tvkH;pkHaom ,if;\rESpfoufzG,f tusKd;quf
rsm;&Sdonhf tajccHtppftrSefw&m;wpfcktjzpf ½IjrifEdkifonf/ ,if;odkYaom yk*¾Kdvfonf 'ku©avmurS vGwf
ajrmufvdkonf/ ynmpGrf;&nfjzihf pdwfudk vGwfajrmufapvdkonf/ ynm odkYr[kwf aAm"dÓPfonf owå0gwpf
a,muftjzpf 'ku©avmuodkYqufpyfay;onhfwPSmudk z,f&Sm;ypfEdkifonf/ xdkYjyif ynmonf tu,fí þb0
wGif aAm"dÓPfudk &&SdNyD;olwpfa,muf&SdrnfqdkvQif xdkyk*¾Kdvfonf ewf? ayw? vl? wd&pämefESihf tjcm;edrfhus
onhf b0rsm;yg0ifonfh b0tpOfudk jzwfoef;zG,frvdkawmhaMumif; odEdkifonf/ owå0gwpfa,muf\ b0jzpf
g
or

61
Jaina Ramjee Singh, "Moksa in Indian Philosophy: A Perspective in Jaina Philosophy and Religion," www.jainworld.com, 1-5 [cited 15
a.

September,
62
2002].
as

Bhaddanta Buddhaghosa-thera, Dhammapada-atthakatha, (Rangoon, Burma: Burma Pitaka Association, 1986), 52-73.
63
Mahavagga Pali, Vinaya Pitaka, Khudddaka-Nikaya ( Ranggon, Burma: Department of Religious Affairs, 1972), 50.
el

64
usrf;jyKol\ ygVd0gus t*Fvdyfbmomjyef jzpfonf/
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pOfudk oabmaygufjcif;ü Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkYonf aAm"dÓPf\ tcef;u@onf r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfaom Ak'¨0g'

vGwfajrmufrI t,ltqwpf&yfjzpfaMumif; ,kHrSwfMuonf/
aAm"dÓPftajctaeESihf ywfoufonhf ,lqcsufum; tb,fenf;/ þae&mü aAm"dÓPf[lonfudk
opömw&m;udkodjrifjcif; odkYr[kwf tukodkvftnpftaMu;rsm;rS vGwfajrmufaom pdwftajctaewpf&yf tjzpf
em;vnf&onf/ aAm"dÓPfpGrf;&nfrSwpfqifh t&mtm;vkH;udk wG,fwmvdkrI r&Sdawmhacs/ aAm"dÓPfEiS hf ywf
oufonhf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ wynfhom0uwdkYtm; rdefYMum;csufwpf&yfrSm þodkYjzpfonf –

0drkwåo®ð 0drkwårdwd ÓPH a[mwd? ]cDPm Zmwd 0kodwH jA[®p&d,H uwH u&PD,H emy&H £w¬wåm,m}wd
yZmemwd? £' ra0gp b*0g? twårem yÍö0*¾d,m bdu©L b*0awm bmodwH tbdeE´KH/ £ro®ð p ye
65
a0,smu&Poð® bnrmae yÍö0*¾d,meH bdu©LeH tEkyg'g, tmoa0[d pdwåmed 0drkpöðolwd /
vGwfajrmufoGm;aomf vGwaf jrmufoGm;NyD[k todÓPfjzpf\/ ]b0wpfzefjzpfjcif; ukefqkH;NyD? tusifhjrwf
udk usifhokH;NyD;NyD? jyKzG,fudpöudk jyKNyD;Ny?D b0opfwpfzef jzpfrIr&Sdawmhacs} [k em;vnf\/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf
,if;odkY a[mMum;awmfNy/D yÍö0*¾D&[ef;wdkYonf Ak'¨a[mMum;csufudk 0rf;ajrmufpGm em,lMu\/ þa'
oemawmfudk a[mMum;awmfrlaomtcg yÍö0*¾D&[ef;wdkY\ pdwfonf taESmiftwG,frJhvsuf tmoa0g
66
w&m;wdkYrS vGwfajrmufoGm;Mu\ /

txufygazmfjycsufonf edAÁmefudk 'óetaejzihf ½Ijrifjcif;[k qdkjcif;xuf pdwfynmtaejzihf ½Ijrifjcif;

wpf&yf[k ,lqonf/ txufyg azmfjycsufrsm;udk pdwfykdif;qdkif&m odjrifem;vnfrIwpf&yf[k ,lqcJhaomf edAÁmef
\ tESpfom&udk emrfw&m;tjzpf xnhfoGif;Edkifonf/ Ak'¨0g'ynm&Sifrsm;taejzihf edAÁmefudk emrfw&m;tjzpf
todtrSwfjyKEkdifoavm/ rSefonf? edAÁmefudk emrfw&m;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKxm;onf/ odkYwap edAÁmefudk
pifMu,frIjzpfpOf taejzihfvnf; azmfjyonf/ pifMu,frIjzpfpOfudk em;vnf&efrSm aMumif;usKd;qufEG,frIjzpfpOf
(y#dpöorkyÜg') odkYr[kwf pifMu,frv I rf;pOfudk tajccHonhf aAm"dÓPfudk em;vnf&rnfjzpfonf/ ,if;ESpfrsKd;t
aMumif;udk þusrf;aemufydkif;wGif aqG;aEG;rnfjzpfonf/ ykHrSeftm;jzihf Ak'b ¨ mompmayu edAÁmeftajctaeudk
tukodkvftnpftaMu;wdkY\ tajccHtaMumif;tcsufrsm;tjzpf ,lqonhf avmb? a'goESihf arm[wdkY ryg0if
onhf pifMu,frIjzpfpOftjzpf azmfjy&ef tm;xkwfMuonf/
'DCedum,f? oDvu©E¨0*¾tbde0#DumwGif avmb? a'goESihf arm[uJhodkYaom pdwftnpftaMu;w&m;
rsm;tm; ,if;w&m;wdkYrS rvGefajrmufEdkifoltaygif;udk qif;&J'ku©rsm;pGm &apwwfaomaMumihf tqdyfESihf yrmjyK
xm;onf/ ,if;#Dumusrf;vm wdkuf½kdufazmfjycsufrSm ]tew¬Zeeawm 0doocFgowm, udavaom 0doH
67
(udavomwdkYonf ykxkZOfwdkYukd 'kur© sm;pGm jzpfapwwfaomaMumihf tqdyfESifhyrmwl\} [kjzpfonf / trSef
pifppf udavomtqdyfrsm;onf rdrdudkomru olwpfyg;wdkYudkvnf; emusifaponf/ xdkYxuf ,if;wdkYonf
aomufrsdKrdol odkYr[kwf xdrdoltaygif;tm; aoapavmufonhf tajctaeudk jzpfay:apEdkifonf/ odkYjzpfí
Ak'¨0g'udk vkdufemusihfokH;olrsm;onf pdwftnpftaMu;udavomudk z,f&Sm;EdkifvQif edAmÁ ef[laom tqkH;pGef
Nidrf;csr;f rIudk &&SdEdkifonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/ xkdYjyif ur®|mef;bm0em½IrSwfrjI zihf udavomrsm;udk ausmfvGefEdkif
jcif;onf pdwfpifMu,frIudk &&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ pifMu,frIjzpfpOfudk csOf;uyfaomenf;vrf;onf pdwfudk pdwfynm
½IaxmihfESihf tenf;ESihftrsm; ywfoufaponf/ odkY&mwGif Ak'¨0g'a&S;OD;,lqcsufrSm aAm"dÓPf odkYr[kwf edAÁmef
udk&&SdrIonf udavompdwftnpftaMu; (tukodkvfapwodurf sm;)aMumihfjzpfaom qif;&Jtm;vkH;rS vGwfajrmuf
NyD;aemufwGif jzpfonf/
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf atmufyg>ruf[csufudk aAm"dÓPf odkYr[kwf edAmÁ efudk odjrif&&SdNyD;aemuf cPt
MumwGif rdefYMum;awmfrlonf/ ,if;>ruffMum;csufudk Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ yxrOD;qkH;aom udk,fwdkif>ruf[csuf
g
or
a.

65
Khandhavagga-Pali, Sanyutta-Nikaya ( Ranggon, Burma: Department of Religious Affairs, 1991), 56.
as

66
Bhikkhu Bodhi, The Commected Discourses of the Buddha, 903
67
el

Baddanta Nanabhivamsa, Silakkhandhavagga-abhinava-tika, ( Ranggon, Burma: Department of Religious Affairs, 1963), 74.
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27
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tjzpf jyqdkonf/ 'DCedum,f? oDvu©E¨0*¾t|uxmtqdkt& Ak'¨\pum;awmfrsm;rSm tkyfpkokH;ck&Sdonf/ yxr

Ak'¨0pe (Ak'¨\ yxrqkH;>rufMum;csuf)? rZÑdrAk'¨0pe (yxrESihf aemufqkH;a[mMum;csufrsm;twGif; a[mMum;
csuftm;vkH;)ESifh ypädrAk'¨0pe (Ak'¨\aemufqkH;pum;) wdkYjzpfonf/ om"uygVdrSm ]oAÁar0 [d'H yxrAk'¨0peH
rZÑdrAk'¨0peH ypädrAk'¨0peEÅd wdAÁab'H a[mwd (Ak'¨\a[mMum;csufrsm;rSm yxrqkH;pum;? tv,fwGifjzpfaom
68
pum;ESifh aemufqkH;pum;[k okH;rsKd;&Sd\)} [kjzpfonf / ,if;Ak'¨0peokH;rsKd;teuf yxrAk'¨0perSm atmufygt
wdkif;jzpfonf –

taeuZmwdoHom&H? oE¨m0dóH tedAÁdoH/

*[um&H *a0oaEÅm? 'ku©m Zmwd ykeyÜKeH/
*[um&u 'da|mod? yke a*[H e um[od/
oAÁm aw zmokum b*¾g? *[ul#H 0docFwH/
69
0docFg&*wH pdwåH? wPSmeH c, rZÑ*g /
tdrfaqmufvkyfoltm; &SmazGaomfvnf; rawGUaomigonf b0rsm;pGm arG;zGm;rIoHo&mudk jzwfoef;cJh&
\/ b0Budrfzef jzpf&jcif;um; emusifvSacs\/ tdk tdrfaqmufvkyfol? ,ck oifhudk awGUNyD/ oifonf tdrf
opfwpfzef raqmuf&awmhNyD/ oihf tjcif&e,fwdkYudk zsufqD;vdkufNyD/ oifh tdrftxGwfudkvnf; zsufqD;
70
vdkufNyD/ ighpdwfonf jyKjyifjcif;uif;&m edAÁmefodkYa&mufNyD/ wyfESpfoufrItvkH;pkH ukefqkH;&modkY a&mufcJhNyD /

txufygazmfjycsufü 'óeqdkif&m ,lqcsufrsm;yg&Sdonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf ,if;ygVd*gxmrsm;udk

rdrdzmom ½Gwfqdkawmfrljcif;jzpfonf/ tjcm;olwpfa,muf\ wyfESpfoufrIwPSmudk rnfolwpfa,mufrQ
rz,f&Sm;Edkif aMumif; em;vnf&onf/ aAm"dÓPfpGrf;&nfjzifhomvQif ,if;wPSmudk z,f&Sm;Edkifonf/ wPSmonf
oHo&mü&Sdonf/ tu,fí edAÁmefonf oHo&mür&SdvQif wPSmESihfedAÁmefwdkY qufEG,frIudk rnfodkY&Sif;jyEdkiftHh
enf;/ trSefqdkaomf aAm"dÓPfpGrf;&nfonf ,if;ESpfckudk wpfckpDcGJypfvkdufonf/ wPSmonf oHo&mESihf
qufEG,faeNyD; wPSmrJhjcif;onf b0r&Sdonhf edAÁmefESihf ywfoufonf/ odkYjzihf edAÁmefü b0wpfzefarG;zGm;jcif;
vkH;0r&SdaMumif; em;vnf&onf/
,if;>rufqdkcsufokH;&yfü r[my&dedAÁme[kac:onhf aemufqkH;edAÁmefodkY a&mufvkeD;tcsdew
f Gif Ak'¨&Siaf wmf
jrwfonf wynfhtaygif;tm; "r®\jrihfjrwfykHudk tusOf;csKyftm;jzifh rdefYMum;awmfrlonf/ Ak'¨\ ,if;pum;
awmfrsm;udk aemufqkH;>rufqdkcsuftjzpf tcdkiftrmazmfjyMuonf/ ]£'H ypädrAk'¨0peH (þonfum; Ak'¨\
aemufqkH;pum;awmfwnf;)}/ ,if;a[mMum;csufudk 'DCedum,f? r[my&dedAÁmeokwaf wmfü atmufygtwdkif;
rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf –

tx acg b*0g bdu©L tmraEÅod ][E´ 'ged bdua© 0? tmrEÅ,mrd a0g? 0,"r®m ocFg&m? tyÜrma'e
71
orÜma'xm}wd/ t,H wxm*wó ypädr0gpm /
,if;aemuf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf &[ef;wdkYtm; þodkYrdefYawmfr\
l ]&[ef;wdkY? ,cktcgü igonf oifwdkY
tm; þodkYrdefYMum;ay\ - ocFg&w&m;tm;vkH;wdkYonf ysufpD;jcif;oabm&Sd\/ rarhavsmhbJ BudK;pm;tm;
72
xkwfMuukefavmh}/ þum; wxm*w\ aemufqkH;pum;wnf; / g

68
Bhaddanta Buddhaghosa-thera, Silakkhandhavagga (Sumangalavilasini) -atthakatha, (Rangoon, Burma: Department of Religious Affairs,
or

1973), 16.
a.

69
Dhammapada-Pali, Khuddaka Nikaya, (Rangoon, Burma: Department of Religious Affairs, 1972), 36.
as

70
Nanamoli Thera's translation: Udanavatthu, Dhammapada Pali, verses 153-154, Kh-N Vol. 1, 36; Vi-P Vol. IV, 481-,482-3.
71
Di-N, Vol. II, 128.
el

72
Di-N-NT, 170.
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w

28
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xdkYjyif a&S;OD;Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkYonf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm; edAÁmefudk awGYBuKH cHpm;rI\ txl;jrwfqkH; pHjyyk*¾Kdvf

tjzpf ,lqMuonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf ur®|mef;bm0em ½IrSwftm;xkwfjcif;jzifh udk,fawmfwdkif aAm"dÓPf
udk xdk;xGif;odjrifcJhNyD; edAÁmef\tESpfom&udk em;vnfcJhonf/ Ak'¨bmomusrf;*efrsm;t& jyifyrStultnD wpfpkH
wpfckr&SdbJ rdrdtvdkvdk rarhravsmh BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;jzihf aAm"dÓPfudk &&SdcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ Ak'¨onf rdrd\
"r®udk em,lolrsm;taejzihf edAÁmef\t"dyÜm,fudk trSefwu,fem;vnf&ef rvG,fulaMumif; odawmfrlcJhonf/
odkYjzpfí yxrwGif Ak'¨\pdwfawmfü "r®udk a[mMum;rIrjyK&ef udkif;ñGwfawmfrlcJhonf/ taMumif;rl owå0gwdkY\
ÓPfrsufpdwGif wdrfovmrsm;pGm;&SdMuaom owå0gwdkYtm; "r®udka[mMum;&ef cufcJaMumif; odjrifawmfrlaom
aMumihfjzpfonf/ odkYwap aemufqkH;ü r[mu½kPmawmfaMumihf owå0gwdkYtm; w&m;"r®a[mMum;awmfrlonf/
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf qifjcifpOfpm;ykHudk 'DCedum,f? r[my'geokwfü azmfjyxm;csufrSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf –

t"d*awm acg rsm,H "ar®m *rÇDa&m 'k'´aom 'k&EkaAma"m oaEÅm yPDawm twuúm0pa&m edykaPm
y@dwa0'eDa,m/ tmv,&mrm acg yem,H yZm tmv,wm tmv,ork'dwm/ tmv,&m, acg
ye yZm, tmv,wm, tmv,ork'dwm, 'k'´oH £'H XmeH ,'d'H £'ypö,wm y#dpöorkyÜga'g/
£'rÜd acg XmeH 'k'´oH ,'d'H oAÁocFg&oraxm oAÁLy"dy#dedóa*¾g wPSu©a,m 0d&ma*g eda&ma"m
edAÁmeH/ t[aÍö0 acg ye "r®H a'ao,sH ya& p ar e tmZmae,sH? aom rró udvraxm? om
73
rró 0da[omwd /
igodxm;aom "r®um; eufeJ\/ odjrifEdkifcJ\/ xdrdykdifEdkif&ef cJ,Of;\/ Nidrf;csr;f NyD; vGefjrwf\/ MuHpnf
awG;awmí r&Edkif/ odraf rGU\/ ynm&SdwdkYom em;vnfEdkif\/ owå0gtaygif;um; wG,fwmwyfrufrIü
aysmfyg;vsuf ,if;ü om,maysmf½TifMu\/ ,if;odkY wG,fwmwyfrufrIü aysmfyg;vsuf ,if;ü om,maysmf
½TifMuojzihf ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jyKjyifcHobm0 okdYr[kwf aMumif;usKd;qufEG,frIjzpfpOf (y#dpöorkyÜg')udk
odjrifEdkifcJ&jcif;jzpf\/ xdktwlyif ocFgw&m;tm;vkH;\ csKyfNidrf;rI? Zmwd(arG;zGm;)oHo&m\ &if;jrpftm;vkH;
udk y,fpGefYrI? wPSmESihf&m*wdkY ukefqkH;jcif;? ('ku©)jywfpJcsKyfNird f;jcif;ESihf edAÁmefudk odjrif&efvnf; cJ,Of;
vS\/ igonf "r®udk tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; a[mMum;bdrl ¤if;wdkY igh(w&m;)udk em;vnfMurnfr[kwf/
74
,if;odkYjzpfvQif igbk&m;tm; yifyef;rI zdpD;rI jzpfvdrfhrnf /

azmfjyyg ygVdawmfpum;&yfü awGU&onhftwdkif; ,if;odkYjzpfjcif;onf a&S;OD;Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkY edAÁmeft"dyÜm,f

aumuf,lrIESihfywfoufí jiif;ckHajymqdkrIjyóemr&SdbJ EIwfqdwfaeMujcif;\ taMumif;wpf&yf jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ wdusaomajz&Si;f csufESihf aemufqkH;vGwaf jrmufrt I aejzihf edAÁmefudkwdkuf½kdufodjrifonf[l
aom aAm"dÓPfudk&NyD;onhf t&Sifom&dykwå&muJhodkYaom wynfhom0ursm;\ &Sif;vif;csufrsm;udkvnf; em;
vnf&onf/ a&S;Ak'¨0g'\ vGwfajrmufrItjrifonf bmompum;a0g[m&taejzihf tjcm;aom bmom0g'wdkY\
u,fwifjcif;t,ltq odkYr[kwf jyifytoGifoP²mefwpfrsKd;ü vGwfajrmufjcif;ESihf yrmwlEdkifonf/ odkYaomf þ
ae&mü vGwfajrmufrI[k t"dyÜm,f&onhf edAÁmeft,ltqum; tjcm;bmom0g'vkdufemolrsm;\ t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdk
csufESihf jcm;em;onf/

ygVdawmfvm edAÁmeft"dymÜ ,f zGifhqdkcsufrsm;

edAÁmef[lonf 'ku©tm;vkH;rS vGwfajrmufjcif;[k odem;vnfjcif;ü vGwfajrmufrI[lonfudk aojcif;rJhtajctae
tjzpf txl;jyKzGifhqdkrnfjzpfonf/ ,if;,lqcsufonf a&S;OD;Ak'¨0g'DwdkYtMum; xif;&Sm;aomaMumifh ¤if;wdkYonf
twåvdyfjymESihf ,if;twåvdyfjym\ xm0&wnfNrJrI t,ltqudk jiif;y,fcJhonf/ r[mjA[®mtygt0if xm0&
wnfNrJowå0gtm;vkH;ESihf £ó&edr®meyk*¾Kdvf(zefqif;&Sif)udk jiif;qdkMuonf/ a&S;OD;Ak'¨0g'onf xm0&wnfNrJ
g

aeaom rnfonhf owå0gtajctaewpf&yfudkrQ azmfjyjcif;rjyKacs/ xm0&wnfNrJtjrifudk vufcHrnfhtpm; ¤if;

or
a.
as

73
Di-N Vol. III, 31.
el

74
Ibid, 213.
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29
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wdkYonf xm0&wnfNrJonhft&mtm; vufcHrIudk jiif;qdkMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYtjrif\ 0daooazmfjycsufrSm aAm"d

ÓPfudk &&SdNyD;olrsm; aemufqkH;taejzihf edAÁmefudk 0ifa&mufNyD;aemuf xdkyk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ cE¨mig;yg;onf (tjcm;b0
wpfckjzpf&ef) t<uif;tusefr&Sdawmhacs[k jzpfonf/ ,if;odkYaom em;vnfrIrsKd;aMumihf a&S;OD;Ak'¨0g'DwdkYtaejzihf
aAm"dÓPfudk &&SdNyD;olrsm;\ aovGefNyD;aemuftajctaeESihf ywfoufí aqG;aEG;jcif;jyK&ef ta&;rBuD;[k ,kH
MunfcJhMuonf/ odkYwap ¤if;wdkY\ ,lqcsufrSm 'óeqdkif&m pkHprf;avhvmrIudk rvGefajrmufEdkifacs/ edAÁmefudk
&&SdNyD;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;taejzihf tusKd;r&Sdaomfvnf; ,if;tcsuftcsKdUudk w&m;a'oemawmfrsm;u &Sif;jy&rnfjzpf
onf/ odkYjzihf tcsKdUaom Ak'¨0g'ynm&Sifrsm;taejzihf edAmÁ efukd ygVdbmomjzifh a0g[m&rJh oknw? odkYr[kwf a0g
[m&wdkYukefqkH;&m c,? odkYr[kwf j'yfrJh tbm0? odkYr[kwf qdwo f kH;jcif; wkpätjzpf t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdk&ef BudK;yrf;
cJhMuonf/
trSefpifppf edAÁmeftqifhwGif udk,fydkif crf;em;jrifhjrwfrI&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif obm0tm;jzihf tm½kHig;yg; umr
*kPfw&m;aysmf½TifrIqDodkY udkif;ñGwfaom avmuDpdwfjzihf edAÁmeftaMumif;udk awG;awmjcif;um; edAÁmef\tESpf
om&trSefrS uGmvSrf;vSonf/ edAÁmefcsrf;omudk rcHpm;zl;olrsm;tzdkY (y&d)edAÁmefpHNyD;aemuf r*fzdkvfÓPfudk &&SdNyD;
olrsm; rnfonhfae&mwGif &Sdvdrfhrnf[lonfudk em;vnf&efvnf; rjzpfEdkifacs/ odkYwap &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfrsm;taejzihf
rdrdukd,fwdkif xdk;xGif;odjrifNyD;jzpfonhft&m (edAÁmef)udk odjrifEdkifonf[k Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkY ,kHMunfMuonf/ ygVd
usrf;*efrsm;t& &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf avmukwå&mtm½kHESihf ¤if;wdkYodjrifNyD; t&nftcsif;rsm;udk ¤if;wdkY xdk;xGif;
odjrifNyD;jzpfonfh avmukwå&mynmjzihf odjrifMuonf/ ¤if;wdkY\ awGUBuKHod&SdrIonf Ak'¨0g',kwådwGif cGJjcrf;pdwf
jzmprf;oyfrIESifh qufEG,fonf/ atmufygpum;&yfrSm Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf >ruf[cJhaom ygVdpmydk'fjzpfonf –

,awm p acg ar bdu©a0 £arok pwlok t&d,oapöok {0H wdy&d0¥H 'Gm'omum&H ÓP'óeH
ok0dok'¨H a[mwd? txm[H bdu©a0 oa'0au avmau orm&au ojA[®au oórPjAm[®Pd,m
yZm, oa'0rEkóm, tEkwå&H or®moarÁm"ð tbdorÁKa'¨gwd ypönmoð/ ÓPÍö ye ar 'óeH
O'yg'd? tukyÜm ar 0drkwåd? t,rEÅdrm Zmwd? ew¬d 'ged ykeAÇa0gwd75/
igbk&m;\ opömav;yg;udk t0ef;tqihfokH;yg; tjcif;t&mq,fhESpfyg;jzihf t&SdrSeftwdkif;odaom ÓPf
tjrifonf aumif;pGmpifMu,f\/ ,if;odkY aumif;pGmpifMu,fvaomf ewf rm&fewf jA[®mESihf vlYavmu
tvkH;odkY twkrJhNy;D jynfhpkHonhf aAm"dÓPfudk &&SdNyDjzpfaMumif; igbk&m; aMunmcJo
h nf/ ]ighpdwfvGwfajrmuf
rIum; rwkefrvIyf ckdifNr\ J / þonfum; ig\ aemufqkH;arG;zGm;rIwnf;/ b0opfwpfzef jzpfay:rI r&Sd
76
awmhacs}[laom ÓPftjrifjzpfay:cJhonf /

Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf aAm"ÓPfudk &&SdcJhpOfu azmfjycsuft& &Sifawmfjrwfonf ]þum; ig\ aemufqkH;b0

jzpf\} [k rdefYawmfrlonf/ ,if;onf udk,fawmfjrwftaejzihf aojcif;ESihf aoNyD;aemuf taESmiftzGJU r&SdawmhNyD
jzpfaMumif; qdkvkdonf/ þazmfjycsufü Ak'¨onf jynhfpkHonhfaAm"ÓPfjzihf rdrdpdwf vGwfajrmufoGm;jcif;udkom
vQif 0daoojyKxm;onf/ odkYwap em,lolrsm;\pdwfwGif &Sifawmfjrwfa[mMum;csufESihf ywfoufí ar;jrefzG,f
wpfpkHwpf&m &SdEdkifonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf ½kyfydkif;b0 vGwfajrmufoGm;jcif;udk >ruf[awmfrloavm? ,if;
onf edAÁmef\ jrifhjrwfcrf;em;rIEiS hf rnfodkYqufpyfoenf;[lonfudk odvkdMuonf/ trSefyif Ak'¨onf þ>ruf[
csufudk wynfhtaygif;tm; tcsdeftcg ae&ma'otrsKd;rsKd;ü >ruf[awmfrlcJhonf/
Ak'¨onf vlom;wpfa,muftaejzihf udk,fydkifobm0&SdaMumif; oabmaygufawmfrlonf/ p½dkuf0goem
[lonf vlwpfa,muf\ obm0&Sd&if;pGJ oabmxm;tjyKtrlEiS hf ywfoufonhf p½kdufvu©Pmjzpfonf/ ]vlwdkY
\p½dkufvu©Pmonf ¤if;wdkY\ twdwfut H rsKd;rsdK;t& uGJjym;jcm;em;onf/ t|uxmq&mrsm;tvdkt& p½dkuf
77
vu©Pm[lonf y#doaE¨pdwfESifhtwlygvmonfh uHaMumifhjzpfonf / 0dok'd¨r*¾t|uxmtvdkt& &m*p½dkuf?
g
or
a.
as

75
Sa-N Vol. III, 370-371.
76
Sa-N - NT Vol. II, 1846.
el

77
Ac-Ab, 330-331.
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a'gop½dkuf? arm[p½dkuf? o'¨gp½dkuf? Ak'¨d (todynm)p½dkuf? 0dwuú (MuHpnfawG;awmrI)p½dkuf[k tusOf;tm;

jzihf ajcmufrsKd;&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif –

tcsKdUu ,if;ajcmufrsKd;wpfckpDESihf &m*a'goarm[okH;rsKd;aygif;wpfESihf ,if;okH;rsKd;aygif;wGif o'¨g? Ak'¨d?

0dwuúwdkYudkaygif;í wpfrsKd;pD aygif;av;rsKd;? o'¨gAk'¨d0dwuúokH;rsKd;aygif;wpfESifh ,if;okH;rsKd;aygif;wGif
avmb? a'go? arm[wdkYudkaygif;í wpfrsKd;pD aygif;av;rsKd;[k p½dkuftjym;udk 14-rsKd;,lMu\/ odkYaomf
,if;odkY cGJjcm;rIudk vufcHcJhaomf avmbponfukd o'¨gponfü aygif;xnhfjcif;jzifh p½dkuftjym; wdk;rsm;
78
zG,f&Sd\/ odkYjzpfí p½dkuftjym;udk tcsKyftm;jzihf ajcmufyg;omrSwfoihf\ /

p½dkufrsm;tvdkuf avmuDESihf avmukwå&ma&;&m b0tjrifwdkYü yk*¾Kdvfwdkif; pdwf0ifpm;rIudk,fpD &Sdvdrhfrnf

jzpfonf/ Oyrmqdk&aomf avmuDa&;&mwGif wpfa,mufu tpdrf;a&mifudkBudKufNyD; tjcm;wpfa,mufu tjcm;
ta&mifwdkYudk ESpfoufrnfjzpfonf/ pdwfykdif;b0 avhusifhtm;xkwfrIwGif tcsKdUu arwåmur®|mef; u½kPm
ur®|mef;uJhodkYaom orxur®|mef;udk yGm;rsm;vdkpdwf xufoefNy;D tcsKdUrl 0dyóemur®|mef; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfrI
udk tm;&Muonf/ ,if;tajctaeudk oabmaygufawmfrljcif;ü Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf yk*¾Kdvw f dkif;\ p½dkuf
vu©Pmtvkduf ½IaxmifhrsKd;pkHrS w&m;a'oemudk a[mMum;awmfrljcif;jzihf rdrd\pGrf;&nfudk tokH;jyKawmfrl onf/
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf rdrd\w&m;a'oemawmfrsm;ü wpfcgwpf&H pdwyf dkif;b0vGwfajrmufrIomru b0udk,fcE¨m
vGwfajrmufrIudkyg txl;jyKa[mMum;awmfro l nf/ odkYjzpfí edAÁmef[lonf pdwfydkif;ESihf ½kyyf dkif;b0 vGwfajrmufrI
ESihf oufqdkifaom vGwfajrmufrItjzpf em;vnfEdkifonf/ ck'´uedum,f? okwåedygwfygVdü Ak'¨a[mMum;awmfrl
csufudk atmufygtwdkif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf –

tudÍöeH tem'geH? {wH 'DyH temy&H/

79
edAÁmerdwd eH jALrd? Z&mrpöK y&du©,H /
þuRef;ü aMumuf½GHUjcif;r&Sd/ wPSmjzihf wG,fuyfjcif;r&Sd/ þudk;uG,f&mü rnfonhft&mrQr&Sd/ ,if;
80
uRef;[lonf edAÁmefwnf;/ ,if;onf tdkjcif; aojcif;rS vGwfajrmufonhf ae&mjzpf\ /

txufyg azmfjycsufü edAÁmef[lonf tdkjcif;aojcif;ESihf 'ku©ESifh qufEG,fonhft&mtm;vkH;rS vGwfajrmuf

vsuf ab;uif;onhf uRef;ESihfwlaom ae&mjzpfonf/ azmfjyNyD;ouJhodkYyif tcsKdUrSm wifpm;zGihfqdkjcif;jzihf edAÁmef
t"dyÜg,fudk em;rvnfEdkifbJ tcsKdUrl ,if;odkYaom wifpm;&Sif;jycsufrsm;udk vG,fulpGm em;vnfEdkifjcif;jzihf zwf½I
avhvmolrsm;udk todynmESihf pdwfydkif;t& jcm;em;oGm;aponf/ edAÁmeft"dyÜg,faumuf,lrIESihf ywfoufí Ak'¨
&Sifawmfjrwf\ t*¾om0u t&Sifom&dykwå&monf oif,lavhvmolrsm;\ tusKd;twGuf edAÁmef\t"dyÜm,fudk
BudK;yrf;zGifhqdkcJhonf/ t&Sifom&dykwå&m\ &Sif;vif;csufonf pdwfynmqefqef t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkrIwGif tajccH
ojzihf Ak'¨0g'vdkufemusifhokH;oltcsKdUtwGuf em;vnf&efvG,fulonfrSm aocsmonf/ t&Sifjrwf\ edAÁmef
t"dyÜm,fziG fhqdkcsufonf edAÁmeftaMumif;udk ar;jref;ol ZAÁKcg'uy&dAkdZftzdkY pHjyjzpfoGm;ykH&onf/ ,if;azmfjycsuf
udk oH,kwåedum,f? edAÁmeyÍSokwfü atmufygtwkdif; awGU&onf –

edAÁmeH edAÁmeEÅd tm0kaom om&dykwå 0kpöwd? uwrH Ek acg tm0kaom edAÁmerdwd/ a,m acg tm0kaom
81
&m*u©a,m a'gou©a,m arm[u©a,m? £'H 0kpöwd edAÁmerdwd /
rdwfaqG om&dykwå? edAÁmef edAÁmef[k qdkyg\/ ,if;edAÁmef[lonf tb,fygenf;/ (rdwfaqG ZrÁKcg'u)?
82
&m*ukef&m? a'goukef&m? arm[ukef&mudk edAÁmef[k qdkyg\ /
g
or

78
a.

Vi-S, 101.
79
as

Suttanipata Pali, Khuddhakanikaya (Rangoon, Burma: Department of Religious Affairs, 1990), 444.
80
,if;\ okwåedygwft|uxmudk tajccHí usrf;jyKolu t*FvdyfbmomjyefqdkcJhonf/
el

81
Sagathavagga Samyutta Pali, Samyuitta-Nikaya (Rangoon, Burma: Department of Religious Affairs, 1991), 447.
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txufygazmfjycsufü t&Sifom&dykwå&m\ edAÁmeft"dymÜ ,fzGifhqdkcsufrSm avmb? a'goESifh arm[[laom

pdwftnpftaMu;rS vGwfajrmufaomt&m[k jzpfonf/ tu,fí avmb? a'goESihf arm[wdkY &SdaeOD;rnfqdk
vQif 'ku©taxGaxGudk jzpfay:aponhf jyóemrsm;udk zefwD;vdrhfOD;rnfjzpfonf/ trSefpifppf aAm"dÓPfudk r&
bJ avmb? a'go? arm[wdkY\ t&Sdeft0gudk zsufqD;&ef rjzpfEdkifacs/ odkYjzpfí t&Sifom&dykwå&monf avmb?
a'go? arm[ukef&monf edAÁmefrnf\[k txl;jyKrdefYawmfrljcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;aemuf t&Sifjrwfonf or®m'd|d
(rSefaomtjrif)? or®mouFyÜ (rSefaomtMuHtpnf)? or®m0gpm (rSefaompum;)? or®mur®EÅ (rSefaomtvkyf)?
or®mtmZD0 (rSefaomtoufarG;rI)? or®m0g,mr (rSefaomvkHYv)? or®mowd (rSefaomowd)? or®morm"d
83
(rSefaomwnfMunfrI)[laom r*¾if&Spyf g;vrf;pOfjzihf edAÁmefodkYa&mufEdkifonhfenf;vrf;udk a[mMum;cJhonf /
wpfzef ygVdawmfusrf;pmwdkYü edAmÁ eft"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufudk rnfodkYyifawGU&apumrl tajccHtm;jzihf ESpfrsKd;
jym;aMumif;azmfjyonhf vu©Pmwpf&yfom&Sdonf/ aemufqkH;wGif edAÁmef[lonf vGwfajrmufrItajctaewpf
&yfjzpfonf/ ,if;vGwfajrmufrIonf ESpfrsKd;&Sdonf/ wpfckrSm pdwEf Sihfywfoufonhf pdwfydkif;qdkif&mvGwfajrmufrI
jzpfNyD; tjcm;wpfckrSm cE¨mig;yg; ydkítwdtusqdkaomf b0cE¨mESihfywfoufonhf vGwfajrmufrIjzpfonf/ ,if;
tajctaeudk oabmaygufNyD;jzpfjcif;ü t&Sifom&dykwå&monf edAÁmefESihfywfoufonhf aMumif;usKd;qDavsmfonhf
enf;vrf;wpfck? qdkvdkonfrSm rdrda[mMum;csuf\ed*Hk;wpf&yfudk qGJjycJhonf/ ,if;udk ck'´uedum,f? y#dorÇd'gr*¾
ygVdawmfü rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf/ ,if;azmfjycsufrSm - ]OyÜga'g ocFg&m? tEkyÜga'g edAÁmeEÅd oEÅdya' ÓPH? y0wåH
ocFg&m? tyÜ0wåH edAmÁ eEÅd oEÅdya' ÓPH (wnfjzpfrIonf ocFg&? jzpfwnfrI r&Sdjcif;onf edAÁme? obm0jzpfpOf
84
onf ocFg&? obm0jzpfpOfr&Sdjcif;onf edAÁme) [kjzpfonf} / azmfjycsuftrsm;pkwGif ocFg&[laom ynm&yfokH;
a0g[m&udk Ak'¨bmomusrf;pmwdkYü emrfydkif;qdkif&mtzGJUtpnf; (mental formation) [k t*FvdyfbmomjyefMuaomf
vnf; þae&mwGif ,if;onf edAmÁ ef\qefYusifbuft"dyÜm,fjzpfonf/ y#dorÇd'gr*fygVdawmft& edAÁmef[lonf
]jzpfay:rIr&Sdjcif;} odkYr[kwf ]b0jzpfwnfrIr&Sdjcif;} jzpfonf/ ,if;azmfjycsuft& edAÁmef\t"dyÜm,fukd wpfcg
wpf&Hü b0cE¨mvGwfajrmufrIudk qdkvdkaMumif; em;vnfEkdifonf/

edAÁmeft"dyÜm,f t|uxmzGifhqdkcsufrsm;
edAÁmeft"dyÜm,fudk ygVdawmfusrf;*efrsm;ü azmfjyxm;csuft& emMum;oly&dowfESihftnD &nfñTef;aMumif; em;
vnf&onf/ ygVdawmfvm edAÁmeft"dyÜm,f zGifqdkcsufrsm;onf em;vnfEdkifavmufatmif &Sif;vif;aMumif; t|
uxmq&mrsm; ,kHMunfMuonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ w&m;awmftm;vkH;rSm vufawGYusifhokH;rItajccHtwGuf
a[mMumcsufrsm;wGif rsm;pGmtajccHonf/ odkYwap vufawGYcsOf;uyfrIr&SdbJ edAÁmef\tESpfom&rSefudk em;vnf
&ef aocsmaygufrjzpfEdkifaMumif; ñTefjyonf/ trSefaomf yxrwGif usifhpOfudk oif,lonfqkdygpdkY? ,if;aemuf
pdwfydkif;b0wdk;wufrItwGuf ,if;usifhpOfudk vufawGUusifhokH;&rnfjzpfonf/ þenf;jzihf edAÁmef\crf;em;rIudk
em;vnfEdkifrnfjzpfonf/
t|uxmq&mrsm;onf edAÁmef\obm0udkem;vnfrIESihf ywfoufí ta&;ygonhf azmfjycsufwpf&yf jyKcJh
Muonf/ ygVdawmfvm edAÁmeft"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufudk em;vnf&ef oifhwifhavsmufywfaom vufawGUusifhpOf
&Sd&rnfjzpfonf/ t|uxmq&mwdkYonf vufawGYur®|mef;bm0em½IrSwfjcif;r&SdbJ edAÁmef\obm0rSef odkYr[kwf
aAm"dÓPftm; awGYMuKHod&SdrIudk em;vnf&efrjzpfEdkifaMumif; ¤if;wdkY\azmfjycsufwdkYü tcdkiftrm qdkMuonf/ ¤if;
wdkY\azmfjycsufudk azmfjycsufudkcdkifrmap&ef t|uxmq&m t&SiftEk½k'¨gonf tbd"r®w¬o*F[usrf;ü ¤if;\
t,ltqudk ,kwådESihfvufawGYtjrifjzihf azmfjy&efBudK;yrf;cJhonf –

edAÁmeH ye avmukwå&ocFgwH pwkr*¾ÓaPe opädumwAÁH r*¾zvmerm&r®PblwH 0geocFgwm,

85
wPSm, edu©EÅwåm edAÁmeEÅd y0kpöwd /
g
or
a.

82
Sa-N-NT Vol. II, N, 1294.
as

83
Ibid, 1294.
84
Patisambhidamagga Pali, Khuddaka-Nikaya (Rangoon, Burma: Department of Religious Affairs, 1991), 58.
el

85
Bahhanta Anuroddha thera, Abhidhammattha-sangaha-Pali (Rangoon, Burma: Department of Religious Affairs, 1993), 113.
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86
edAÁmef[lonf avmukwå&mjzpf\/ r*fÓPf av;yg;jzifhodEdkif\ / r*fzdkvfwdkY\ tm½kHjzpfNy;D 0ge[kqdk
87
tyfaom wPSmrS xGufajrmufwwfaomaMumihf edAÁmef[kac:\ /

a&SUwGifazmfjyNyD;onfudk tajccHíqdkaomf edAÁmef\obm0udk avmukwå&mpdwfjzihf odEdkifonf/ avmukwå

&mr*fpdwfjzihf edAÁmefodkY a&mufEkdifonf/ tb,folonf edAÁmef\obm0udk em;vnfEdkifoenf;/ ax&0g'Ak'¨bm
omtvdkt& aAm"dÓPfudk &&SdNy;D yk*¾Kdvfrsm;om edAÁmefudk trSeftwdkif; oabmaygufEdkifonf/ þusrf;pmtqdk
t& edAÁmef[lonf aAm"dÓPfudk &&SdNyD;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;om ydkifqdkifaMumif; em;vnfEdkifonf/
at'Dig;&mpkwGif ay:xGef;cJhonhf t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmoonf xif&Sm;aom t|uxmq&mjzpfonf/ t&Sif
jrwf\ txif&Sm;qkH;aomusrf;rSm 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmjzpfNyD; tjcm;ygVdawmfrsm;\ t|uxmusrf;rsm;udkvnf;
a&;om;cJhonf/ t&Sifjrwfonf a&S;a[mif;t|uxmusrf;rsm;udk qufpyfNyD; t|uxmoacFytjzpf tzGifhopf
rsm;a&;om;vsuf yd#uwfokH;ykHudk tESpfcsKyfcJhonf/ Ak'¨0g'w&m;a'oemrsm;wGif edAÁmeft,ltqESifhywfoufNyD;
½IyfaxG;rIrsm;pGmr&SdbJ t&SifAk'¨aCmoonf zGifhqdkNyD;t"dyÜm,frsm;udk ñSdEdIif;&efBudK;yrf;cJhonf/ t&SifAk'¨aCmo
onf edAÁmef\t"dyÜm,fudk vufawGYtm;xkwfrIrSwpfqihf t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkNyD; ,if;aemuf ¤if;tvdk edAÁmef\
t"dyÜm,fudk &Sif;jyonf/ ¤if;usrf;pm\ taumif;qkH;tcsufrSm wdk&Sif;vdk&if;rdjcif;jzpfonf/ t&SifAk'¨aCmo
onf Ak'¨\w&m;a'oemtm;vkH;twGuf &Sif;vif;onhf tESpfcsKyfukd jyKEdkifpGr;f &SdcJhonf/ ,if;tESpfcsKyfrSm edAÁmef
odkYr[kwf aAm"dÓPfudk&&Sd&eftwGuf oDv orm"d ynm[laom odu©mokH;yg;udk jznhfusifhtm;xkwf&rnfjzpf
onf/ ,if;onf 0dyóemÓPf odkYr[kwf aAm"dÓPfudk trSwfwu,fvdkvm;ol rnfolrqdktwGuf rjzpfrae
vdktyfonf/ odkY&mwGif yg&rD? o'¨gw&m; ("r®tay:,kHMunfrI)ESihf t"d|me[laom ueOD;vdktyfcsufrsm;udkvnf;
csefvSyfrxm;cJhay/ ¤if;\azmfjycsufrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf –

tyd p edAÁmeH ew¬Dwd e 0wåAÁH? uo©m? y#dywåd,m 0Íösbm0gyZÆeawm/ towd [d edAÁmae or®m'd|d-
yka&Z0g, oDvm'dcE¨wå,o*F[m, or®my#dywåd,m 0Íösbma0g tmyZÆwd/ e pm,H 0Íösm edAÁmeygye-
88
awmwd /
wpfzefvnf; edAÁmefonf rwnf&Sdyg[krqdkEdkif/ taMumif;rl ,if;odkYjzpfrl edAÁmefokYda&mufaMumif;tusifh
onf tcsnf;ESD;jzpfoGm;aomaMumihfwnf;/ tu,fí edAÁmefrwnf&Sd[kqdkcJhrl oDvESihf or®m'd|dtpjyKonfh
ou©mokH;yg;yg&Sdonfh or®my#dywådvrf;pOfonf tusKd;r&Sd[k qdk&ma&muf\/ ,if;usihfpOfonf edAÁmefodkY
89
trSefwu,fa&mufEdkifaomaMumihf tcsnf;ESD;r[kwfacs /

0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmwGif t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmorax&fu edAÁmeft"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkrIudk tusOf;csKyfavhvm okH;

oyfcJhNyD; vltcsKdUu edAÁmef[lonf ,kefcsKdvdyfaoG; (oo0domP)[louJhodkY trSefwu,fr&Sd[k rSm;,Gif;pGm ,lMu
aMumif; rSwfcsufjyKcJhonf/ t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmoonf oDv? orm"d? ynmvrf;pOfjzihf edAÁmefudk odjrifEdkifaom
aMumihf edAÁmefrwnf&Sd[laom t,ltqudk jyif;xefpGmjiif;qdkcJhonf/ t&Sifjrwfonf ydkrdkem;vnfrI &&SdEdkif&ef
,cifzGifhqdkcsuftcsKdUudk jiif;qdk&efBudK;yrf;cJhonf/ Oyrm t&SifAk'¨aCmoonf edAÁmef[lonf &m*ukef&mjzpf
onf[kazmfjyonfh t&Sifom&dykwå&m\ edAÁmeft"dymÜ ,fzGifhqdkcsufudk udk;um;cJhonf/ ¤if;\azmfjycsufrSm atmuf
ygtwdkif;jzpfonf-

86
tbd"r®w¬o*F[ygVdESihf tbd"r®musrf;*efrsm;ü r*fÓPfav;rsKd; azmfjyonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm 1) aomwmywådr*fÓPf 2) oum'g*grd
r*fÓPf 3) tem*grdr*fÓPf 4) t&wår*fÓPf wdkYjzpfonf/ Bhaddanta Nyanatiloka-thera \ Buddhist Dictionay: Manual of Buddhist
g

Terms and ctrines (Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, 1988) 20 udk ½Iyg/
or

87
Ac-Ab, 258.
a.

88
Bhaddanta Buddhaghosa-thera, Visuddhimagga-atthakatha Vol. II (Rangoon, Burma: Department of Religios Affairs, 1993) 139.
as

89
Bhikkhu Nanamoli \ 0dok'¨dr*ft*Fvdyfbmomjyef The Path of Purification: Visuddhimagga (1956; repring, Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist
el

Publication Society, 1991) 514-15 rS xkwfEkwf ul;,lygonf/

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]a,m acg tm0kaom &m*u©a,m}wd tm'd0peawm ]ca,m edAÁme}EÅd ap? e t&[wåómyd

90
c,rwåmyZÆeawm/ wrÜd [d ]a,m acg tm0kaom &m*u©a,m}wd tm'dem ea,e ed'´d|H /
]igh&Sif? &m*ukef&m (a'go? arm[ukef&m)onf edAÁmefrnf\}[laom pum;t& edAÁmef[lonf ukefqkH;
ysufpD;oGm;jcif;r[kwfavm[kqdktHh (Sa-N. IV, 251)/ ,if;odkYum; r[kwf/ taMumif;rl &[EÅmtjzpfonfvnf;
ukefqkH;ysufpD;oGm;jcif;jzpf\[k t"dyÜm,foufa&mufoGm;aomaMumihfwnf;/ ]igh&Sif? ,if;t"dyÜm,fudk
91
avmb? a'go? arm[ukefcef;olonf &[EÅmrnf\}paom a&S;OD;pum;&yfjzihfyif azmfjyNyD;jzpf\ /

ukefqkH;ysufpD;jcif; azmfjycsufEiS fhywfoufí t|uxmq&monf ysufpD;jcif;t"dyÜm,f&Sdonhf rl&if;pum;

vkH; &m*u©,yk'fudk &nfñTef;jyqdkonf/ t&SifAk'¨aCmou c,(ukefjcif;)onf edAÁmefudk r&nfñTef;bJ aAm"d
ÓPfudk&NyD;ol &[EÅmyk*¾KdvfwdkY\ cE¨mig;yg;udkom &nfñTef;aMumif; jiif;qdkonf/ &[EÅmyk*¾KdvfwdkYonf b0opf
udk jzpfay:ap&ef ur®pGrf;&nf&Sdaom pdwftnpftaMu;tm;vkH;udk zsufqD;onf/ Ak'¨aCmoonf om"utae
jzifh Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ pum;awmfrsm;udkazmfjyvsuf wdusonhf azmfjycsufwpf&yfudk BudK;pm;&Sif;jycJhonf/ ]]t
aMumif;rl ,if;onf Ak'¨\pum;awmfjzpfNyD; edAÁmefonf y&rw¬oabmt& yk*¾KdvfwpfOD;pD\ tESpfom& jzpfaom
aMumihf r&Sdaomt&mr[kwf/ odkYjzpfí ]&[ef;wdkY? rarG;zGm;aomt&m? jzpfay:jcif;r&dSaomt&m? rjyKjyif tyf
92
aomt&m? jzpfwnfjcif;r&Sdaomt&monf&Sd\}[k a[mawmfrl\ (Iti. 37; Ud. 80.)}}
t&SifAk'¨aCmo\ t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufed*kH;csKyfrSm ]edAÁmefonfom (rzefqif;tyfaomt&mjzpfaomaMumihf)
xm0&wnfNrJaomt&m jzpf\/ wpfOD;pDEiS hfqdkifaom ½kyf0w¬KtESpfom&udk ausmfvGefaomaMumifh ½ky0f w¬Ktxnf
93
udk,fr&Sd/ Ak'¨\yef;wdkifrSm wpfckwnf;omjzpfNyD; trsm;tjym;r&Sd} / odkY&mwGif t&SifAk'¨aCmoESihf acwfNydKif
cefY[k,lq&onfh &[EÅmt&SifOywdórax&fu edAÁmeft"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkrIESihfywfoufí 0drkwådr*¾usrf;wGif ukd,f
ydkif[efjzihf tusOf;csKyfzGihfjycJhonf/ ¤if;\zGifhqdkcsufrSm ]wPSm vkH;0avsmhenf; jywfpJoGm;jcif;? wPSmrS xGuf
cGmjcif;? wPSmudk pGefYypfjcif;? wPSmrS vGwfajrmufjcif;? wPSmrS uif;a0;jcif;[lí 'ku©eda&m"opömudk em;vnf
94
&rnf }[kjzpfonf/ ¤if;\tvdkt& y#doaE¨wpfzefraeonhf tajctae? obm0tm;jzihf ysufpD;roGm;jcif;?
opömav;yg;udk xdk;xGi;f íodjrifjcif;? 'ku©Nidrf;csKyfjcif;udk edAÁmef[kac:onf/ ,if;azmfjycsuu f dk tESpfcsKyfazmfjy&
aomf þt|uxmq&m\ edAÁmeft"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufonf &Sif;vif;NyD; wdkawmif;onf/ edAÁmeft"dyÜm,fzGifhqdk
csufudk ½IaxmifhtrsKd;rsKd;rS odEkdifonf/ ,if;½Iaxmifhrsm;t& edAÁmef[lonf ur®0dygu (twdwfESifh ypöKyÜefuH\
tusKd;quf)ESihf wPSmESihft0dZÆmwdkY jzpfay:apaom oHo&mtaESmiftzGJYrS vGwfajrmufjcif;rSwpfyg; tjcm;
t"dyÜm,fr&Sdacs/ þodkYjzihf vGwfajrmufrI\ omvGefjrifhjrwfykHudk enf;vrf;rsKd;pkHjzihf em;vnfEdkif&monf/

ax&0g'r[kwfaom Ak'¨0g'Dynm&SifwdkY\ edAÁmeft,ltq

þae&mü ax&0g'r[kwfaom Ak'¨bmom[lonf tdE´d,r[m,meAk'¨bmomudk t"dutm;jzihf &nfñTef;jcif;
jzpfonf/ trSeftm;jzifh ,if;*dkPf;uGJESpfck\ w&m;"r®rsm;rSm &if;jrpftm;jzihf Ak'¨\a[mMum;csufrsm;udk tajccH
Muonf/ tcsdKUaom t"dyÜm,faumuf,lrI odkYr[kwf zGifhqdkrIwdkYrSm ESpf*dkPf;vkH;oabmwlnDEdkifNyD; tcsKdUrSm o
abmwlnDrI r&SdEdkifacs/ ESpf*kdPf;vkH;ü edAÁmefodkYa&muf&ef[laom wlnDonhf yef;wdkif&SdMuonf/ a,bk,stm;jzihf
ESpf*dkPf;vkH;onf edAÁmeft"dyÜm,faumuf,ljcif;twGuf vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;&Sdaeonf/ ax&0g'vkdkufemusifhokH;ol
trsm;pku edAÁmef[lonf vufvSrf;rDaomt&mjzpfojzihf þb0rSmyif vufawGYusif;okH;rIrSwpfqifh &&SdEkdifonf
90
Vi-M Vol. II, 139-140
91
Vi-M, 515.
92
Ibid, 517.
93
Ibid, 516-516.
g

94
N.R.M. Ehara, Soma Thera, and Kheminda Thera, trans. The Path of Freedom: Vimuttimagga (1961; reprint, Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist
or

Publication Society, 995), 272. t|uxmq&m &[EÅmt&SifOywdórax&fonf ¤if;\azmfjycsufudk oH,kwåedum,f? r[m0*¾

a.

oH,kwåygVdrS ]a,m wóma,0 wPSm, taoo0d&m* eda&ma"m pma*g y#dedóa*¾g rkwåd temva,m/ £'H 0kpöwd bdu©a0
as

'ku©eda&m"H t&d,opöH} (Rangoon, Burma: Department of Religious Affairs, 1991, 272.)[laom om"uudk udk;um;í rdrd\
el

azmfjycsufudk txl;jyKrdefYMum;cJhonf/
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[k,lqNyD; r[m,meAk'¨0g'D trsm;pkurl edAÁmef[lonf vlwdkif;wGifwnf&Sdojzihf vufawGYusifhokH;rIrSwpfqihf &&Sd

Edkifonfqdkonf/ *dkPf;ESpcf kvkH;uyif edAÁmeftm; arm[ odkYr[kwf t0dZÆmrS vGwfajrmufrItjzpf txl;jyKazmfjyMu
onf/ ax&0g'Drsm;tzdkY t0dZÆmESihfwPSmrS vGwaf jrmufrI[lonf y&rw¬opömudk xdkxGif;odjrifrIESihf edAÁmefudk
&&SdrIyifjzpfonf/ r[m,me0g'Dtrsm;pktzdkYrl arm[rSvGwfajrmufjcif; odkYr[kwf t&mcyfodrf;twGuf qdwfokH;
95
aompdwfjzihf Ak'¨obm0[laom rlvpdwf okdYr[kwf pMu0VmpdwfodkY jyefvnfa&mufoGm;Edkifonf[kqdkonf /

arm[rS vGwfajrmufrIudk &jcif;jzihf aemufqkH;tqifhodkY jyefa&muf\/ aemufqkH;tqifhodkY a&mufjcif;jzihf

rlv&if;jrpfodkY jyefa&muf\/ rlv&if;jrpfudk &&SdrIonf edAÁmeftqihf jzpf\/ odkYaomf edAÁmefonf jyifywGif
&Sdaomt&m b0oHo&mrS wpfjcm;pDjzpfaomt&mum; r[kwf/ Ak'¨obm0tppftrSefonf tjyifbuf
&Sdt&m obm0avmurS wpfjcm;pDvnf; r[kwf/ wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf ½kwfw&uf todÓPfudk &
onfESihf xdktodÓPfonf xdkyk*¾KdvfESifhxyfwljzpfoGm;\/ --- r[m,meAk'¨0g' edAÁmefonf b0oHo&m
96
tjyifbufü &SmazG&onfr[kwf/ arG;aoudpötm;jzihf b0oHo&mtwGif;rSmyif edAÁmefudk &Edkif\ /

Ak'¨0g'tpOftvmESpfckvkH;rSmyif arm[(todrSefr&SdrI)udk edAmÁ ef\twm;tqD;tjzpf ta&;wBuD;azmfjyMu

onfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ ax&0g'Ak'¨0g'DwdkYu arm[\owådonf edAÁmefa&mufaMumif; enf;vrf;udk wm;qD;wwf
aMumif; rMumcPazmfjyonf/ þtcsufü r[m,meAk'¨0g'DwdkYvnf; xdkenf;wlyif qdkMuonf/ ]]tokH;rsm;onhf
97
w½kwfAk'¨bmom pum;ykHwpfckrSm ]todrSef r&ao;vQif ykxkZOf? todrSef&NyD;vQif ynm&Sif} [kjzpfonf}} /
ax&0g'r[kwfonhf Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;uGJrsm;teuf xif&Sm;onhfESpfckrSm rZÑrSdu*dkPf;ESifh a,m*gpm&*dkPf;wdkY
jzpfonf/ awG;ac:&Sif em*&ZÆKeonf tv,ftvwfvrf;pOf[kvnf; xif&Sm;onfh rZÑrdSu*dkPf;udk wnfaxmifcJh
onf/ þyk*¾Kdvfonf at'D ESpf&mpkwGif ay:xGef;cJhonf/ em*&ZÆKeonf w&m;"r®ESihfywfoufonhf awG;ac:rI
enf;pepfrsm;udk tav;ay;azmfjyNyD; tbd"r®m½IaxmifhudktajccHvsuf Ak'¨0g'udkem;vnf&ef ¤if;wDxGifonhf
,kwådaA'enf;udk tokH;jyKcJhonf/ awG;ac:rIqdkif&m t"dyÜm,faumuf,lenf;ESifhrwlbJ ¤if;\usrf;wGif tbd"r®m
98
tawG;tac:qdkif&m cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmrIjzifh trsm;okH;t,ltqwdkYudk avQmhcs&ef ,kwådaA'udk tokH;jyKcJhonf /
at'Dav;&mpkwGif ay:xGef;cJhol to*F yg0ifwnfaxmifcJhaom pdwft"du*dkPf;[kvnf; xif&Sm;onfh
a,m*gpm&*kdPf;onf aemufqkH;tppftrSefw&m;\ tESpfom&udk&SmazG&ef vufawGUusifhokH;rIudk axmufcHNy;D
Ak'¨\rZÑdry#dy'gvrf;pOfudkwifjy&ef ur®|mef;vufawGUtm;xkwfrIudk txl;jyKazmfjyonf/ em*&ZÆKeESihf rwlbJ
to*F\azmfjycsufrSm wpfpkHwpfa,muf\ odjrifrIESihf em;vnfrIwdkYonf obm0tm;jzihf rwnf&SdbJ ,if;wdkYrSm
99
taMumif;w&m;ESihf tajctaersm;&Sdonfh qufEG,frIoabmw&m;rsm; jzpfMuonf /
em*&ZÆKeonf edAÁmef\ vGwfajrmufrIESihf jyefvnfrarG;zGm;jcif; vu©Pmudkazmfjy&ef rBudK;yrf;cJhaomfvnf;
¤if;\azmfjycsufonf wpfpkHwpfa,muftm; edAÁmef[laom aemufqkH;tppftrSefw&m;tay: Edk;<uaponf/
em*&ZÆKeonf tqkH;pGeftrSefw&m;[lonfudk bmompum;jzihf &Sif;jyoifhaMumif; ,kHMunfcJhonf/ bmompum;
[lonf or®Kwdoabm tajctaetay: rlwnfaomoabm&Sdaomfvnf; avmuDtrSefw&m;tjzpf bmom
pum;onf tEÅdrtrSefw&m;udk em;vnf&ef trSefyifvkdtyfonf/ em*&ZÆKe\ &yfwnfcsufrSm avmuDtrSef
w&m;jzpfonhf bmompum;jzihf ,if;y&rw¬opömudk r&Ekdif/ odkYaomf ,if;y&rw¬opömudk em;rvnfbJ edAÁmefukd
em;rvnfEdkif/ em*&ZÆKetvdkt& pum;vkH;rsm;? trnfemrrsm;? bmompum;rsm;rSm oknjzpfonf/ ouf&Sdrsm;
oufrJhrsm;rSm oknjzpfonf/ ouf&SdoufrJhESpfrsKd;vkH;udk okntjzpfodjrifjcif;onf tqkH;pGeftrSefw&m;jzpfonf/
pMu0Vm\ trSefw&m;udk ouf&Sd odkYr[kwf oufrJhtjzpf razmfjyEdkif/ odkYaomf qefvkef rmpwm csDqef (San-lun

95
Fung Yu-Lan. A Short History of Chinese Philosophy (New York: The Free Press, 1976), 251.
g

96
Ibid, 252. The quotation connected to Collected Commentaries t the Parinirvana Sutra, Chuan 1 and Commentary to the Vimlakirti Sutra,
or

Chuan 7.
a.

97
Ibid, 253.
as

98
Cheng, 1-9.
99
el

Asanga, Abhidharmasamuccaya: The Compendium of the Higher Teaching (Philosophy). Translated by Sara Boin-Webb from the French
.k

translation of Walpola Rahula (1971; repring, Fremong, California: Asian Humanities Press, 2001), xi-xviii.
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Master Chi-tsang)uJhodkYaom r[m,metpOftvm q&mBuD;rsm;onf okn odkYr[kwf oknw [laom a0g[m&

rsm;udk wpfcgwpf&H t&m0w¬Krsm;udk t&nftcsif;avQmh&efEiS hf wefzdk;avQmh&ef tokH;jyKaMumif; ñTefjycJhonf/
þq&m\tvkdt& oknjzpfaomt&mrsm;onf bmrQtokH;rusacs/ odkYjzpfí Ak'¨w&m;awmfrsm; tm;enf;
oGm;rnhftajctaeudk yaysmufap&ef oknwt,ltqudk z,f&Sm;oihfonf/ odkYaomf ,lqcsufrSm ,lqcsufrQ
omjzpfNyD; trSefw&m;r[kwfacs/

t&m0w¬KwdkY\ tppftrSeftm; ouf&SdESihfoufrJh? wnf&SdrIESihfrwnf&SdrI [louJhodkYaom t,ltqwdkYudk

tjyeftvSef oufa&mufaprI (tm;NydKifrI) tm;jzifh r&Sif;jyEdkif/ em*&ZÆKeu ]wpfzef t&mtm;vkH;rSm okn
jzpf\/ tb,faMumihfenf;? ouf&SdoufrJh[lonfudk wpfcsdew f nf;rSmjzpfap? tcsdeftrsKd;rsKd;rSmjzpfap
100
r&&SdEdkif} [kqdkcJhonf /

trSefpifppf em*&ZÆK\'óeonf r[m,meAk'¨0g'tay: MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIBuD;rm;cJhNyD; 'óeESihfbmom

a&;qdkif&m vIyf&Sm;rItrsKd;rsKd;udk jzpfay:apchJonf/ ¤if;\tawG;tjrifudk tajccHvsuf r[m,meAk'¨bmom
ynm&Sifrsm;pGmwdkYonf rZÑrdu*dkPf;\ oifMum;csuftawG;tjriftcsKdUudk Ak'\ ¨ w&m;"r®rl&if;ESihf ta&;ygaom
a[mMum;csufrsm;tjzpf a½G;cs,fcJhMuonf/ ,if;aemuf ¤if;wdkYonf rdrdwdkYudk,fydkif w&m;"r®ESihf bmoma&;qdkif
&m avhusifhtm;xkwfrIrsm;udk wdk;wufatmif aqmif½GufcJhMuonf/ tcsKdUaom r[m,meAk'¨bmomynm&SifwdkY
onf ½kyfvGef'óetjrifudk wnfaqmufEdkifa&;twGuf b0ESihfowå0gwdkYESihfqdkifaom ½kyfvGeftajctaeudk
axmufcH&ef udk,fydkift,ltqrsm;udkyif tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/

½kyfvGef'óeonf wpfpkHwpfckonf &Sdonf(tw¬d)ESifh r&Sd(ew¬d)? ,if;ESpfrsKd;udkjiif;qdkcsuf &Sdonfvnf;

[kwf r&Sdonfvnf;[kwf[laom ,kwådoabmESihfqufEG,f\/ tqdkyg &Sd[kwfr&Sd[kwf'óe vTrf;rdk;ojzihf
a&S;OD;Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkYonf edAmÁ efonf wnf&Sd\ odkYwnf;r[kwf wnf&Sdonf[laom oabmw&m;tm;vkH;
\ qefYusib f uf[k ,lqMu\/ ,if;a&S;OD;Ak'¨0g'DwdkYtaejzihf edAÁmefonf 'kur© &Sdonfü wnf&Sd\ odkYwnf;
101
r[kwf ,if;onf 'u©r&Sdjcif;rQomjzpf\[k ,lqcJhMuonfudk awGYEdkifonf /

&Sdonf(tw¬d) r&Sd(ew¬d)[laom ½kyv f Gef'óeESihfywfoufonfh txufygazmfjycsuffudk qifjcifaomf oHo

&monfyif edAÁmef[k,lojzihf ,if;odkYaom oDtkd&D,lqcsufonf 'ku©jyóemrsm;twGuf tajzrjzpfEdkif[k qdk&
rnfjzpfonf/ tjzpfr&Sdjcif; (tbm0)? qdwfokH;jcif; (wkpä) taejzihf t"dyÜm,faumuf,lvsuf edAÁmef[lonf vkH;
0r&Sdjcif;[laom ,lqcsufudk pGJudkifxm;vQif r[kwftajz,lqcsufodkY usa&mufaeonf/ em*&ZÆKeu t&Sd
w&m;tm;vkH;onf wnfrSDaomt&Sdw&m;jzpfonf[laom tqkdrSefvQif edAÁmeftygt0if rwnfrSDaomw&m;onf
102
rwnf&Sd[k qdkEdkifjyefonf / edAÁmef[laombmompum;onf ½IaxmifhtrsKd;rsKd;ESifh Ak'0¨ g'Dynm&Sifrsm;pGmwdkY\
t"dyÜm,faumuf,lcsufESihf ywfoufaeojzihf ed*kH;aumufcsufqGJ,l&ef cJ,Of;onf/
a,m*gpm&*dkPf;udk wGJzufwnfaxmifol to*Fonf enf;vrf;rsm;pGmjzihf y&rw¬opömESihf or®Kwdopöm[l
aom trSefw&m;ESpfrsKd;udk jyifqifjyKjyifvsuf em*&ZÆKe\ t,ltqudk axmufcH&ef BudK;yrf;cJhonf/ to*F
onf axmufqjcif;? BuHpnfjcif;? qkH;jzwfjcif;[laom vu©PmokH;&yf½IaxmihfrS ¤if;\tjrifukd azmfjycJhonf/
odkYwap to*Fonf edAÁmef[laoma0g[m&udk a&S;OD;Ak'¨0g'DwdkY t"dyÜm,fziG fhqdkonfEiS hf teD;pyfqkH;taejzihf
jywfpJjcif; odkYr[kwf csKyfNidrf;jcif;[kzGifhqdk&ef BudK;yrf;cJhonf/ ]jywfpJjcif;udk tb,faMumihf edAÁme[kac:oenf;/
taMumif;rl edAÁmefonf udavomtyltm;vkH;ESihf tvdkqE´tm;vkH; rjynfhpkHrIaMumihfjzpfay:vmonfh qif;&J
'ku©tylBuD;wdkYrS vGwfajrmufaomaMumihfjzpf\/ ,if;'ku©jywfpJoGm;jcif;udk tb,faMumihf csKyfNidrf;jcif; (edAÁmef)
g
or
a.
as

100
Cheng, 13.
101
Bibhuti, 452.
el

102
Ibid, 463-464.
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103
[kqdk&oenf;/ taMumif;rl ,if;onf oP²mefrJh Nidrf;csrf;rIjzpfaomaMumihfwnf;} / wpfzefqkd&rl a,m*gpm&
*dkPf;wnfaxmifolrsm;teuf wpfa,mufyg0ifol 0okAE¨Ktrnf&Sd Ak'¨bmomynm&Sifwpfa,mufvnf; &Sdao;
onf/ xdkyk*¾Kdvf\ edAmÁ eft,ltqrSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf –

y#docFgeda&m" odkYr[kwf edAÁmef[lonf tb,fudk ac:oenf;[lrl - wnf&SdNyD; udavomrsm;ESihf wnf&SdNyD;

b0udk zsufqD;vdkufaomtcg udavomt<uif;tusef odkYr[kwf b0t<uif;tusefr&Sdjcif;wnf;/ pdwf
\owåd (y#docFgynm)[laom taMumif;aMumifh (odkYaomf okwEå Åmefaqmify*k ¾KdvfwdkYu rSwfcsufjyKMu\)
tem*wfwGif 'ku©jzpfay:rvmjcif;onf pdwf0dnmOfudk taxmuftyHhjyK\/ ,if;aemuf ,if; ('ku©
104
jzpfay:rvmjcif;)udk y#docFgeda&m"twGi;f xnhfoGif;&\ /

¤if;\edAÁmeftjrift& edAÁmef[lonf udavomtm;vkH; odkYr[kwf b0tm;vkH;rS vGwfajrmufjcif;aMumihf

tem*wfwGif 'ku©jzpfay:rvmjcif;jzpfonf/ edAÁmefodkYa&muf&jcif;wGif udavomrS vGwfajrmufjcif;onf t"du
tcsufjzpfaMumif; qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/ trSefpifppf Ak'¨bmomynm&Sifrsm;onf vGwfajrmufrIudk &SmazGaeMuonhf
tjcm;aom bmomw&m;vdkufpm;olrsm;tm; rdrw d dkY\tawG;tjrifudk rQa0Mujcif;jzpfonf/
Ak'¨0g'edAÁmeft"dyÜm,fzGifhrIqdkif&m azmfjycsufudk tESpfcsKyfaomf Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;\ ½Iaxmihft& edAÁmef[l
onf tESpfom&tm;jzihf Nidrf;csrf;rIvu©Pmwpf&yfom&Sdaomfvnf; ,if;onf t"dyÜm,ftrsKd;rsKd;&SdEdkifonf/ odkYw
ap tHhMozG,faumif;onfrSm Ak'¨0g'tpOftvmrsm;onf edAÁmeftm; emrfw&m;taejzihf y&rw¬ (tqkH;pGef tppf
trSef) w&m;tjzpf t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkrIudk a,bk,stm;jzifh oabmwlMujcif;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif azmfjyNyD; edAÁmef
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onfESihf jcm;em;NyD; edAÁmef\tESpfom&rSm ¤if;wdkYarQmfvihfonfEiS hf jcm;em;aMumif;qdkvdkonf/ ¤if;wdkYtaejzihf
,cifzGifhqdkNyD; usrf;pmrsm;udk tajcjyKí jyefvnf&Sif;vif;zGifhqdkcJhjcif;jzpfz,
G f&Sdonf/ odNyD;jzpfonhftwdkif; vuf
awGUusifhokH;rIrSwpfqifh edAÁmefudk &Edkifonfomjzpfonf/

Ak'¨0g'DESihf Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwfol ynm&Sifrsm;\ edAÁmeft"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;

edAÁmeft"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkcsufrsm;ESihfywfoufí azmfjyNyD;jzpfonhftwdkif; ynm&Siftrsm;pk\ edAÁmeft"dyÜm,f zGifhqdk
csufrsm;rSm edAÁmeftm; ¤if;wdkYudk,fwdkifawGYBuKHod&SdrIwGif tajcrcHbJ pmawGUedAÁmef,lqcsuf em;vnfrItay:wGif
tajccHykH&onf/ ygVdawmfusrf;*efwdkYü edAÁmefudkem;vnf&ef ur®|mef;bm0em½IrSwfavhusihfrIjzihf csOf;uyfrI trSef
wu,fvdkaMumif; txl;jyKzGifhqdkMuonf/ ,if;onf edAÁmef\obm0udk oabmaygufjcif;twGuf tajccHvrf;
ñTefcsufjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif Ak'¨0g'DESihf Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwfol ynm&Sifrsm;taejzihf vufawGYtajccHrygbJ pmawGYESihf
awG;ac:ajrmfjrifrItajccHjzihf edAÁmefudkavhvm&ef taumif;qkH;enf;vrf;jzpfaMumif; oG,f0kdufí tom;ay; azmf
jyvdkMuonf/ edAÁmef[lonf rnfodkYjzpfonf[k a&S;OD;pGm pmawGUtm;jzihf em;vnf&ef jzpfEdkifonf/ odkYwap
edAÁmef\t"dyÜm,fudk ydkrdkem;vnfEdkif&ef y&d,wåd(pmawGY)ESihf y#dywåd(vufawGY)[laom ½IaxmifhESpfaxGudk tokH;cs
&ef rjzpfraevdktyfaMumif; þavhvmcsufü tcdktrmazmfjyonf/
edAÁmeft,ltq rnfrQMoZmBuD;rm;aMumif;ESihf tjcm;aom,Ofaus;rIESihf tpOftvmrsm;udk rnfrQvTrf;rdk
aMumif;odjrif&ef wu,fyif thHMop&mjzpfaeonf/ þedAÁmef,lqcsufESihf ywfoufí Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwfol ynm&Sif
rsm;u ¤if;wdkYbmomw&m;,lqcsuftay:tajccHvsuf ¤if;wdkYem;vnfonhftwdkif; edAmÁ ef\obm0ukd t"dyÜm,f
zGifhqdk&ef BudK;yrf;cJhMuonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh [dE´Lbmom½IaxmifhrS edAÁmefa0g[m&udkqufEG,f&ef BudK;yrf;onhf
[dE´L0g',lqcsuf wpf&yf&Sdonf/ ,if;,lqcsufudk atmufygazmfjycsufü awGY&onf ]Ak'¨onf wpfukd,fa&
g
or
a.
as

103
Asanga, 193.
104
el

Vasubandhu Abhidharmakosabhasyam, Vol 1. Translated by Pwo M. Pruden from the French translatin of Louis de La Vallee Poussin, (
.k

1923-1925; reprent, Berkeley, California: Asian Humanities Press, 1988), 280-281.

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twåvdyfjymi,fudkom jiif;qdkcJhNyD; r[mjA[®mESifhxyfwljyKonhf r[mtwåtm; rjiif;qdkbJ edAÁmef\ trSefw&m;

105
onf OyedoQ'fusrf;wdkYü oifMum;onhf vGwfajrmufrIuJhodkYyifjzpfaMumif; qdkEdkifonf} /
xdkYjyif Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwfolynm&Sif rmufpf rlvm (Max Muller)u edAÁmef[lonf 0dnmOfvdyfjym &yfem;jcif;odkY
a&muf&Sdjcif;tjzpf t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdk&ef BudK;yrf;cJhonf/ ,if;ynm&SifwdkY\ edAÁmef,lqcsufrSm ,if;wdkY\,kHMunfrI
udk tajccHonfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,frvdkacs/ xdkyk*¾Kdvfu edAÁmefudk atmufygtwdkif; qdkonf –

twåvdyfjym0dnmOfaumif tem;,loGm;jcif;? qE´ESihf vkdtyfcsuftm;vkH;wdkYudk ausmfvTm;atmifjrifjcif;? okc

'ku© taumif; tqdk; jcm;em;rIr&Sdjcif;? twå0dnmOf ¤if;bmom epf0ifoGm;jcif;? arG;jcif;rS aojcif;
106
aojcif;rS topfwpfzefarG;zGm;jcif;[laom b0oHo&mrS vGwfajrmufoGm;jcif; /

Ak'¨0g'\t"du&nf½G,fcsufrSm twåvdyfjym&Sd0g'udk jiif;qdkygvsuf twåvdyfjymoDtdk&Dudk pGefYy,f&ef cJ,Of;

aMumif; em;vnfEkdifonf/ odkYwap edAmÁ efudk tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm; rnfodkY,lqonf ¤if;wdkYenf;vrf;jzifh edAmÁ ef[lonf
udk trSefw&m;wpf&yftjzpf rnfodkYxifjrifcJhonfudk od&jcif;rSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onf/ trSefaomf edAÁmef
t,ltqonf ¤if;wdkYxifjrifcJhonfESihf wlnDEdkifrnfr[kwfay/ tjcm;bmomw&m;½IaxmihfrS edAÁmeft,ltq
rnfonhf tao;pdwf EIdif;,SOfcGJjcrf;pdwfjzmrIudkrqdk þavhvmrIe,fy,ftwGif; xnfhoGif;rnfr[kwfay/
bmoma&;½Iaxmifhrsm;ESihf ywfoufí bmomw&m;udk,füyif ,if;wdkY\ ,kHMunfrIpepftwGif; vltrsm;udk
½IyfaxG;vmap&ef pGrf;&nf&Sdonf[k qdkEdkifygoavm/ ,if;odkY rqdkEdkifyg/ bmomw&m;\ &nf½G,fcsufonf
vlom;wdkY\ Nidrf;csrf;rIudk wnfaqmuf&efjzpfonf/ vlwdkYonf bmomw&m;vdkufemusifhokH;rIjzihf udk,fykdifNidrf;
csrf;rIudk wnfaqmufEdkifonf/ odkYwap þ,kHMunfrIpepfonf NyD;jynfhpkHpmG rSefuefoavm odkYwnf;r[kwf vkH;0
rSm;,Gif;oavm [lonfudk twdtus rqdkEdkifacs/ trSefpifppf bmomw&m;rsm;onf vlomwdkYtm; Nidrf;csrf;
rIudk wnfaqmufEdkifoavm odkYr[kwf vlom;wdkYonf Nidrf;csrf;rItwGuf bmomw&m;rsm;udk wnfaqmufEkdif
oavm[lonfudk qdk&efcJ,Of;vSonf/ odkYjzihf bmoma&;,kHMunfrIpepftaMumif;udk ajymqdkav ½IyfaxG;vmEdkif
avjzpfonf/ trSefaomf edAÁmefonf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh taMumif;t&mwpfckr[kwfaomfvnf; csOf;uyf
oihfaom tppftrSefw&m;wpfck qdkvdkonfrSm aemufqkH;tppftrSefw&m;wpfckjzpfonf/ þt"dyÜm,ft& edAÁmef
onf pdwfydkif;b0 awGYBuKHo&d SdrIrSwpfyg; tjcm;wpfyg;r[kwfacs/
ax&0g'Ak'¨0g'DtcsKdUonf Ak'¨a[mMum;csufrsm;ESihf Ak'¨\"r®a&;&mvGwfajrmufrItjriftm; vufawGYcsOf;
uyfrIukdtajccHvsuf cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm&ef BudK;pm;cJhMuonfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,frvdkacs/ ,if;tajctaersm;udk ½I
vsuf Ak'0¨ g'Dynm&Sif vmaAmvDyl&Sif (La Vallee Poussin)u atmufygtwdkif;azmfjycJhonf –

a&S;OD;Ak'¨0g'ü ½kyfvGefoabmw&m; vkH;0r&Sd odkYr[kwf t&m0w¬KwdkY\ tvkH;pHkESihf obm0a&;&m oif,l

tyf odkYr[kwf twdtustaMumif;jycsuf&Sdaom pmawGYoabmw&m; r&Sdacs/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ a[m
Mum;csufrsm;udk trSDjyKvsuf vlonf todynmxGef;vif;rIjzihf vGwfajrmuf&medAÁmefwGif oEÅdokcudk &&Sd
onftxd rdrdjyKrlaqmif½GufcsufwdkY\ tusKd;w&m;udk wpfb0NyD;wpfb0 cHpm;&rnfjzpfaMumif; ,kHMunf
107
Muonf /

pwDAif aumvif;pf (Steven Collins) onf edAmÁ efudk b0\ jyKjyiftyfaom rwnfNrJaom rESpfNrdKUzG,f t&m
tm;vkH; qkH;cef;wdkifonhf jywfpJrIjzpfpOftjzpf t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcJhol acwfopf Ak'¨0g'Dynm&Sifjzpfonf/ ¤if;\
Ak'¨0g'tay: taumif;jrifoabmxm;onf Ak'¨0g'udk vufrcHvdkbJ&SdMuolrsm;tm; (auseyfvmap&ef) cGeftm;
wpf&yfjzpfaponf/ ¤if;wdkYonf edAÁmef\oabmobm0udk em;vnfrIvGJNyD; w&m;"r®&SmazGol\ tcef;u@udk
g
or
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105
Collins, 98.
106
Welbon, 125.
el

107
Ibid, 282.
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t&m ( It 37, Ud-a 391) jzpf\/ xif&Sm;onfrSm edAmÁ efudk 0dnmOftwåvdyfjymwpfcktjzpf razmfjyEdkifjcif;
jzpf\/ acwfopfAk'¨bmom pma&;q&mrsm;onf ukef;ajrtawGUtBuKHudk ig;tm; r&Sif;jyEdkifaom vdyfESifh
108
OyrmjyKí azmfjyMu\ /

edAÁmeftaMumif; ynm&SifwdkY t"dyÜm,fziG fhqdkcsufrsm;teuf tcsKdUaom aMumif;usKd;qDavsmfonhf tcsufrsm;

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csOf;uyfrIqdkif&m t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkrIwdkYESihf qufEG,fonf/ awG;ac:ajrmfjrif,lqcsufonf yef;wdkifodkY oufaomihf
oufom a&muf&Sd&ef vrf;ñTefaom ajrykHESihfwlonf/ odkYjzifh þavhvmrIonf awG;ac:ajrmfjrifrI ½Iaxmihfudk
tokH;csjcif;r&SdbJ edAÁmef\t"dyÜm,f cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmrIudk a&SifvTJ&ef rjzpfEdkifacs/

usrf;*efvm enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh edAmÁ efudk em;vnfjcif;

awG;ac:ajrmfjrifrI½Iaxmifhjzihf azmfjyNyD;jzpfonhftwdkif; þavhvmrI\ yef;wdkifodkYa&muf&ef þusrf;ü ta&;BuD;
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g

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or

euf wpfckjzpfonf/ y#dpöorkyÜm'enf;vrf;onf txl;taMumif;w&m;wdkY\jyKjyifcH"r® odkYr[kwf apwoduf

a.
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108
Collins, 97.
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w&m;rsm;udk azmfjyonf/ ygVdawmfpmayt& Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf y#dpöorkyÜm'fjzpfpOfudk em;vnf;NyD;aemuf

aAm"dÓPfudk &EdkifcJhonf/ y#dpöorkyÜm'fa'oemü tajccHtm;jzihf 'Gm'o*F (t*Fgq,fhESpfcsuf)ESifh a'Grlv (&if;
109
jrpfESpfck)wkdYudk tokH;jyKxm;onf /
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wpfckonfyif taMumif;w&m;wpfckaMumifh jzpfay:&onf/ trSefpifppf tusKd;w&m;taygif;tpkwpfckESihf ouf
qdkifonfh taMumif;w&m;taygif;tpkwpf&yf &SdNrJjzpfonf/ y#dpöorkyÜm'f\ tusOf;csKyftajccHrmS wpfpkHwpfckjzpf
ay:vmcJhaomf ,if;\tusKd;w&m;wpfpkHwpfck &Sd&rnf[kjzpfonf/ tu,fí ,if;taMumif;w&m; jywfpJcJhaomf
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t0dZÆm ypö,m ocFg&m? ocFg&ypö,m 0dnmPH? 0dnmPypö,m emr½lyH? emr½lyypö,m oVm,weH?

oVmwe ypö,m zaóm? zóypö,m a0'em? a0'emypö,m wPSm? wPSmypö,m Oyg'geH?
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110
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pGJvrf;rIjzpfay:\? pGJvrf;rIaMumihf b0wnf&SdrIjzpfay:\? b0aMumihf wpfzefb0opfarG;zGm;rI jzpfay:\?
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111
ylyefjcif;wdkY jzpfy:\/ ,if;odkYvQif þ'ku©tpkta0;onf jzpfay:&\ /

trSefaomf y#dpöorkymÜ 'onf aMumif;usKd;jzpfpOftwGufa&m b0vnfywfrI (0¥) twGufyg tvGefvdktyf

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aqmifxm;onf/ y#dpöorkyÜm'ü t*Fg q,fhESpf&yfyg&Sd\/ ,if;wkdYrSm twdwfb0 taMumif; ESpfck? ypöKyÜefb0
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112
0aoe a'G rlvmed p a0'dwAÁmed (t0dZÆm wPSm\tpGrf;jzihf &if;jrpfw&m;ESpfyg;wdkYudkvnf; odtyfukef\) /
y#dpöorkyÜm'a'oemawmft& arG;jcif;aojcif;tygt0if 'ku©tpka0;tvkH;pkHrSm ,if;ta&tygqkH; &if;jrpf
ESpf&yfjzpfonf/ ,if;&if;jrpfESpfckonf ouf&Sdowå0gtm;vkH;udk b0wpfckNy;D wpfck jzpfay:atmif zefwD;EdkifpGrf;&Sd
onf/ y#dpöorkyÜm'a'oem\ t"dutydkif;onf jzpfwnfrIwpfck&Sdygu ,if;\taMumif;w&m;&SdonfNyD; topf
jzpfwnfrv I nf; &SdvdrhfOD;rnf[kjzpfonf/ twdwf? ypöKyÜefESihf tem*wf taMumif;w&m;rsm;rSm tcsif;csif; quf
EG,fMuonf/ tjyeftvSeftm;jzihf wpfpkHwpfck ydkrdktwdtusqdkrl t0dZÆmESifh wPSm csKyfaysmufaomf aemufxyf
jzpfay:&ef &Sdawmhrnfr[kwfacs/ wPSmESihf t0dZÆm[laom apwodufw&m;wdkY r&SdawmhvQif b0opfESihf aojcif;
g
or
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109
Mahavagga Pali, Vinaya Pitaka, Khuddaka-Nikaya, 1.
as

110
Ibid, 1.
111
Ac-Ab, 294-395.
el

112
Ab-S, 134; Ac-Ab, 302.
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ñTefjy&ef rnfokdYrnfykH tokH;csxm;aMumif; em;vnfEdkifonf/
tjcm;usrf;*efvm ta&;ygonhf enf;vrf;rSm 0dok'¨dr*¾ (pifMu,frIvrf;pOf) jzpfonf/ þenf;vrf;udk Ak'¨
bmom ur®|mef;bm0em½IrSwfrI twdtusqdkrI owdy|mefur®|mef;ü edAÁmef[laom yef;wdkifudka&muf&ef rMum
cP tokH;jyKavh&Sdonf/ Ak'¨0g'wGif ,if;enf;vrf;udk txl;jyKjyqdkjcif;rSm pdwå0o d k'¨dqidk f&m pdwftvGefoefY&Sif;rI
twGuf xl;jcm;oGifjyifudkazmfjyaom wdk;wufonhf vrf;pOftqihfudk &SmazG&efjzpfonf/ þenf;vrf;\ yef;
wdkifrSm t"dutm;jzihf 'ku©rStvkH;pkHrSvGwfajrmufrItjzpf t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkxm;onhf edAmÁ efudk odjrif&eftwGuf
owdzGHUNzKd;wdk;wufrIrSwpfqihf pdwu
f dkjzLpifatmifvyk f&ef jzpfonf/ tcef; 5 wGif owdy|mefur®|mef;taMumif;
aqG;aEG;rnfjzpfonf/
þavhvmcsufonf txl;ojzihf ygVdusrf;*efvm vufcHEdkifz, G f&Sdaom t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkrIrsm;ESifh Ak'¨0g'DESihf
Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwfolynm&SifwdkY\ usrf;pmwdkYü awGU&aom tjiif;yGm;zG,f t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;ESihf ywfoufonf/
xdkYjyif þavhvmcsufonf ueOD;taejzihf edAÁmeft"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsuftrsKd;rsLd;tay: awG;ac:ajrmfjrifrIqdkif&m
jcKHikHavhvmcsufwpf&yfudk azmfjyNyD; edAmÁ eftm; rSefuefonfh awGUBuKHod&SdrIudk em;vnfrnfhf vufawGYenf;vrf;udk
&SmazGonf/ a&SUwGif azmfjyNyD;onhftwdkif; b0 (jzpfwnfrI)? 0db0 (jzpfwnfrIr&Sdjcif;)? emrf½kyf\ rESpfNrdKUzG,frS
vGwfajrmufrIoabmw&m; ,lqcsuftygt0if obm0"r®tm; oDtdkt&cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm½kHrQjzihf edAÁmef\ t"dyÜm,f
rSefudkazmfxkwf&ef rvkHavmufacs/ pmqdkESihfvufawGUESpfrsKd;vkH;udk xyfwlnDrQtokH;cs&ef vdktyfonf/ taumif;
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t"dyÜm,fzGifhonhf ¤if;wdkY\usrf;pmrsm;udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;jzihf edAÁmeft,ltqtay: &Sif;vif;pGm em;vnfrI
qDodkY qdkufa&mufEdkifrnfjzpfonf/

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tcef; 3

b0 (jzpfwnfrI)ESihf 0db0 (jzpfwnfrIr&Sdjcif;)

b0 (jzpfwnfrI) [lonf tb,fenf;

þtcef;ü jzpfpOft& edAÁmef\csKyfNidrf;rIwGifyg0ifaom b0ESihfaojcif;wdkYtay: Ak'¨0g'½IjrifokH;oyfykHudk t"du
azmfjyrnfjzpfonf/ b0ESihfaojcif;jzpfpOfudk em;vnf&efrSm edAÁmeft"dyÜm,fudk &Sif;vif;onhf þavhvmcsufü
tajccHtm;jzihf ta&;ygaomtcsufjzpfonf/ Ak'¨0g'usrf;*efrsm;ü touf&Sifjcif;ESihf aojcif;jzpfpOfudk od&ef
tvdktyfqkH; tcsufESpf&yf&dSonf/ odkYr[kwfvQif b0\tm;enf;csuf tm;omcsufwdkYudk trSeftwkdif; em;vnf
Edkifrnf r[kwfacs/ ,if;tcsufESpf&yfrSm 1) b0\obm0ESifh 2) aojcif;\obm0wdkYjzpfonf/ Ak'¨0g' tvdk
t& aojcif;onf b0qkH;cef;wdkifoGm;onf[krqdkvdkbJ t&[wår*fÓPfudk r&ao;rl aemufb0wpfck\ tp
jzpfonf/ Ak'¨usrf;*efrsm;ü ouf&SdjzpfpOf odkYr[kwf b0qufvufíjzpfay:jcif;udk b0(jzpfwnfrI) [kac:onf/
,if;udk ocFw(jyKjyifcH) w&m;tjzpfvnf; em;vnfonf/ edAÁmefonf ,if;\qefYusifbuft"dyÜm,f tocFw
(rjyKjyiftyfaomoabm) jzpfonf/
b0[laom a0g[m&onf pOfqufrjywf arG;aopuf0ef;ESihf qufpyfaeonfh b0jzpfpOfudkqdkvdkNyD; edAÁmef
onf b0jzpfpOfESihf ,if;\tusKd;qufjzpfaom arG;aopuf0ef;rS vGwfajrmufonf/ b0ESihfywfoufí jrefrm
Ak'¨0g'DwdkY oHo&m'ku© odkYr[kwf jrefrmvdk oH&mqif;&J[laompum;ukd rMumcP ajymqdkavh&SdMuonf/ ,if;
um; b0puf0ef;udk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/ jrefrmtpOftvmü xif&Sm;onhf qdk½dk;wpfck&Sdonf ]b0[lonf oHo&m
wnf;/ b0oHo&mrSmae&oa½GU 'ku©rsK;pkHESihf ruif;onhft&mrsm;pGmESihf BuKHawGU&vdrfhrnf/ b0oHo&mpuf0ef;
ü r&SdawmhvQif aMumufzG,fr&Sdawmhacs}[kjzpfonf/ þazmfjycsufü b0r&Sdjcif;[lonfudk axmufwnf&m edAÁmef
tjzpf ,lqonf/ odkYwap edAÁmefwnf&SdrIonf b0r&Sdjcif;t"dyÜm,fESihf jcm;em;onf/
b0wnf&Sdjcif; b0rwnf&Sdjcif;[laom a0g[m&rsm;ESihfywfoufí þavhvmrIonf a&S;OD;pGm b0(jzpf
wnfrI) t,ltqudk avhvmrnfjzpfonf/ azmfjyNyD;jzpfonhftwdkif; edAÁmefodkYa&muf&SdNyD;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf arG;ao
b0puf0ef;ü r&Sdawmhacs odkYr[kwf b0oHo&mjzpfpOfü rwnf&daS wmhacs/ edAmÁ efudk tqkH;pGef aysmf½TifNird f;csrf;rI
\txGwftxdyf (oEÅdokc)[k,lqonf/ awoH (ocFg&meH) 0lyoarm okacg (xdkocFg& b0jzpfwnfrI r&Sdawmh
113
jcif;onf Nidrf;csrf;rItppftrSefjzpf\) / arG;aojzpfpOfudk azmfjyonhf Ak'¨0g'qdkif&m bkHXmetaMumif; em;vnf
jcif;r&SdbJ þavhvmcsuo f nf NyD;jynhfpkHvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ arG;aotaMumif;&Sif;vif;csufonf edAÁmef\&Sif;vif;
aom ykHoP²mefudk azmfaqmifay;onf/
trSefaomf b0jzpfwnfrIobm0onf 'ku©½kyfoGifudk yDjyifpGm o½kyfazmfonf/ þae&mü 'ku©[lonf b0ü
tvdkr&Sdtyfaom qif;&Ja0'emudk qdkvdkonf/ Ormtm;jzihf cspfcifolwpfa,mufESihf cGJcGmauGuGif;&jcif;onf
rESpfouftyfaom qif;&Ja0'emwpf&yfjzpfEdkifonf/ aojcif;obm0onf 'kuu © dk rsm;pGmjzpfaponf/ cspfjrwf
Edk;onhf cJGcGmoGm;olESihf auGuGif;jcif;aMumihf touf&Sifae&jcif;onf 'ku©ESifhusef&pfonf/ oH,kwåeu d m,f? tmoD
0daomyrokwåeft& b0[lonf tEÅ&m,fESihfqufpyfaeNyD; rm&[laom aojcif;w&m;ESihf rvGJraoG &ifqdkif&
rnfjzpfonf/ uHaumif;pGmjzihf ouf&Sdowå0grsm;twGuf wpfckwnf;aomarQmfvihfcsuf&Sdonf/ ,if;um; aojcif;
w&m;rS vGwfajrmufonhf edAÁmefjzpfonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu edAÁmef[lonfudk tEÅ&m,ftm;vkH;ESihf aojcif;rS
vGwfajrmufaomw&m;tjzpf azmfjycJhonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ a[mMum;csufrSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf-

]Mo&drH wD&H omouø oyÜ#db,}EÅd acg bdu©a0 ouúm,aówH t"d0peH/ yg&drH wD&H acrH tyÜ#db,EÅd
114
acg bdu©a0 edAÁmeaówH t"d0peH /
g
or
a.
as

113
Ma-P-D, 129.
el

114
Sa-N Vol. II, 383.
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tEÅ&m,fxlajymNyD; aMumufzG,f þbufurf; (b0jzpfwnfrI) [lonf cE¨mukd,ftm; oligtjzpfpGJ,ljcif;

115
\ trnfwnf;/ vkHNcKHNy;D tEÅ&m,fuif;onhf [dkbufurf; (edAÁmef) [lonf edAÁmef\trnfwnf; /

txufygazmfjycsufü edAÁmef[lonf aojcif;uif;rIudk wdkuf½kduf&nfñTef;onf/ ta&;ygaom em;vnfoihf

onhf tcsufwpf&yfrSm aojcif;ESihf aojcif;uif;onhf obm0tajctaeESp&f yftMum; qufoG,frrI nfodkY wnf
&Sdonf? ,if;t&mESpfck rnfodkY ajymif;vJonf[laom tcsufjzpfonf/ aojcif;w&m;udk ouf&SdwdkY ydkifqdkifNyD;
aojcif;uif;onfhw&m;udk aAm"dÓPfudk&&SdNy;D olwdkY ydkifqdkifonf/ azmfjyygpum;&yfü arG;jcif;ESihfaojcif;obm0
udk pkHprf;avhvm&efrSm þavhvmrI\ t"duta&;ygaomtcsufjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumihf edAmÁ efobm0udk cGJpdwfjzm
rIrjyKrD avmuDvlom;wdkY\tajctaeESihf ¤if;wdkYaexdkifonfh bkHXmewdkYtaMumif;udk &Si;f jy&rnfjzpfonf/
Ak'¨0g'tvdkt& ouf&SdoufrJhwdkYtygt0if t&mcyfodrf;onf ysufpD;jcif;obm0&SdouJhodkY jyKjyifcHobm0
vnf;&Sdonf/ ysufpD;jcif;obm0ESihf jyKjyifcHobm0&Sdonhf vlom;wpfa,mufonf vGwfvyfrIenf;onf/ ysufpD;
jcif;obm0ESihf jyKjyifcHobm0wdkYudk ajz&Sif;olonf vGwfvyfrIydkrsm;onf/ qdkvdkonfrSm b0jzpfwnfrIr&Sdaomf
'ku©vkH;0r&Sd[kjzpfonf/ taMumif;rl 'ku©onf b0[kac:aom emrf½kyfobm0jzpfpOfESihf qufpyfaeaomaMumihf
jzpfonf/ þazmfjycsufü b0rSvGwfajrmufrIESihf 'ku©rSvGwfajrmufrItwGuf edAÁmefvkdonf/ b0[lonfwGif
umrb0? ½lyb0ESihf t½lyb0[k okH;rsKd;yg0ifonf/ tbd"r®w¬o*F[usrf;azmfjycsufrSm ]'ku©H awblruH 0¥H?
wPSm ork'a,m ba0/ eda&ma"m emr edAÁmeH? ra*¾g avmukwåa&m rawm (bkHokH;rsKd;ü b0vnfywfjzpf&jcif;
onf qif;&J\/ wPSmonf ,if;vnfywfrI\ &if;jrpfjzpf\/ vnfywfrI jywfpJjcif;um; edAÁmefwnf;/ edAÁmef
116
a&mufaMumif; vrf;pOfum; avmukwå&mwnf;)} [líjzpfonf/
Ak'¨0g'pMu0Vmt,ltqwGif edAÁmefonf b0jzpfpOfü ryg0ifaomaMumifh 0db0 (jzpfwnfrIr&Sdjcif;) tjzpf
,lqonf/ þü b0[lonf arG;aojzpfpOfudk qdkvkdonf/ okH;q,fhwpfbkHü yg0ifjcif;r&Sdawmhaom rnfonhf
owå0grudkrqdk 0db0 (jzpfwnfrIr&Sdjcif;) üyg0ifol[k ac:onf/ odkYwap edAÁmefonf b0jywfpJoGm;jcif;udk rqdk
vdkjyefacs? taMumif;rl ,if;onf okH;q,fhwpfbkHü ryg0ifaom xl;uJjrifhjrwfonfh tajctaetjzpfjzihf trSefw
u,f wnf&SdaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí jzpfwnfrI (b0)tjrifESihf arG;aojywfpJrI (edAÁmef) tjrifwdkYonf þ
avhvmrIacgif;pOf\ &Sif;vif;rItwGuf tokH;0ifonf/ odkY&mwGif ]tu,fí ouf&SdwdkYtygt0if t&mtm;vkH;
tdkjcif;aojcif;oabm&SdonfqdkvQif b0jzpfwnfvmolrSm rnfolenf;} [k apmaMumEdkifonf/
b0[lonfESihfywfoufí twdwftcsdef ,cifb0rsm;wGif jyKvkyfcJhaom uH\tusKd;qufwnf&Sdaeao;o
a½GUb0qufvufjzpfwnfaernfjzpfNyD; wpfb0NyD;wpfb0 ajymif;aernfjzpfonf/ ,if;udk b0oHo&m[kac:
onf/ ygVd ur®? ouúw um&fr (tvkyf)onf ouf&SdjzpfpOf vIyf&Sm;vnfywf&mwGif ta&;ygaom tcef;rSyg0if
onf/ b0[l&mü tajccHtm;jzihf aumif;uHESihfoufqkdifaom b0aumif; (ok*wd)ESihf raumif;uHESihfoufqdkif
aom b0qdk;('k*¾wd)[k vm;&m*wdESpfrsKd;&Sdonf/ ,if;ESpfrsKd;udk ewfbkH(a'0avmu)ESifh i&JbkH(ed&,avmu) [k
ac:Edkifonf/ urÇmhbmomw&m;qdkif&m usrf;pmrsm;\½IaxmifhrSjzpfap odkYr[kwf EIwftpOftvm½IaxmifhrSyif
jzpfap bmomw&m;tm;vkH;eD;yg;rQ ewfbkHESihfi&JbkHwdkYudk azmfjyMuonf/ ,if;,lqcsufudk oufqdkif&mbmom
w&m;wdkY\½Iaxmihfudk tajcjyKvsuf enf;rsKd;pkHjzihf wifjyMuonf/ Oyrmqdkaomf c&pf,efESihf tpövmrf,kHMunfrI
wdkYü aumif;uifbkHESihfi&JbkHrSm xm0&(a&mufNyD;vQifjyefra½GU)jzpfNyD; Ak'¨0g'ürl xm0&r[kwfacs/ xdkYjyif ewfbkH
[lonfrSm txl;ojzihf olawmfaumif;wdkY\ ae&mjzpfNyD; i&JrSm vlrdkufwdkY\ ae&mjzpfonf/ olawmfaumif;[l
117
onf aumif;aomtvkyfudk vkyfolrsm;jzpfNyD; vlrdkuf[lonf raumif;rI'kp½dkufudk usL;vGefolrsm;jzpfonf /
0ifpwefudef; (Winston King) ESihf rJvfzdkY'fpyD½dk (Melford Spiro) wdkYtvdkt& ur®Ak'¨0g'ESifh edAÁmeAk'¨0g'[k
Ak'¨0g'ykHpH ESpfrsKd;&Sdonf/ ur®Ak'¨0g'DwdkYu aumif;aomtvkyfonf b0aumif;odkYa&muf&Sdaponf[k ,kHMunfNyD;
118
edAÁmeAk'¨0g'DwdkYurl ur®|mef;bm0em½IrSwfjcif;onf b0oHo&mrS vGwfajrmufaponf[k ,kHMunfMuonf /
g
or
a.

115
Bhikkhu Bodhi, The Connected Discourse of the Buddha,1239.
as

116
Ab-S, 129.
117
K. Sri Dhammananda, The Buddhist Concept of Heaven and Hell (Malaysia: Buddhist Missionary Society, 2000), 1-4.
el

118
Harvey B. Aronson, "The relationship of the Karmic to Nirvanic in Theravada Buddhism." Journal of Religious Ethics 7 (1979), 28.
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[kac:onhf jA[®mhbkHuJhodkYaom Nidrf;csrf;onhfbkHXmeü arG;zGm;&ef orxur®|mef;udk tm;xkwfMuonf/ psmeAk'¨
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\ tukodkvfrIrsm;onf i&J odkYr[kwf wd&päefEiS hf NydwåmwdkYtygt0if tjcm;raumif;aomb0wdkYü jyefvnfarG;
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wpfbkHü wnf&Sdonfh 'ku©[laom rESpfoufzG,f b0oHo&mqif;&JrS vGwfajrmufrIudk &&Sd&ef BudK;yrf;Muonf/

ouf&SdwdkYtwGuf bkHXmet,ltq
Ak'¨0g'pMu0Vmt,ltqonf pdwfynmESihf cE¨maA'qdkif&m b0tawG;tjrifESihf qufEG,rf I&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif
Ak'¨0g't,ltqonf rjrifEdkifaomowå0gwdkYonf pdww f Gifomwnf&Sd\[laomt,ltqudk jiif;qdkonf/ edAmÁ ef
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t,ltqudkavhvm&efESihf ouf&Sdtm;vkH;\ b0jzpfwnfrIESihf pMu0VmwdkY qufEG,fywfoufykH ta&;ygrIudk em;
vnf&efvdkonf/ Ak'¨0g'pMu0Vmt,ltqt& ouf&SdwdkY\b0udk tajccHtm;jzihf bkHXmeokH;rsKd; cGJjcm;Edkifonf/
,if;wdkYrSm –
1) umrbkH? umrok*wd ckepfbkHESihf tyg,fav;bkH
2) ½lybkH? ½kyfoP²mefESihf emrf&Sd ½lyq,fhajcmufbkH
119
3) t½lybkH? ½kyfoP²mefrJh emrfom&Sd t½lyav;bkH wdkYjzpfonf /
txufygazmfjycsufrSm þokawoejyKrItay: aemufxyftao;pdwfazmfjyrItwGuf Ak'¨0g'pMu0Vmt,l
tqtESpfcsKyfjzpfonf/ tcsKdUrSm ewfbkH i&JbkHuJhodkYaom bkHXmersm;ESifh edAÁmefwdkYudk rsufpdjzihfrawGYjrifEdkifaom
aMumihf ,if;tppftrSefw&m;rsm;rSm pdwfxJwGifom&Sdonf[k ,lqMuonf/ þtcsufü Ak'¨0g'twGif;rS b0
wnf&SdrI,lqcsuf tajccHudk &Sif;jyoihfonf/ a&S;OD;pGm or®KwdopömESihf y&rw¬opömESpfrsKd;wdkY\ jcm;em;csufudk
em;vnfatmif BudK;yrf;&rnfjzpfonf/
or®Kwdopöm[lonfudk aeYpOfb0 aygif;oif;qufqHa&;ü a,bk,stokH;jyKonhf trSefw&m;tjzpf ,lq
onf/ or®Kwdopömudk tokH;jyKvsuf ac:a0:ajymqdkrIykHpHrsm;pGm&Sdonf/ rdef;r? a,musfm;? cE¨mudk,f? tdy&f m? xdkif
ckH ponftm;vkH;rSm or®Kwdopöm\ Oyrmrsm;jzpfMuonf/ ,if;wdkYtm;vkH;rSm pdwf? zó? yx0D? tmayg[laom
trnfemrrsm;uJhodkY tppftrSefwnf&Sdw&m;rsm; r[kwfMuacs/ odkYjzpfí ,if;trnfrsm;ESihf ,if;wdkYazmfjyonfh t
120
&mrsm;udk ac:a0:okH;pGJ½kHrQom ta&;ygojzihf or®Kwdopöm trsm;okH;twGufrSefuefaom ykHpHrsm;[kac:onf /
y&rw¬opöm[lonf ½kyf? a0'em? onm? ocFg&? 0dnmP[laom cE¨mig;yg;uJhodkYaom "r®obm0wdkY\ tESpf
om&udk azmfjy&eftokH;jyKaom trSefw&m;jzpfonf/ razmufjyefaom trSefw&m;[lonf ,if;obm0w&m;wdkY
g

udk &nfñTef;onf/ y&rw¬opöm[lonf pkaygif;trnfwpfckrQomr[kwfbJ Ak'¨0g'usrf;*efrsm;t& trSefwu,f

or
a.
as

119
Ac-Ab, 72-73.
el

120
Ledi Sayadaw, The Manulas of Buddhism (Malaysia: SBVMS Publication, 1994), 188.
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wnf&Sdaom t&mrsm;udk &nf½G,fjcif;jzpfonf/ þü v,fwDq&mawmfu ]or®Kwdopömonf rSm;,Gif;rIudk wm;

121
qD;NyD; y&rw¬opömonf pdwful;,OfrSm;,Gif;rIudk umuG,fonf}[k ñTefjycJhonf / ,if;trSefw&m;ESpfrsKd;ESifh
ywfoufí ouf&SdwdkYwnf&SdrIESihf edAÁmefwnf&SdrIonf ,if;acgif;pOfESpfrsKd;atmufwGif toD;oD;yg0ifMuonf/
Ak'¨0g'pmayt& or®KwdopömESihf y&rw¬opöm trSefw&m;ESpfckonf ygVdawmfusrf;*efrsm;ü wdkuf½kdufrvm&Sd
122
bJ t|uxm #Dumusrf;rsm;üom awGU&onf / odkY&mwGif t|uxmusrf;rsm;üazmfjyonhf eDww¬ (wdkuf½dkuf
t"dyÜm,f)ESihf ae,sw ¬(oG,f0dkuf odkYr[kwf wifpm;) t"dyÜm,f[laom trSefw&m;rsm;rSm vufawGUtokH;0ifvS
123
onf / odkY&mwGif Ak'¨&Siaf wmfjrwfonf rdrd\w&m;awmfrsm;ü y&rw¬opömESihfywfoufaom "r®tESpfom&udk
em;vnfEdkifap&ef y&dowftm; w&m;a'oem a[mMum;awmfrlaomtcg or®Kwdopömudk tokH;jyKonfom jzpf
onf/ þtcsufESifhywfoufí ]or®Kwdopöarmu©ar0 y&rw¬opöm"d*arm a[mwd (or®KwdopömudktrDSjyKíom
124
vQif y&rw¬opömudk xdk;xGif;í odjrifEdkif\)} [kazmfjyonf /
or®Kwdopömtjrif½IaxmifhrS ouf&SdwdkYonf trSefyif wnf&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif wpfpkHwpf&mudk wnf&Sd\[kqdk
Edkif&ef ,if;udk wpfenf;enf;jzihf oufaojy&ef vdktyfonf/ Ak'¨0g'ynm&Sifrsm;onf ]wnf&Sdjcif;} [lonf
]taMumif;aMumihf jzpfjcif;} ]jyKjyifcH&jcif;} ]zefwD;cH&jcif;} ]wpfpkHwpfckudk trSDo[JjyKjyif;} [k em;vnf&ef BudK;yrf;
125
cJhMuonf / ,if;onf ouf&SdwdkYwnf&SdrIudk todtrSwfjyK&ef Ak'¨0g'tawG;tjrif tajccHjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif
,if;,lqcsufudk or®KwdopömtwGufom tokH;jyKNyD; y&rw¬opömtwGuf tokH;rjyKacs/
þazmfjycsufü b0wnf&SdrI t,ltqrsm;onf ouf&Sdrsm;ESihf rw (aojcif;) trw (raojcif;)wdkYESihf ouf
qdkifojzihf or®KwdopömESihf ydkrdkywfoufonf/ aojcif;obm0onf ouf&SdwdkY\ a&SmifvTJr&aomt&m jzpfonf/
ouf&SdrsKd;uGJ rsm;pGm&Sdaomfjim;vnf; 'd|owå (jrifaumif;owå0g)ESifh t'd|owå (rjrifaumif;owå0g) [k tkyfpk
ESpfck cGJjcm;Edkifonf/ Ak'¨0g'pMu0Vmt,ltqonf okH;q,fhwpfbkHudk tajccHonhf ouf&SdykHpHtrsKd;rsdK;udk tao;
pdwfazmjfy&ef BudK;yrf;jcif;jzpfonf/ Ak'¨0g'tpOftvmwGif jrifaumif;rjrifaumif;aom ouf&SdwdkYyg0ifonhf
azmfjyNyD; bkHXmeokH;rsKd;udk tokH;jyKavh&Sdonf/ odkYwap okH;q,hfwpfbkHudk þusrf;ü tokH;jyK&mwGif ouf&Sd?
aojcif;ESifh aojcif;rJhtajctaewdkY\ ykHoP²mefudk pdwfynmtjrifjzihfazmfjyrl ydkrdk&Sif;vif;vdrfhrnfjzpfonf/
tbd"r®w¬o*F[ygVdusrf;ESihftnD okH;q,fhwpfbkH&Sd yk*¾KdvftoD;oD;ESihf edAÁmefwkdY qufEG,faeykHudk o½kyfazmfEdkif&ef
atmufyg Z,m;ykHpHudk azmfjyygonf/

Z,m; 1

ax&0g'Ak'¨0g'tvdk edAÁmefESifh okH;q,fhwpfbkH g

or

121
Ibid, 189.
a.

122
Di-N-A Vol. 1, 306; Sa-N-A Vol. 1, 72; An-N-A Vol. 1, 74; and It-A, 78.
as

123
Baddanta Nyanatiloka-thera, 147.
124
Ne-A, 100.
el

125
Cheng, 19.
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31/ ae0onmemonm,we
30/ tmudÍöm,we
29/ 0dnmPÍöm,we
28/ tmumomeÍöm,we

27/ tued|m
26/ ok'óD
25/ ok'óm
24/ twyÜm
23/ t0d[m
22/ tonowåm
21/ a0[yævm

18/ okbudPSm 19/ tyÜrmPokbm 20/ y&dwåokbm

15/ tmbó&m 16/ tyÜrmPmbm 17/ y&dwåmbm
14/ r[mjA[®m 13/ jA[®yka&m[dwm 12/ jA[r®yg&opöm

11/ y&edr®dw0o0wåd
10/ edr®me&wd
9/ wkodwm
8/ ,mrm
7/ wm0wðom
6/ pmwkr[m&mZdum

5/ vlYbkH

4/ tol&um,f
3/ Nydwåm
2/ wd&pämef
1/ i&J

rSwfcsuf/ / tbd"r®musrf;*efrsm;t& þpMu0VmtwGif;rS okH;q,fhwpfbkHESihf þavmu\ tjyifbuf&Sd

edAÁmeftajctaeudk avmuDtaMumif;w&m;\ vTrf;rdk;rIr&SdbJ xl;uJjrihfjrwfrIobm0 oufouftjzpf aumif;
pGm jrifEdkifonf/ þodkYjzihf xl;uJjrifhjrwfaompdwfudk tbd"r®mwGif avmukwå&mpdwf[k trnfemrjyKonf/ edAÁmef
(oEÅdobm0)udk avmukwå&mpdwfjzihf odjrifEdkifonf/ txufygZ,m;ü þpMu0Vmü toD;oD; tqihf&Spf
qifh&Sdonf/ atmufajcrS txufodkY yxrtqifhudk 'ku©cHpm;&onhf 'k*¾wdbkHtqihftjzpf owfrSwfonf/ 'kwd
g

,tqifhudk ok*wdblrdü yg0ifonhf vlYbkHtjzpf trnfjyKonf/ trSefaomf vlYbkHrSpí txufbkHtm;vkH;udk ok*

or
a.

wdblrd[k ac:onf/ wwd,tqifhudk a'0blrd (ewfjynf 6 xyf) [k ac:onf/ xdktwlyif pwkw¬tqifh? yÍör?
as

q|rESihf owårtqifhwdkYudk ½lyjA[®mblrd (½ly 16 bkH)[k ac:onf/ t|rtqifhudk t½lyjA[®mblrd (t½ly 4

el

bkH)[k ac:onf/ 'kwd,tqifhrS t|rtqihfxd bkHXmersm;ü arG;zGm;olrsm;teuf 'Gd[dwfESihf t[dwfyk*K¾ dvf

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r[kwfolrsm;rSm edAÁmefudk þrsufarSmufb0ü &Edkifajc&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif atmufqkH;tqifh tyg,fbkH[kac:onhf

'k*¾wdbkHü arG;zGm;olrsm;rSm þrsufarSmufb0ü edAÁmefudkodjrif&ef tcGifhtvrf;r&Sdacs/ odkYwap ,if;wdkYonf
aemifb0wGif &Edkif&efjzpfEkdifajc&Sdonf/ trSefpifppf edAÁmefonf þpMu0Vm&SdbkHtqihftm;vkH;\ [dkbufwGi&f Sd
onf/ taMumif;rl ,if;onf arG;aor&SdaomaMumihfwnf;/ edAÁmefudk ,if;bkHXmetm;vkH;\ txufwGif awGYjrif
&aomfvnf; ,if;bkHtqihftm;vkH;\ tay:ü&Sdaom bkHXmewpfcktjzpf r,lqacs/ trSefum; edAÁmefonf
½kyfydkif;t&a&m pdwfydkif;t&yg okH;q,hfwpfbkHrS vGwfaomt&mjzpfonf/ odkYjzihf edAmÁ efudk xl;uJjrihfjrwfaom
126
w&m;"r®tjzpf azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf /

txufyg okH;q,fhwpfbkHtaMumif; &Sif;jycsufrSm ax&0g'tbd"r®musrf;*efrsm;udk tajcjyKí tao;pdwf

azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ r[m,meusrf;*eftcsKdUvnf; b0trsKd;tpm;rsm;udk azmfMuonf/ odkY&mwGif pMu0Vmwnf
aqmufykHESihf bkHXmta&twGufjzpfpOfrSm ax&0g'ESihf uGJjym;onf/ r[m,meAk'¨0g'wGif bkHXmeudk av;q,fh
127
wpfbkH azmfjyonf / odkY&mwGif Ak'¨0g'tpOftvmESpfckvkH;onf ouf&Sdowå0gtm;vkH;onf b0udkwyfrufrI
wPSmaMumifh b0oHo&mwGif Budrfzefrsm;pGm usifvnf&onf[laomtjrifudk vufcHMuonf/ aemufqkH; ¤if;
wdkYtaejzihf b0udk rwyfrufaomtcgwGif edAmÁ efudk&&SdMuvdrfhrnf/
owå0gwdkYonf tb,faMumihf &nf½G,fcsufr&SdbJ ,if;b0oHo&mwGif vnfaeMu&oenf;/ taMumif;rSm
ur®ed,mr\ EId;qGraI Mumihfjzpfonf/ owå0gwdkYonf ,cifb0awGua&m þypöKyÜefb0wGifyg udk,fEIwfESvkH;
tm;jzihf aumif;rIraumif;rIwdkYudk jyKvkyfNyD;jzpfMuonf/ owå0gwdkYonf y#dpöorkyÜm' (aMumif;usKd;jzpfpOf) a'o
emawmft& wPSmESihft0dZÆmaMumihf xdkxdkb0wGif r&yfrem; arG;zGm;Mu&onf/ trSefpifppf owå0gwpfa,muf
uG,fvGefaomtcg ¤if;tm; aemufbkHXmewpfckü jyefvnfarG;zGm;&ef ur®(udk,fEIwfESvkH;tm;jzihf jyKvkyfNy;D jzpf
onfh aumif;rIraumif;rI) pGrf;tm;u wGef;tm;ay;onf/
txufwGif azmfjyNyD;jzpfonhftwdkif; bkHb0,lqcsufEiS hfywfoufí b0ykHpHrsm;onf aMumif;usKd;jzpfpOf? jyK
jyifpD&iftyfaom tusKd;quf? tm;vkH; wpfcktay:wpfck wnfrSDrIwdkYESihf qufEG,fonf/ b0ESifhaojcif;onf
wpfckESihfwpfck qufpyfaeaomaMumihf þb0owå0grsm;ESihf aemufb0owå0grsm;tMum; aMumif;usKd;qufEG,f
rIudk pkHprf;avhvm&efvdkonf/ Ak'¨0g'wGif þb0rS aemifb0odkY ul;ajymif;oGm;jcif;udk *wd[kac:onf/ ,if;
onf oGm;jcif; odkYr[kwf ul;ajymif;oGm;jcif;[k t"dyÜm,f&\/ ul;ajymif;oGm;jcif;[lonf twåvdyfjymaumif ul;
ajymif;oGm;jcif;r[kwfbJ b0uGif;qufomjzpfonf/ *wd[lonf ykxkZÆe*wd (omrefyx k kZOfwpfa,muf\ oGm;
&m*wd)ESihf t&d,*wd (t&d,myk*¾KdvfwdkY\*wd)[k tajccHtm;jzihf ESpfrsKd;&Sdonf/ ykxkZÆeudkvnf; uvsmP
ykxkZÆe (uRwfxdkufykxkZÆOf)ESihf tE¨ykxkZÆe (ruRwfxdkufykxkZOf)[k ESpfrsKd;cGJjyefonf/ Ak'¨0g'tvdkt& aAm"dÓPf
udk tjynfht0r&&Sdao;aom yk*¾Kdvrf sm;onf ,if;okH;q,hfwpfbkHteuf wpfckckodkY oGm;a&muf&vdrhfrnfjzpfNyD; t
jynfht0 aAm"dÓPfudk&&Sdaom yk*¾Kdvfrsm;rSmrl þb0NyD;aemuf edAmÁ efodkY 0ifa&mufrnfjzpfonf/
þpdwfydkif;b0azmfjycsuw f Gif ykxkZOfyk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf ,if;okH;q,hfwpfbkHwGif ¤if;wdkY\oGm;&m*wdrSm rao
csmacs/ &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfrsm;rSwpfyg; r*fÓPfzdkvfÓPfudk &&SdNyD;olrsm; odkYr[kwf todÓPf&SpfqifhwGif yxrqkH;
aomwmywådr*fÓPfudk &&SdNyD;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;um; t&d,blrd[kac:onhf ok*wdbkHodkYa&muf&ef aocsmonf/ odkY&m
wGif aAm"dÓPfudk &&SdNyD;olrsm;rSm þb0rSuG,fveG fNyD;aemuf edAÁmefodkYa&mufrnfjzpfonf/ þtcsufü v,fwD
q&mawmfu atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyonf –

rdrdtvdk&Sdonfh rnfonhfb0rsdK;udkrqdk rul;ajymif;Edkif/ rdrd\ twdwfuHypfcsonhftwdkif; okH;q,fh wpfbkH

twGif; wpfckckodkYusa&muf&\/ Oyrmqdkaomf tkef;oD; odkY[kwf xef;oD;a<uusaomtcg rnfonhfae&m
wGif usvdrhfrnf[k BudKwifrqdkEdik fouJhodkYwnf;/ xdktwlyif ykxkZOfwpfa,muf aovGefNyD;aemuf ¤if;\
g

b0opfonf rnfonhfae&mwGif jzpfrnfqdkonfudk BudKwifírajymEdkifacs/ b0udk&&SdMuonfh owå0g

or
a.
as

126
The Table is based on Ab-S, 73-74 and its commentary: Ab-T, 161-164.
el

127
Vasubandhu Abhidharmakosabhasyam Vol. II, 365-366.
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wdkif;onf a&SmifvTJr&bJ aojcif;obm0qdk;udk apmihfaeMu&NyD; aovGefNyD;aemufüvnf; b0wpfckodkY

128
ysufpD;íusa&mufrnf aocsm\ /

ykxkZOfy*k ¾KdvfwdkYonf ¤if;wdkY\jyKrv

l kyaf qmifcsufrsm;ESihftnD okH;q,fhwpfbkHtwGif; wpfckwGif jyefvnfarG;
zGm;&rnfjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif oH,kweå dum,f? ecodcokwft&rl owå0gwdkYonf rsm;aomtm;jzihf tyg,fav;bkH
ü arG;zGm;Muonf/ taMumif;rl owå0gtrsm;pkrSm aumif;rIxuf raumif;rIudk tjyKrsm;MuaomaMumihfjzpfonf/
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu ouf&Sdowå0gwdkY\ jzpf&mb0tajctaeudk vufonf;cGHay:ü oJtcsKdUudkwifjyNyD; OyrmjyKcJh
onf/ Ak'¨u tyg,fav;bkHü arG;zGm;aom owå0gwdkYonf vlYjynfESihf ewfjA[®mjynfwdkYü arG;zGm;aom owå0gwdkY
xuf rsm;jym;aMumif; ñTefjycJhonf/ vufonfcGHay:rS tenf;i,frQaomoJyGifhonf pMu0Vmtm;vkH;&SdoJyGifhrsm;
xuf enf;yg;ouJhodkYwnf;/ taMumif;rl 0dedygwe*wdqdk;aMumihf qdkvdkonfrmS ysufpD;jcif; aovGefNyD;aemuf
129
b0trsKd;rsKd;wGif jzpfEdkifajcrsm;jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf /
tbd"r®w¬o*F[usrf;ü ,if;usrf;jyKq&mu yk*¾Kdvt f oD;oD;ESihf ,if;wdkYjzpfEdkifajc&Sdonhf b0rsm;tMum;
qufpyfrIudk azmfjycJhonf/ Ak'¨0g'usrf;*efrsm;onf yk*¾Kdvfwpfa,muf rnfonhfbkHtqifh rnfonhfbkHrsKd;udk
oGm;Edkifonfqdkonfudk xdkyk*¾Kdvfykdifqkdifonhf pdwfudktajcjyKí twdtusazmfjyMuonf/ tbd"r®w¬o*F[usrf;
tvdkt& rdrdvkyfaqmifcsuf aumif;uHraumif;uH odkYr[kwf ur®|mefbm0emyGm;rsm;jcif;jzihf&&Sdonfh ÓPfxl;
r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfwdkYESihftnD tem*wfb0wpfckodkY OD;wnfaom yk*¾Kdvq f ,fhESpfrsKd;&Sdonf/

Z,m; 2

yk*¾Kdvf q,fhESpfa,mufESifh ¤if;wdkY\ edAÁmefESihfqufoG,frI

(12) 'k ok ewfjynf 6 ½ly 16 t½ly 4 edAÁme

yk*¾Kdvf ty vl pmwk <uif;ewf 5 ½ly 10 ton ok'¨g u c * C i p
g
or
a.
as

128
Ledi Sayadaw, The Manuals of Buddhism, 7-8.
el

129
Sa-N Vol. II, 120.
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'kt[dwf + +
okt[dwf + + +

'dG[dwf + + + +
wd[dwf + + + + + +

aomr*f + + + + +
aomzdkvf + + + + + +
our*f + + + + + +
ouzdkvf + + + + + +
emr*f + + + + + +
emzdkvf + + + + + + +
&r*f + + + + + + +
&zdkvf + + + + + + +

twdkaumuf
'kt[dwf = 'k*¾wdt[dwfyk*¾Kdvf (tyg,fav;bkH&Sd t[dwfyk*¾Kdvf)/
okt[dwf = ok*wd t[dwfyk*¾Kdvf (umrbkH&Sdt[dwfyk*¾Kdvf)/
'dG[dwf = 'Gd[dwfyk*¾Kdvf (tavmb? ta'go[dwfESpfck&Sdyk*¾Kdvf)/
wd[dwf = wd[dwfyk*¾Kdvf (tavmb? ta'go? tarm[ [dwfokH;yg;&Sdyk*¾Kdvf)/
aomr*f = aomwmywådr*¾|mefyk*¾Kdvf/
aomzdkvf = aomwmywådzv|mefyk*¾Kdvf/
our*f = ou'g*grdr*¾|mefyk*¾Kdvf/
ouzdkvf = ou'g*grdzv|mefyk*¾Kdvf/
emr*f = tem*grdr*¾|mefyk*¾Kdvf/
emzdkvf = tem*grdzv|mefyk*¾Kdvf/
&r*f = t&[wår*¾|mefyk*¾Kdvf/
&zdkvf = t&[wå zv|mefyk*¾Kdvf/
'k = 'k*¾wdblrd ('ku©cHpm;&aombkH)/
ok = ok*wdblrd (okccHpm;&aombkH)/
ty = tyg, (tyg,fav;bkH)/ rEk= rEkóbkH (vlYbkH)/
pmwk = pmwkr[m&mZdubkH (yxrqkH;ewfbkH)/
<uif;ewf 5 = usefewfjynfig;xyf/
&ly 10 = tonowfbkHESihf ok'¨0goig;bkHrSwpfyg;aom jA[®m 10 bkH/
ton = tonowåbkH
ok'¨g = ok'¨0go ig;bkH/
t½ly 4 = t½lyav;bkH/
g

'kwd,Z,m;rS twdkaumuf
or

u &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvf? aAm"dÓPfudk NyD;jynfhpkHpGm&NyD;ol? þb0ukefqkH;vQif edAÁmefodkYa&mufvdrfhrnf/

a.
as

c tem*grfyk*¾Kdvf? ,ckb0aemuf 'kwd,b0wGif edAÁmefa&mufrnfhyk*¾Kdvf? odkYr[kwf þb0rSmyif rMumrD

el

edAÁmefa&mufrnfhyk*¾Kdvf (þonfrSm jzpfEdkifajcudk qdkvdkonf)/

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* ou'g*grfyk*¾Kdvf? 'kwd,b0NyD;aemuf edAÁmefa&mufrnfhyk*¾Kdvf? odkYr[kwf þb0rSmyif edAmÁ efa&mufrnfh

yk*¾Kdvf (jzpfEdkifajcudk qdkvdkonf)/
C aomwmyefyk*¾Kdvf? wpfb0rS ckepfb0twGif; edAÁmefa&mufrnfhfyk*¾Kdvf? tv,ftvwfwef;pm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;rSm
ckepfb0 aeonf? odkYr[kwf þb0rSmyif edAÁmefa&mufrnf (jzpfEdkifajcudk qdkvdkonf)/
i uvsmPykxkZOf (ykxkZOfolawmfaumif;)? rdrd\ BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrItavsmuf þb0rSmjzpfap? tqkH;rxif
tem*wfb0wpfcsdefwGifjzpfap edAÁmefudk &Edkifajc&Sdol (jzpfEdkifajcudk qdkvdkonf)/
130
p usefyk*K¾ dvo
f kH;rsKd;rSm þb0wGif edAmÁ efa&mufEdkifcGifhr&Sdacs/ tem*wfb0wpfcsdew
f Gifom &Edkifajc&Sdonf /

Ak'¨0g' pMu0Vm t,ltq

Ak'¨0g'qdkif&m pMu0Vm,lqcsufESihfywfoufí Ak'¨onf Ak'¨0g'pMu0VmtaMumif;udk a[mMum;cJh ra[mMum;cJh?
Ak'¨pmaywdkYüazmfjyonhf bkHXmersm;onf trSefwu,fwnf&Sdr&Sd[laom tjiif;yGm;zG,f ar;cGef;tcsKdU jzpfay:vm
onf/ Ak'¨0g'pG,fpkHusrf; (The Encyclopaedia of Buddhism) twGJ 9 wnf;jzwfol aZmwd, "d&aoau& (Jotia
Dhirasekera) trnf&Sdyk*¾Kdvfu 'DCedum,fvm jA[®ZmvokwfESihf pMu0Vmonf NrJoavm rNrJbl;avm[k
jrwfAk't ¨ m;ar;jref;ol t&Sifrmvkusykwåtm; Ak'¨rdefYMum;csufwdkYudkudk;um;í a&S;tusqkH; Ak'¨bmompmaywGif
pMu0VmESihfywfoufí awG;ac:ajrmfjrifrIudk Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftaejzihf oabmwlcJhykHr&[k axmufjycJhonf/
131
þü Ak'¨0g'tawG;tjrifonf ,if;tBuHjyKazmfjycsufudk *½kwpdkufazmfjyMuonf / Ak'¨0g' pMupVmt,ltq
azmfjycsufrsm;t& ar;cGef;rsm;udkajzMum;&ef enf;vrf;av;rsKd;&Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm 1) wdkuf½kdufjyefMum;í ajzqdk&
aomar;cGef; ({uHoAsmu&PyÍSm) 2) cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm odkYr[kwf &Sif;vif;íajzqdk&aom ar;cGef; (0dbZÆAsmu&P
yÍSm) 3) wefjyefar;cGef;xkwfí ajzMum;&aomar;cGef; (y#dykpämAsmu&PyÍSm) 4) rajzbJxm; (jiif;qdk)&aom
132
ar;cGef; (XmyeD,yÍSm) wdkYjzpfonf /
yxrqkH;ar;cGef;rSm ]cE¨ig;yg; (½kyf? a0'em? onm? ocFg&? 0dnmP) wdkYonf NrJoavm odkYwnf;r[kwf rNrJ
bl;avm} [louJhodkYaom udpörsKd;ESihfywfoufonf/ 'kwd,rSm ]rNrJaom"mwfobm0onf ½kyfavm} [laom emrf
½kyf,lqcsufuJhodkYaom ar;cGef;rsK;djzpfonf/ wwd,rSm ]t&mcyfodrf;udk yuwdrsufpjd zihf cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm odkY[kwf
odjrifoavm} [lonfüuJhodkY cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm&rnfh ,lqcsufrsm;ESihfywfoufaom ar;cGef;jzpfonf/ aemufqkH;rSm
]pMu0Vmonf xm0&wnfNrJoavm -- rwnfNrJbl;avm -- tqkH;&Sdoavm -- r&Sdbl;avm -- ESpfrsK;vkH; [kwfo
avm -- ESpfrsKd;vkH;r[kwfbl;avm? twåonf cE¨mudk,fESihf wloavm? twåonf t&mwpfrsKd;jzpfNyD; cE¨mudk,f u
tjcm;wpfrsKd;avm? wxm*w (Ak'¨) onf uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf wnf&Sdoavm odkYwnf;r[kwf rwnf&Sdavm
odkYwnf;r[kwf wnf&Sdrwnf&SdESpfrsKd;vkH;[kwfoavm odkYwnf;r[kwf wnf&Sdrwnf&SdESpfrsKd;vkH; r[kwfbl;avm}
ponfESihf oufqdkifaom ar;cGef;rsKd;jzpfonf/ ,if;tajctaersm;t& Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf t&Sifrmvkusykwå
\ar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzMum;jcif;rjyKcJhay/ odkYjzpfrl ]tb,faMumihf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf ,if;ar;cGef;rsm;udk rajz
Mum;bJ ab;z,fxm;cJhygoenf;}[k pdwfxJü awG;rdEdkifonf/ taMumif;rSm ,if;ar;cGef;rsm;udkajzMum;&ef t
aMumif;aemufcHr&SdaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ Ak'¨bk&m;&SifwdkYrnfonf taMumif;aemufcHr&SdbJ >rufMum;awmfrljcif;
133
r&Sdacs /
Ak'¨&Siaf wmfjrwfonf t&Sifrmvkusykwå\ tar;udkrajzMum;cJhaomfvnf; Ak'¨0g'pMu0VmESifh urÇmavmu
taMumif; >rufMum;awmfcJhonfomjzpfonf/ b0wnf&Sdjcif;ESihf b0rwnf&Sdjcif;taMumif;udkvnf; em,lolwdkY
tusKd;&SdrnfqdkvQif tcgtm;avsmfpGm a[mMum;awmfrlonf/ odkY&mwGif Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf pMu0VmtaMumif;
ESihf ,if;pMu0VmrnfodkY pwifay:aygufcJhonf[lonfudk >rufMum;awmfrlaomtcgwGif teD;pyfqkH;taMumif;
(y'|me)tjrifESihf jzpfEdkifcJtaMumif;w&m;rsm; odkYr[kwf urÇmavmutprxif (tem'duavmu) t,ltq
wdkYudk *½kwpdkuf cGJjcrf;a[mMum;cJhonf/ odkYwap Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf urÇmavmuESihf pMu0VmtaMumif; a[m
g
or
a.

130
Ab-S, 68-70; Ab-T, 156-161; Ab-S-N, 241-255.
as

131
Jotiya Dhirasekera, ed., Encyclopaedia of Buddhism, Vol. IV (Sri Lanka: The Department of Government, 1979), 257-259.
132
Q-Mi 88-89.
el

133
Milindapanha Pali, Khuddaka-Nikaya (Rangoon, Burma: Department of Reigious Affairs, 1991), 146-147; Q-Mi, 88-89.
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Mum;&ef jiif;qdkcJhonf[k trsm;uxifrSwfMuonf/ taMumif;rl a&S;tusqkH; Ak'¨0g'pmayü pMu0Vmqdkif&m

awG;ac:ajrmfjrifrIudk Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf oabmwlcJhykHr&aomaMumifhjzpfonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf pMu0Vm
taMumif;udk tb,faMumifhra[mMum;cJhoenf;[lonfESihfywfoufí pOf;pm;&ef t"dutaMumif; ESpf&yf&Sd
onf/ taMumif;wpf&yfrSm Ak'¨0g'pmaywdkYrSm pMu0VmwnfaqmufykHpepfudk OD;pm;ay;azmfjyjcif;rjyKbJ zGJUpnf;
wnfaqmufxm;aomaMumihfjzpfonf/ 'kwd,taMumif;w&m;rSm Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf t&Sifrmvkusykwårax&f
u ]urÇmavmuonf xm0&wnfNrJoavm? rwnfNrJbl;avm}paom ar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;jref;aomtcg ,if;odkY
aom urÇmavmu\wnfNrJrI odkYr[kwf tqkH;r&SdrI[laom pMu0Vmqdkif&mar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzMum;&efjiif;qdkcJh
134
aomaMumifhjzpfonf / tu,fí t&Sifrmvkusykwåtm; Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ ,if;a[mMum;csufudkom qifjcif
Munhfrnfqdkygu Ak'¨bmompmayonf urÇmavmuwnfaqmufykHESihf pMu0VmtaMumif; pl;prf;avhvm&ef
oabmwlykHr&[k rSm;,Gif;pGmt"dyÜm,faumuf,lEdkifonf/ trSefaomf Ak'¨&iS fawmfjrwfonf okH;q,fhwpfbkHjzifh
&Sif;vif;azmfjyonhf Ak'¨0g'pMu0Vmt,ltqudk rdrd\a[mMum;csufrsm;ü rodusKd;uRHjyKawmfrrlcJhacs/
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf pMu0VmtaMumif; xkwfazmfa[mMum;cJhonf[al omtcsufudk axmufcHonhf om"
utcsKdUawGU&onf/ 'DCedum,f? t*¾nokwfygVdawmfü atmufyga[mMum;csufjzihf ouf&Sdowå0grsm;ESihfwuG
urÇmavmuonf a&S;OD;rdk;½GmoGef;jcif;aMumihf pwifjzpfwnfykH wdk;wufvmykH wnfNrJaeykHESihf rD; a&ESihf avwdkY
aMumihf ysufpD;&ykHwdkYudk azmfjycJhonf –

0gao|? umv&SnfMumvwfaomf þurÇmavmu ysufpD;onhf tcsdefonf&Sd\/ avmuysufp;D qJtcsdefü

owå0gwdkYonf rsm;aomtm;jzihf tmbó&mjA[®mhbkHü arG;zGm;Mu\/ ,if;bkHü ¤if;wdkYonf (psmef)
pdwfjzihfNy;D ukef\/ yDwu d dkpm;okH;ukef\/ udk,fa&mifudk,f0gjzihf xGef;vif;ukef\/ aumif;uifü usufpm;
ukef\/ wihfw,fcrf;em;pGm aexdkifMu\/ oufwrf; tvGef&SnfpGmaexkdifMu\/ umv&SnfMumvwfaomf
þurÇmavmu jzpfwnfvmaom tcsdefonf&Sd\/ avmujzpfwnfqJtcsdefü owå0gwdkYonf tmbó
&mbkHrSpkawí rsm;aomtm;jzihf þvlYbkHü arG;zGm;vmukef\/ þvlYbkHü ¤if;wdkYonf (Oypm&psmef) pdwf
jzifhNyD;ukef\/ yDwdudk pm;okH;ukef\/ udk,fa&mifudk,f0gjzihf xGe;f vif;ukef\/ aumif;uifü usufpm;ukef
\/ wihfw,fcrf;em;pGm aexdkifMu\/ oufwrf; tvGef&SnfpGmaexkdifMu\/ --- tvdkavmbrsm;aom
owå0gwpfa,mufu ]þt&mum; rnfonhft&menf;} [kqdkí ajrqDudk vufjzihf,lí pm;jrnf;\/
,if;odkYjyKjcif;jzihf xdkowå0gonf t&omudk odoGm;vsuf xdkt&omudk wyfrufrIjzpf\/ --- ,if;odkYpm;
okH;Muojzihf ¤if;wdkY\ udk,fa&mifudk,f0gonf uG,f\/ ¤if;wdkY\ ukd,fa&mifukd,f0guG,faomf vESihfaewdkY
ay:xGef;vm\/ nOfhESifhaeYwdkY cGJjcm;jzpfay:vm\/ vESihfvcGJwdkYjzpfay:vm\/ ESpfESihfOwk&moDwdkY jzpfay:
135
vm\/ þrQaomtydkif;tjcm;jzihf urÇmavmuonf wpfzefjzpfay:\ /

txufygazmfjycsufudk tajccHvsuf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf Ak'¨0g'pMu0VmESihf ,if;\rlvblwtaMumif;udk

>rufMum;cJhonfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,frvdkacs/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf pMu0VmESihf ,if;onf obm0jzpfpOftm;jzihf
a&S;OD;yxr rnfodkYjzpfay:vmcJhaMumif; >rufMum;cJhonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ pMu0Vmonf urÇmavmuykHpHrsKd;pkHESihf
ouf&Sdowå0grsKd;pkH yg0ifaMumif;,kHMunfMuaomfvnf; pMu0Vmonf &Hzef&Hcg ajymif;vJonf/ ,if;aemuf pMu0
VmjzpfpOftm; wdk;wufrIESihf qkw, f kwfrIoufwrf;umvpuf0ef;tjzpf em;vnf&onf/ urÇmhacwfwpfck\ puf
0ef;onf uyÜ[kac:onfh umvoufwrf;taejzihf ra&wGufEdkifatmif Mumanmif;onf/

Ak'¨pmayusrf;*efwdkYü tEÅ&uyf? toacsF,uyfESihf r[muyf[k uyfumvokH;rsKd;jyqdk\/ tEÅ&uyf[l

onf vlYoufwrf; q,fESpfrSpí ESpfaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmtxdjrifhNyD; wpfzefq,fESpfwrf;odkYusqif;onhf t
g

Mum;umvjzpf\/ tEÅ&uyfoufwrf;aygif; ESpfq,fonf toacsF,suyfwpfckjzpfNyD; toacsFuyfav;ck

or
a.
as

134
Di-N Vol. III, 69-70; Di-N-NT, 409-410.
el

135
Di-N Vol. III, 69-70; Di-N-NT, 409-410.
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onf r[muyfwpfckjzpf\/ r[muyfwpfck\ &SnfMumcsdefrSm Ak'¨a[mMum;csuft& vlwpfa,mufonf

wpf,lZem (7 rdkif 8 zmvkHcefY) tjrihftus,f&Sdonfh ESrf;zwfausmufawmifudk ESpfwpf&mpDMumrS ydk;om;
136
t0wfjzihf yGwfwdkufojzihf xdkausmufawmifBuD; ukefqkH;oGm;onhf tcsdefxufyif ydkíMum\ /

r[muyfwpfck\oufwrf;udk ,if;odkYa&wGufjcif;rSm tbd"r®usrf;*efrsm;ESihftnDvnf; jzpfonf/ trSef

tm;jzihf r[muyfwpfck\ oufwrf;tydkif;tjcm;rSm rnfolrQa&wGufí r&Edkifatmif&SnfMumonf/ taMumif;rl
urÇmavmu\oufwrf;rSm a&wGufr&Edkifavmufatmif &SnfMumaomaMumihf jzpfonf/
pMu0Vm jzpfwnfjcif; ysufpD;jcif;jzpfpOfpuf0ef;onf oufwrf;av;rsKd;ESihf ywfoufonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm ysuf
pD;qJumv (oH0¥)? ysufpD;NyD;twdkif; rjzpfwnfbJ wnfaeonhfumv (oH0¥Xm,D)? jzpfwnfqJumv (0d0¥)?
jzpfwnfNyD;wdkif; rysufpD;bJwnfaeonhfumv (0d0¥Xm,D) wdkYjzpfonf/ ,if;urÇmavmuav;rsKd;teuf ysufpD;
qJumvonf rD;a&avwdkYaMumihf urÇmavmuysufpD;csdefwGif pwifonf/ ysufpD;qJumvü owå0gtm;vkH;eD;yg;
i&JESihf tjcm;urÇmavmurS vGwfajrmufNyD; vlYbkHwGi;f arG;zGm;Muonf/ ¤if;wdkY&&Sdonhf psmefpdwftvdkuf tcsdKUrSm
yxrpsmefbkH? tcsdKU'kwd,psmefbkHESihf tcsKdUwwd,psmefbkHwdkYü arG;zGm;Muonf/ ,if;aemuf ¤if;wdkYonf aemuf
qkH;wGif rD;a&avwdkYaMumihf rysufpD;Edkifonfh pwkw¬psmefbkHü arG;zGm;Edkifonftxd orxur®|mef;rS wpfqihf
137
tqihfjrifhorm"dudk &&SdEdkifMuonf /
odkY&mwGif tbd"r®aumousrf;tvdkt& tukodkvfuH tusKd;ay;rukefqkH;ao;ol qdkvdkonfrSm i&Jjypf'Pf
usrIyrmPrNyD;qkH;ao;ol i&JbkHom;tcsKdUrSm tjcm;pMu0Vmwpfckü wnf&Sdonhf i&JbkHodkY a½TUajymif;oGm;onf[k
138
qdkonf / urÇmavmu ysufokH;rIjzpfpOfonf obm0jzpfpOftqifhtrsKd;rsKd;jzihf urÇavmuwpfckNyD;wpfck jzpf
onf/ þü Ak'¨0g'wGif tjiif;yGm;zG,fwpf&yfjzpfykH&onhf awG;ac:ajrmfjrifrt I &r[kwfbJ ygVdawmfusrf;*efqdkif&m
t,ltqwpf&yf&Sdonf/ ,if;,lcsufrSm þpMu0VmurÇmrdk;ajr tprxifouJhodkY ouftm;vkH;\tpudkvnf; r
odEdkifacs/ þonfrSm xdktpwpfckrwdkifrD tjcm;tpwpfc&k SdcJhNyD; ,if;rwdkifcifvnf; tjcm;tpwpfck&Sdonf
ponfjzifh qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;udk ]tprxif}[k ac:qdkonf/ ,if;t,ltqonf y#dpöorkyÜm'fESihf wdkuf½kduf
qufEG,fonf/ urÇmavmujzpfpOf odkYr[kwf ouf&SdavmujzpfpOfESihf owå0gwpfckrnfodkY pwifjzpfay:vm
onf[lonfrSm þurÇmavmuudk tajcjyKíqdkjcif;omjzpfonf/ odkYwap pMu0Vmonf vlom;wdkYem;vnfEdkif
pGrf;\ wpfzufwGif&dSavmufatmif us,fajymeuf½Idif;onf[k ,kHMunf&onf/ vlom;wdkYtodÓPf odkYr[kwf vl
omwdkY\ odyHÜynmjzihf xdk;xGif;EkdifrI\[dkzufwGif rsm;jym;vSaom urÇmavmu odkYr[kwf pMu0VmwdkY&Sdonf/
y#dpöorkyÜm'a'oemawmft& owå0gwdkYonf t0dZÆmESihfwPSmaMumihf b0oHo&mwGif vSnhfvnfaeMu&
onf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu t0dZÆmESihf wPSmwGe;f tm;aMumifh owå0gwdkY b0oHo&mü usifvnf&ykHudk atmufyg
twdkif; >rufMum;cJhonf ]&[ef;wdkY? þoHo&monf rjrifEdkiftyfaom tpw&m;&Sd\/ t0dZÆmjzihf wm;qD;xm;NyD;
wPSmjzihf a`rS;,Sufxm;jcif;ü OD;wnf&mrJhusifvnfaeMu&ukefaom owå0gwdkY\ yxrqkH;aomtpudk rodjrif
139
Edkifacs} / txufyga[mMumcsufudk zwf&jcif;ü pMu0VmjzpfpOf tprxifaMumif; Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf txl;jyK
a[mMum;cJhaMumif; em;vnfEdkifonf/ þazmfjycsufü urÇmavmuudk zefqif;jcif;t,ltq? urÇmavmu
b,fvdk bmaMumihf pwifcJhonf? pMu0Vmudk b,folzefqif;cJhonf[lonfudk azmfjyjcif;xuf 'ku©avmurS
vGwfajrmufrIjzpfpOfudkom Ak'¨&Siaf wmfjrwf t"duñTef;vdkjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYwap Ak'¨onf wynfhtaygif;tm;
oGm;a&mufvdkonhfae&modkY a&mufEdkifcGifhydkrdk&&Sdapa&;twGuf udk,fusifhw&m;udk oGefoifEdkif&ef owå0gwdkY\ b0
rsm;udk azmfjycJhonf/

urÇmavmupwifykH ,lqcsufESpf&yf
g
or
a.

136
Sa-N, 389-390;Ac-Ab, 198.
as

137
Ab-B-T, 322-330.
138
Ab-S, 78-79.
el

139
Nidana-vagga Sanyutta Pali, Samuktta-Nikaya (Rangoon, Burma: Department of Religious Affairs, 1991), 387;Sa-N-NT Vol, I, 651
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urÇmavmu odkYr[kwf pMu0Vm yxrqkH; rnfodkYpwifcJhonf[laom tcsufESihfywfoufí cyfqifqifwlonhf

,lqcsufESpf&yf&Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm odyÜHynm&SifwdkY\ ,lqcsufESihf Ak'¨0g'DwdkY\ ,lqcsufjzpfonf/ ,if;ESpf&yfrSm
eD;uyfpGm qufEG,frI&Sdonf/ yxrtaejzihf ,if;,lqcsufESpf&yfonf xm0&bk&m; (zefqif;&Sif) onf tppft
rSefw&m;\ tajccHrlvblwjzpfonf[laomtqdkudk jiif;qdkonf/ 'kwd,taejzihf ,lqcsufESpf&yfvkH;onf
urÇmavmu odkYr[kwf pMu0Vmonf obm0jzpfpOft& ay:aygufvmonf[k ñTefjyonf/ aemufqkH;taejzihf
þurÇmavmuay:aygufvm&ef xm0&bk&m;\MoZm odkYr[kwf zefqif;jcif; wpfpkHwpf&mr&SdbJ obm0jzpfpOf
t&om tvdktavsmuf jzpfay:vmonf/
urÇmavmurnfodkYjzpfay:vmonf[laom ,lqcsufESifhywfoufí odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;pGmwdkYu ½kyfydkif;b0
qifhuJjzpfpOf? "mwkqifhuJjzpfpOf? cE¨maA'qifhuJjzpfpOf odkYr[kwf pMu0VmqifhuJjzpfpOfwdkYaMumifh rlvblw
tajccHw&m;wpfckonfyif ½IyfaxG;qef;jym;onhf owå0grsm;tjzpfodkY wdk;wufjzpfxGef;vmEdkifonfudk oufaojy
NyD;jzpfaMumif; azmfjyMuonf/ odkY&mwGif Ak'¨0g'url ½lyaA'enf;tm;jzihf urÇmavmujzpfwnfrItaMumif; ouf
aorjycJhaomfvnf; oDtkd&Dtm;jzihf tcsKdU,lqcsufrsm;udk trSefyifazmfjycJhonf/ odkY&mwGif Ak'¨0g'DwdkY\ urÇm
avmujzpfwnfykHtaMumif;onf odyÜHynm&SifwdkY\ ,lqcsufESihf tvGefeD;pyfonf/ odyÜHynm&SifwdkY\ ,lqcsuf
rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf –

odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;pGmwdkYonf urÇajrtm; r[m"mwfcJGprf;oyfjyKvkyf&mwGif (vGefcJhaom ESpfoef;aygif; av;

axmiftvGefu) umbGef? [dk'½dk*sif? atmufqD*sifESif Edkifx½dk*sif"mwfwdkYonf ½IyfaxG;qef;Mu,fonfh
armfvDusKrsm;tjzpf aygif;pyfjzpfwnfoGm;Muonf/ ,if;jzpfpOfwGif wpfckaomaygif;pyfrIonf ]ZD0touf}
[kac:onhf pdwf0ifpm;zG,ftaumif;qkH;aom jzpfpOftjzpf tpysKd;cJhzG,f&Sdonf/ ½kyftajccHrSm rDodef;? trdk;
eD;,m;ESihf umbGef'dkifatmufqkdufuJhodkYaom ½dk;½dk;"mwkaygif;pyfrIrsm;rS zGJUpnf;oGm;cJhonhf y½dkwdef;ac:
ay:vDrm (polymer) j'yfaygif;wpfck jzpfEdkifonf/ toufZD0onf ,if;odkYpwifcJhNyD; ,if;"mwfaygif;onf
ESpfumv Mumaomf vlom;jzpfvmonftxd aemufxyfajymif;vJoGm;onf/ ay:vDrmonf ESpfoef;aygif;
tenf;i,f ydka&S;usEdkifaomfvnf; vlom;wdkYrSm þpMu0Vmü (vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; wpfodef;cefYurS)
140
topfa&muf &Sdvmolrsm;jzpfMuonf /

tcgtm;avsmfpGm qihfuJajymif;vJrIjzpfpOfwpfrsKd;onf urÇmajray:ü jzpfay:vmavh&Sdonf/ þpMu0Vm

wGif urÇmajrtay:,HvTm jzpfay:NyD;aemuf pMu0Vmqdkif&m ajymif;vJrIjzpfpOf ay:vmonf/ odyÜHqdkif&m t,l
tqt& ,if;ajymif;vJrIjzpfpOfudk ]r[maygufuGJrI (Big Bang)} oDtkd&D[kac:onf/ r[maygufuGJrIoDtdk&Djzihf
½Ijrifjcif;onf Ak'¨0g'tawG;tjrifESihf wlnDaMumif;awGU&onf/ Ak'¨bmomusrf;*efwdkYü aemufqkH;wGif urÇmavm
uonf tvGefyljyif;vmNyD; wpfcsdefwnf;eD;yg;avmufwGif aeckepfpif;wpfpif;NyD;wpfpif; ay:xGufvmvsuf urÇm
avmuaygufuGJawmhrnhf tajctaersKd;jzpfoGm;aMumif;azmfjyonf/ ,if;aemufwGif ,if;tyl&Sdefonf urÇmajr
141
udk avmifuRrf;ypfvdkufonf / odyÜHynm&SifwdkYonf r[maygufuGJrIjzpfpOfonf ESpfaygif; 13 bDvD,H cefYu
jzpfysufaMumif; cefYrSef;,kHMunfMuonf/ ESpfumvrsm;pGmMumaomf pMu0VmrsufESmjyifay:ü ajymif;vJrI tpDt&D
jzpfay:vmonf/ ,if;ajymif;vJrIrsm;teuf tao;rTm;qkH;qifhuJjzpfpOf? "mwkqifhuJjzpfpOf? ½kyfydkif; qifhuJjzpf
pOfESihf pdwfydkif;qifhuJjzpfpOfwdkYyg0ifonf/ odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;pGmwdkYonf vlYom;wdkY\ rlvblwonf ½kyfydkif;ESifhpdwf
ydkif;qifhuJjzpfpOf[laom wpfNydKifeufjzpfay:onfh jcm;em;onhf jzpfpOfESpf&yf\ &v'fjzpfaMumif; ,kHMunfMu
onf/ trSefyif ½kyfykdif;qifhuJjzpfpOfonf vlom;wdkYESihfywfoufaomtcg qef;jym;axGjym;NyD; a0zef aqG;aEG;
142
zG,fjzpfonf / odkYwap xm0&bk&m;&Sd,lqolwdkYu pMu0VmESihf ouf&Sdtm;vkH;onf xm0&bk&m; ocif\
qE´t& þurÇmavmupwif jzpfwnfcJhonf[laom,lqcsufudk pGJudkajymqdkaeMuqJjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif Ak'¨0g'D
g
or
a.
as

140
Ibid, 46.
141
Ab-B-T, 321.
el

142
Francis R Xavier, " Creation in Evolution", in Indian Theological Studies, Vol. XXXVIII. No. 1., 47-54.
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rsm;ESihf odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;onf pMu0VmESihf ouf&Sdrsm;onf obm0jzpfpOf odyÜHa0g[m&tm;jzihfqdkrl ]obm0a½G;

cs,frI (natural selection)}aMumifh jzpfay:cJhaMumif; ,kHMunfMuonf/
þazmfjycsufü Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkYonf pMu0VmtpoDtdk&DESihfywfoufí odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;uJhodkY tonf;
toef rajymqdkMuay/ taMumif;rl (pMu0Vm) tpr&Sd? ouf½SdoufrJhavmutygt0if t&mcyfodrf;udk zefqif;
onfhyk*¾Kdvfr&Sd[k ,kHMunfMuaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkYonf prf;oyfrIjzihf pMu0Vm\tOD;tp
taMumif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ray;Muaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkYonf a'oemawmfESihfnDonhf odyÜHynm&SifwdkY\ azmf
jycsufrsm;udk vufcHMuonf/ þae&mwGif odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;onf pMu0Vm\tpt,ltqudk atmufygtwdkif;
azmfjyMuonf –

ypöKyÜefjzpf&yfrsm;onf twdwfjzpf&yfaMumihfjzpfNyD; wpfzef ,if;jzpf&yfrsm;onfvnf; ,if;rwdkifrD twdwf

jzpf&yfrsm;aMumifhjzpfonf[laom t,ltqESihf uRrf;0ifzl;Mu\/ twdwfumrsm;qDodkY aemufjyefoGm;aom
aMumif;usKd;jzpfpOfuGif;qufwpfck&Sd\/ odkYwap ,if;uGif;qufwGif tp&SdonfqdkygpdkY? yxrqkH;aom jzpf
&yfwpfck &SdonfqdkygpdkY/ ,if;tpqkH;jzpf&yfonf rnfonfhtwGufaMumihfjzpf&oenf;/ ,if;onf odyÜH
ynm&Siftrsm;pk ajzMum;vdkaom ar;cGef;wpfckr[kwfcJhacs/ ¤if;wdkYonf ½k&Sm;odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;(qdko)uJhokdY
pMu0Vmonftpr&Sd[k jiif;qdkíjzpfap? pMu0Vm\rlvblwonf odyÜHynm&SifwdkY\ e,fy,ftwGif;r&SdbJ
obm0vGef odkYr[kwf bmomw&m;\e,fy,ftwGif;ü&SdaMumif; qkyfudkifíjzpfap ,if;ar;cGef;udk a&Smif
uGif;&ef BudK;yrf;cJhMu\/ uREkfyf\tvdkt&rl ,if;onf rnfonhfodyÜH&SiftppftrSef wpfa,mufrqdk &,l
oihfaom tajctaewpf&yfr[kwfacs/ tu,fí odyÜHed,mrrsm;udk pMu0Vm\rlvtpüom &yfqdkif;
xm;rnfqdkvQif ,if;ed,mrrsm;onf tjcm;tcsdefrsm;wGifvnf; tokH;rusjzpfoGm;Edkifonfr[kwfavm/
ed,mrwpfckonf tu,fí wpfcsdefwGifom rSefrnfqdkygu ed,mrr[kwfacs/ uREfkyfwdkYtaejzihf pMu0Vm
\tpudk odyHÜtajccHjzihf em;vnfatmifBudK;yrf;&rnf/ ,if;onf uREfkyfwdkYpGrf;&nf\ wpfzufwGif&Sdonhf
wdkif tenf;qkH;awmh BudK;yrf;rIjyK&rnf/ yif½dkpD (Penrose) ESihf uREkfyfwdkY oufaojycJhonhf oDtkd&rfrsm;u
pMu0Vmonf tpwpfck&Sd&rnf[k azmfjyaecsdefwGif ,if;oDtdk&rfrsm;onf xdktp\obm0ESihfywfouf
onfh owif;tcsufrsm;pGm ray;EdkifcJhay/ ,if;oDtdk&rfrsm;u pMu0Vmonf pMu0VmwpfckvkH;ESihf pMu0Vm
twGif;&Sdt&mtm;vkH; tvkH;pkHodyfonf;rSwfwpfckqDodkY usKHUoGm;cJhonhf r[maygufuGJrIrS pwifcJhaMumif;
ñTefjycJh\/ ,if;odyfonf;rIwGif tdkifpwdkif;\ taxGaxG &Dav;wDADwDoDtdk&D (aMumif;usKd;jzpfpOf ed,mr)
143
ysufpD;oGm;ojzihf pMu0Vm\rlvblwonf odyÜHpufuGif;\wpfbufwGif usef&pfonfrSm xif&Sm;\ /

pMu0Vm\rlvtp cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmrIESihfqdkifaom oDtdk&Dwpf&yfjzihf rnfonhfodyÜHynm&Sifwpfa,mufrQ ay:r

vmao;ojzihf pMu0Vm\rlvtpESihfywfoufí pkHprf;qifjcifru I dk r&ruvkyfaejcif;udk pGefYypfrl ydkíoihfavsmf
onf/ odkYwap qihfuJajymif;vJrIjzpfpOfrSm pMu0VmrnfodkYpwifNyD; ]obm0a½G;cs,frI (natural selection)}aMumifh
144
,if;onf rnfodkYajymif;vJcJhaMumif; &Sif;jy&ef pHerljy oDtdk&Dwpf&yfjzpfaMumif; a,bkk,stm;jzifh qdkMuonf /

'k*¾wdbkH wnf&Sdjcif;
jrifaumif; rjrifaumif;b0rsm;wnf&SdrIESihf ywfoufí qif;&J'kuc© Hpm;&onhf owå0gwdkYarG;zGm;&m bkHXmersm;rSm
tyg,fav;bkH[kxif&Sm;NyD; raumif;aom b0oufwrf;twGuf wnfae&m 'k*¾wdbkH[kvnf;ac:wGifonf/ i&J?
Nydwåm? tok&mESif wd&pämefwdkYrSm ,if;tyg,fbkHrsm;jzpfMuonf/ Ak'¨0g'pMu0VmaA't& tyg,fav;bkHrSm Ak'¨
0g'Drsm;tzdkY rvkdvm;tyfaom bkHXmrsm;jzpfonf/ tyg,[laompum;vkH;onf ty(r&Sd) t,(csrf;om jcif;)[l
aom pum;vkH;ESpfck wGJpyfyk'fjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh tyg,[lonf pmayenf;t& csrf;omrJhjcif;[k t"dyÜm,f&
g

onf/ wpfcsdefvkH; emusifcHcufjcif;&Sdonhf b0bkHXmersm;udk odr;f ½kH;íac:a0:jcif;jzifonf/ odkYjzpfí tyg,fav;

or
a.
as

143
Stephen Hawking, The Universe in a Nutshell (New York: Bantam Books, 2001), 79.
el

144
Francis P. Xavier, 69.
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bkHü arG;zGm;olrsm;rSm csrf;omokcr&Sdacs/ trSefpifppf wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf avmu\ 'ku©obm0udk ppfrSefpGm

145
jrifbdrl (avmurS)vGwfajrmufrI Ak'¨0g'½IaxmifhrS edAÁmefudka&muf&ef pdwftm;xufoefvdrfhrnfjzpfonf /
Ak'¨0g'vm tyg,fav;bkHteuf i&JbkHonf tvdkr&SdtyfqkH;aom bkHXmejzpfonf/ ed&,(ouúw = e&u)
[lonf pmayenf;tm;jzihf csrf;omuif;qdwfjcif; odkYr[kwf ysufpD;íusa&mufonhfae&m[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/
t"dui&JbkHtpkwGif i&JBuD;&Spfck&SdNyD; i&Ji,fav;q,f&Sdonf/ ,if;odkYjzpf&jcif;rSm rZÑdredum,f? a'0'lwokwf
ESihf oN*KØ [fbmom#Dumusrf;wdkYt& i&JBuD;wpfckpDwGif i&Ji,fig;ckpDyg0ifaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ ,if;i&JbkHwdkY
onf vlYbkHatmuf pMu0Vmwpfae&mwGif wnf&SdMuonf/ i&JbkHom;rsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ 'ku©udkcHpm;&mü &yfem;
jcif;r&SdbJ i&JbkHXmewGif 'vpyfcHpm;Mu&onf/ tjyif;xefqkH;qif;&J'ku©rSvnf; em;cGifhr&SdMuacs/ ¤if;wdkYonf
twdwfb0rsm;ü ¤if;wdkYjyKvkyfcJhaom tukodkvfuHt& 'ku©cHpm;Mu&jcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;odkYaom qif;&J'ku©rsm;
taMumif;udk odjrifMujcif;ü Ak'¨0g'DwdkYonf tyg,fbkHwdkYü arG;zGm;&rnf;udk tvGefaMumufvefYMuonf/ odkYjzpfí
¤if;wdkYtaejzihf pdw"f mwft& 'ge (tvª'gejyKjcif;)? oDv (udk,fusifhw&m;)ESihf ynm (todÓPf)wdkYdudk usifhBuH
jcif;jzihf vGwfajrmufrItwGuf &nf½G,fMuonf/ odkYwap tjcm;bmomw&m;wdkYESihfrwlbJ Ak'¨0g'onf rnfonhf
t&mrQ xm0&wnfNrJrIr&Sdojzihf i&JbkHü'ku©cHpm;ae&olrsm;rSm xm0&cHpm;&vdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ odkYaomf i&JbkHXm
ewpfckckü cHpm;Mu&olrsm;tzdkYrSm tvGefESdyfpufc&H rIudk cHEdkifaomfvnf; toufraoEdkifaomaMumifh tvGef
146
aMumufrufzG,faumif;onf /

i&JbkHwGif rnfrQqif;&Joenf;/ rZÑdredum,f? a'0'lwokwfü rSwfwrf;wpf&yf&Sdonf/ Oyrmxkwfjy&rl –

xdk (i&Jxde;f )wdkYonf avmavmylaom oHikwfudk vufüpdkufESufukef\..ESpfckajrmufvufü pdkufESufukef
\/ ..ajcü pdkufESufukef\/ .. ESpfcak jrmufajcü pdkufESufukef\/ xdk (i&Jxde;f )wdkYonf avmavmylaom
oHikwfudk &ifv,fü pdkufESufukef\/ xdki&Jusolonf qif&Jukef jyif;xefukef Murf;wrf;ukef usifemukef
147
aom a0'emwdkYudk cHpm;&\/ xdkraumif;rIuH rukefao;orQ rao /

,if;okwåefwGif i&JbkHrsm;\ qif;&J'ku©taMumif;udk tao;pdwf azmfjyxm;onf/ odkYjzpfí i&JbkHrsm;ürnf

rQ 'ku©cHpm;&onf[lonfudk aemufxyfavhvmoifMum;vdkygu ,if;okwåefudk avhvmEdkifonf/ ,if;okwåefvm
taMumif;t&mwdkYrSm trSefyifxdwfvefY aMumuf½GHUzG,faumif;vSonf/ owå0gwdkYonf ¤if;wdkY\i&Jb0wGif cH&
onfh xdwfvefYzG,f qif;&J'ku©rsm;taMumif;udk odem;vnfMujcif;ü Ak'¨0g'DwkdYonf edAmÁ efodkY qdkufa&mufvdkMu
onf/ odkYwap xdkowå0grsm;rSm aemufqkH;ü ¤if;wdkY\ raumif;rI tukodkvfuHtusKd;qufukefqkH;ygu ,if;
xdwf½GHUzG,f 'ku©avmurS vGwfajrmufcGifh &SdMuvdrfhrnfjzpfonf/
i&JBuD;&Spfxyfteuf t0Dpdonf atmufqkH;i&JjzpfNyD; aMumufzG,ftaumif;qkH;jzpfonf/ Ak'¨0g'tvdkt&
*½kuH[kac:onhf tjyif;xefqkH;tukodkvfrIudk usL;vGefolrsm;onf t0Dpdi&Jü cHpm;Mu&onf/ *½kuHtm;
ydkrdkaumif;rGefonhfb0wpfckü arG;zGm;a&;twGuf tajctaeajymif;vJatmif tjcm;rnfonhfuHjzihfrQ tpm;rxdk;
Edkifacs/ BuD;rm;onhfjypfrI (yÍömeEÅ&d,uH) ig;rsKd;udk apwemESihfwuGusL;vGefolrsm;tm; t0Dpdi&JrS vGwfajrmuf
&ef rnfonhfukodkvfuHrQ rulnDEdkifacs/ yÍömeEÅ&, d uHig;rsKd;rSm tzowfjcif;? trdowfjcif;? &[EÅmowfjcif;?
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm; 'Pf&mtemw&jzpfatmif vkyfjcif;? oHCmoif;uGJatmifvkyfjcif; wdkYjzpfonf/ Oyrm Ak'¨&Sif
awmfjrwf\ nDtpfudkwpf0rf;uGJawmfpyfol a'0'wf\jzpf&yfudk owd&oihfonf/ a'0'wfonf Ak'&¨ Sifawmfjrwf
tm; 'Pf&matmifjyKjcif;? oHCmoif;uGJjcif;[laom teEÅ&d,uHESpfrsKd;udk usL;vGefcJhojzihf ¤if;\psmefwefckd;rsm;
148
uG,faysmufoGm;NyD; t0Dpdi&Jü arG;zGm;&onf /
g
or

145
Ab-B-T, 281-283.
a.

146
Ibid, 283-291.
as

147
Bhikkhu Nanamolli and Bhikkhu Bodhi, trans., The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Majjhima Nikaya
el

(Boston:
148
Wisdom Publications, 1995), 1032.
Ac-Ab, 202.
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wd&pämefrsm;onfvnf; tyg,fbkHü yg0ifNyD; NydwåmESihf tol&mwdkYudkvnf; tyg,fav;bkHü xnhfoGif;onf/

,if;bkHwdkYonf tukodkvfuHaMumihf trSefyif tqkH;rJh xdwfvefYzG,fbkHXmersm; jzpfMuonf/ wd&pämef[lonf
tvsm;vdkufoGm;vmaom owå0grsm;udk qdkvkdonf/ wd&pämefrsm;onf þurÇmajray:rSm odkYr[kwf a&xJrmS
odkYr[kwf aumif;uifrSmyifjzpfap ae&mwdkif;rSm aeEdkifMuonf/ raumif;rIudk usL;vGefonhf vlom;rsm;onf
,if;raumif;rI tukodkvfuHaMumifh aoNyD;aemufwGif wd&pämefavmuü arG;zGm;EkdifaMumif; ,kHMunfMuonf/
wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf wd&pämefavmuü arG;zGm;NyD;qdkaomtcg ,if;avmurS vGwfajrmuf&ef cJ,Of;onf/
taMumif;rSm wd&pämefrsm;taejzihf ukokv d faumif;rIjyK&ef tcGifhtvrf; rsm;pGmenf;yg;NyD; tcsif;csif;ñSmwm Muif
emrIuif;rJhvsuf tm;BuD;olu tm;enf;oltm; ESdyfpufMuaomMumifhjzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf txl;ojzihf vlom;
wdkYESifhEIdif;pmvQif ukodkvfaumif;rIjyK&ef tcGifhtvrf; trSefyif enf;yg;Muonf/ Ak'¨0g'tvdkt& aumif;aomt
149
vkyfonfomvQif 'ku©avmurS vGwfajrmufapEdkifonf /
ayw[laoma0g[m&onf tpdrf;ol&J Nydwåmudkdqdkvkdonf/ ]cGJcGmolrsm; odkYr[kwf aoolrsm;\0dnmOf}[k
vn;f t"dyÜm,f&onf/ ]qmavmifrGwo f dyfonhf wapärsm;}[kvnf; bmomjyefMuonf/ Nydwåmrsm;onf twdwf
b0tukodkvfuHaMumihf BuDrm;onhf qmavmifrGwfodyfjcif;jzihf ESdyfpufcHae&aom owå0grsm;jzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkY
taejzihf ukodkvftrQay;a0í vlom;wdkYxHrS tultnDr&rcsif; uHaMumifhjzpfaom qif;&J'u k ©rS oufom&m
r&Edkifay/ NydwåmwdkYrSm bkHXmeoD;jcm;r&Sday/ ¤if;wdkYonf vlYbkHXmewGif aexkdifMuaomfvnf; omreftm;jzihf vl
om;wdkYu ¤if;wdkYudk rjrifEdkifMuay/ opfawm? vGifjyif? okomef odkYr[kwf ork'´&mwdkYwGif aexkdifMuonf/ ykHpHt
rsKd;rsKd;&SdNyD; tpm;tpmrsKd;pkH Oyrm vlwdkYpGefYypftpm;tpmrsm;? tnpftaMu;rsm;? ESyf? jynf ponfudk pm;aomuf
Muonf/ tcsKdUrSm tpm;taomufrsm;pGm pm;aomufMu&aomfvnf; qmavmifrGwfodyfrIrS oufom&mr&EkdifbJ
&SdMuonf/ odkYjzpfí ¤if;wdkYudk qmavmifrGwfodyfwapärsm;[k ac:a0:jcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf rdru d dk,fwdkif
azmfjyvdkjcif;r&SdvQif vlom;wdkYu rjrifEdkifMuay/ >cif;csufrSm 'dAÁpu©KtbdnmPf&ol wefcdk;&Sifrsm;onf tcsdefr
150
a½G; wdapärsm;udk jrifEdkifpGrf;&Sdonf / rZÑdredum,f? a'0'lwokwfawmft& aorif;[kxif&Sm;aom ,rrif;onf
151
NydwåmbkHwGif aexdkifoljzpfonf/ ,rrif;um; NydwåmwdkY\ bk&iftjzpfvnf; xif&Sm;onf /
Ak'¨0g'tvdkt& tol&m[lonfvnf; edrfhusonhf avmuwGifaexdkifMuvsuf aMumuf½GHUxdwfvefYzG,f r
aumif;aom owå0grsm;jzpfMuonf/ ¤if;wdkY\ bkHXmeudkvnf; tyg,fav;bkHü xnfhoGif;onf/ tol&um, [l
aom a0g[m&udk ewfbDvl; ewfqdk;rsm;[k bmomjyefavh&SdMuonf/ tcsKdUtol&mrsm;onf raumif;aom &nf
½G,fcsufjzihf ¤if;wdkY\wefcdk;udk tokH;jyKMuonf/ wpfcgwpf&H tyg,fbkHudk okH;bkHtaejzihf a&wGufaomtcg
tol&mwdkYudk aywbkHü xnfhoGif;Muonf/ ygVdpmaywdkYü wpfcgwpf&HwGif tyg,fokH;bkHtjzpfazmfjyNyD; ,if;odkY
azmfjyaomtcg tol&mwdkYudk aywbkHü xnfhoGif;Muonf/ tol&mtrsKd;rsKd;&Sdonf/ tcsKdUtol&mrsm;rSm jrpfwGif
aexdkifMuonf/ tcsKdUrSm ork'´&m tcsdKU awmawmifrsm;wGif aexdkifMuonf/ odkYwap jrif;rdk&fawmifajcü ae
xkdifMuaom tol&mrsm;rSmrl Ak'¨0g'ü tol&mrsm;tjzpf ydkítodrsm;onf/ taMumif;rl ,if;tol&mrsm;onf
wm0wðomewfjynf&Sd odMum;rif;tm; ppfxdk;zl;aomaMumihfjzpfonf/ ax&0g'Ak'¨pmayt& wm0wðomewfwdkYu
tol&mwdkYudk wm0wðomewfjynfrS jrif;rdk&fawmifatmufajcodkY armif;rcsEdkifrDtxd tol&mwdkYonf wm0wðom
ewfjynftm; ydkifqdkifzl;onf/ odkYjzpfí tol&mwdkYonf trSeftm;jzihf ewfwdkYESihfwlykH&aomfvnf; ¤if;wdkYudk ewf
152
tjzpfr,lqMuacs/ xdkYaMumihf azmfjyNyD;owå0gwdkYtm; tyg,fbkHü xnfhoGif;Mujcif;jzpfonf / Ak'¨\a[mMum;
csuft& i&JbkHü qif;&J'ku©rsm;pGmudk odjrifMujcif;ü yxrwGif owå0gwdkYonf rdrdudk,fwdkif oufaomihfouf
om aysmf½TifEdkifap&ef ewfavmuü arG;zGm;vdkMuNyD; ,if;aemufü edAÁmefodkY a&muf&SdvdkMuonf/

ok*wdbkH wnf&Sdjcif;
g
or
a.

149
Ab-B-T, 292.
as

150
Ibid, 292-293.
151
Ma-N-NT, 1029-1033.
el

152
Ab-B-T, 292-293.
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vlYbkHESihf ewfjynfavmuudk ok*wdbkHtjzpf a&wGufonf/ ok*wd [lonf aysmf½TifzG,fb0oufwrf; (aumif;

aom vm;&m) jzpfNyD; blrd [lonf bkHXmejzpfonf/ vlYbkHonf umrok*wd ckepfbHük yg0ifonf/ vlYom;wdkYonf
tyg,fbkHom;rsm;ESihf EdIif;pmaomf rsm;pGmaom aysmf½TifcHpm;rIwdkYudk ydkifqkdifMuonf/ trSefaomf vlYbkHonf okc
ESifh'ku© a&maeaom bkHXmejzpfonf/ Ak'¨0g'DwdkYonf pMu0VmbkHXmewGif 'ku©udkrnfodkYa&Smif&rnf? tcgtm;
avsmfpGm ESpfoufaysmf½TifrIudk rnfodkY&Edkifonf[laom rdrdwdkY\ tajctaeudk odem;vnfMuonf/ wpfzef ¤if;
wkdYonf avmuDaysm½f TifrEI Sifh avmukwå&maysmf½iT frI (edAÁmefcsr;f om)udk &EdkifcGifh&SdMuonf/ xdkYjyifvnf; ¤if;wdkY
onf pdwfydkif;b0 yGm;rsm;usifhBuHjcif; (bm0em)? pdwfxJü pGJNrJxm;jcif; (yPd[dw)ESihf ckdifNrJaom qkH;jzwfcsuf
(t"d|me) wdkYjzihf Ak'¨tjzpfudkyif &&SdEdkifMuonf/ vlYavmuonf aumif;rIukodkvfudk avhusihftm;xkwf&ef tcGifh
tvrf;rsm;pGm&SdaomaMumifh tvdk&Sd&mbkHXmewdkif;odkY oGm;a&muf&ef wHcg;ESihf yrmwlonf/ Ak'¨0g'½IaxmifhrS ewf
153
jynf[lonf aysmf½TifESpfoufzG,fbkHXmejzpfonf /
ewfbkHom;rsm;onf ork'´&mtxuf odkrY [kwf vlYbkHtxufae&mwdkYwGif jzpfzG,f&Sdonfh jrif;rdk&fawmif\
wpfpdwfwpfa'owGif&Sdaom bkHXmeudk,fpDü aexdkifMuonf/ jrif;rdk&fawmifudk awmifckepfcjk zifh ywf&Hxm;onf/
ewfrif;BuD;av;a,mufwdkYaexdkif&mbkHXmetygt0if umrewfbkHrsm;[kac:onhf tqihfjrifhewfbkH ajcmufrsKd;&Sd
onf/ ewfbkHom;wdkYonf vlYbkHom;wdkYxuf ydkrdkoufwrf;&SnfNyD; umrpnf;pdrfvnf; ydkírsm;jym;onf/ odkYwap
,if;ewfwdkYykdifqdkifonfht&mtm;vkH;vnf; rwnfNrJaomt&mrsm;jzpfMuonf/ ewfjynfbkHrsm;teuf tedrfhqkH;rSm
pmwkr[m&mZdu[kac:onhf ewfrif;BuD;av;a,mufaexdkifonhf bkHjzpfonf/ ,if;onf tqdkygewfrif;BuD;av;
a,mufwdkY ¤if;wdkY\ taptyg;rsm;ESihftwl aexkdifonhf ae&mjzpfonf/ ax&0g'tpOftvmt& ,if;ewfrif;
154
BuD;av;a,mufwdkY\ oufwrf;onf ewfoufwrf;tm;jzihf 500 (ewfoufESpf) jzpfonf /
0dbif;t|uxmwGif pmwkr[m&mZduewfwdkY\ wpf&ufonf vlom;wdkY\ESpfig;q,fESihf nDrQaMumif; t|
uxmq&muazmfjyonf/ 'kwd,jzpfonhf wm0wðomewfbkHwGif ewfwdkY\ wpf&ufonf vlYoufwrf; ESpfaygif;
wpf&mjzpfonf/ wwd, ,mrmbkHwGif ESpf&m? wkwdombkHwGif ESpfaygif;av;&m ponfjzpfonf/ Ak'¨0g'DwdkYu Ak'¨
jzpfvmrnfh bk&m;avmif;onf wkodwmewfbkHü aexdkifvsuf&Sdonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/ ,if;odkYjzihf ewfjynf
ajcmufxyf\ oufwrf;udk jcm;em;pGm a&wGufonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh pmwkr[m½mZf ewfoufrSm ESpf 500 jzpfo
jzihf ewfrif;BuD;av;a,mufwdkY\ oufwrf;onf vlYwdkY\oufwrf;tm;jzihf ESpfaygif; 9 oef;ESihf nDrQonf/ (ewf
155
1 &uf = vl ESpfig;q,f/ 1 ESpf = 360 &uf/ ewf 500 ESpf = vl ESpfaygif; 9,000,000) /
ewfwdkYESihfywfoufí Moygwduowå[kxif&Sm;NyD; trSefyifwefcdk;&Sdaom owå0gtjzpf ,kHMunfMuonf/
Moyygwdu [lonf pmayt& ]udk,fxif&Sm; arG;zGm;ol} [kt"dyÜm,f&NyD; owå[lonf ouf&Sdowå0gjzpfonf/
,if;owå0gwdkYonf ,if;wdkY\bkHXmeü rdb[laomtaMumif;w&m; wpfenf; trd0rf;üudef;jcif;r&SdbJ arG;zGm;
aomowå0grsm;jzpfaMumif; qdkvdkonf/ Ak'¨0g'usrf;*efwdkYü rSwfwrf;wifxm;csuft& ,if;odkYaom arG;zGm;jcif;
rsKd;rSm ewfjynfajcmufxyfvkH;ü xif&Sm;onf/ a,bk,stm;jzihf trd0rf;ü oaE¨aeíarG;zGm;jcif; (ZvmAkZ)?
OrSarG;zGm;jcif; (t@Z)? tpdk"mwfrSarG;zGm;jcif; (oHao'Z)ESihf udk,fxif&Sm;arG;zGm;jcif; (Moyygwdu)[k arG;zGm;
156
enf; av;rsKd;&Sdonf / ewfbkHom;wdkYonf ewfjynfwGif owå0grsm;tjzpf csufcsif;arG;zGm;MuaomaMumihf ewf
om;wdkYrSm toufESpfq,ft½G,f? ewforD;wdkYrSm toufq,fhajcmufESpft½G,fjzihf arG;zGm;Muonf/ ,if; odkYarG;
zGm;jcif;rSm ewfjynfajcmufxyf&Sd ewfbkHrsm;tm;vkH; wlnDMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYudk,fwdkif jznfhusifhcJhaom ukodkvfuH
aMumihf t&mcyfodrf;rSm xl;jcm;qef;jym;Muonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf t&mcyfodrf; NiD;aiGYzG,fr&SdbJ BuD;us,fonhf aysmf
½TifrIrsm;&SdMuvsuf udk,fydkifewfbkHAdrmefrsm;wGif ewftpm;tpm ewfwdkY\umr*kPfpnf;pdrf? ESpfoufzG,f O,smOf
157
rsm;jzihf pHpm;Mu&onf /
g
or

153
Ibid, 294.
a.

154
Ibid, 294-295.
as

155
Ac-Ab, 196-197.
156
Ibid, 256.
el

157
Ab-B-T, 295-296.
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tjcm;bmomw&m;rsm;uJhodkYyif Ak'¨0g'onfvnf; ewfbkHüaexdkifolrsm;udk bmomw&m;½IaxmifhrS ESpfouf

zG,ftaumif;qkH;owå0grsm; tjzpfazmfjyMuonf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;owå0grsm;udk vlom;wdkYtaejzihf rjrifEdkifao;
bJ&Sdonf/ ,if;ewfbkHom;rsm;vnf; tjcm;owå0grsm;enf;wlyif b0\tajctaersm;rS rvGwfuif;Edkifacs/
tu,fí b0wpfck\tponf arG;zGm;jcif;ESihf pwifcJhrnfqdkvQif ,if;b0wpfck\tqkH;onf aojcif;jzifhtqkH;
owfonf/ aojcif;obm0onf owå0gtm;vkH;wdkYtwGuf rESpfouftyfaom tjctaejzpfonfrSm xif&Sm;
onf/ idka<u;jcif;? jrnfwrf;jcif;? aqG;ajrUjcif;ESihf uGJuGmjcif;um; aojcif;\tusKd;qufwdkYjzpfonf/ ewfbkHb0
onfvnf; aojcif;'ku©ESihf zGJUcsnfxm;NyD; jyefvnfarG;zGm;rI raocsmojzihf ,if;ewfb0üvnf; tm;&zG,fr&SdEdkif
aMumif; odjrifMuojzihf edAÁmeftvdk&Sdol Ak'¨0g'DwkdYrSm edAÁmefodkYom a&muf&SdvdkMuonf/ odkYjzpfí Ak'¨0g'DwdkY
taejzihf ewfbkHom;wdkYonf tdkjcif;? emjcif;ESihf aojcif;rS rvGwfajrmufEdkifMuojzihf ewfbkHb0udkvnf; pdwrf
0ifpm;bJ&SdMuonf/
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zG,frvdkacs/ Ak'¨0g'usrf;*efrsm;ü urÇmajray:rSm? i&JrSm odkYr[kwf ewfbkHAdrmefrsm;rSm xl;jcm;qef;jym;NyD; ÓPf
rrDEdkifaom owå0grsm; aexdkifvsuf&SdMuaMumif; azmfjyonf/ xdkYjyif Ak'¨0g'onf [dE´L0g'uJhodkYyif jA[®mbkHwnf
&SdrIudk vufcHaomfvnf; ,if;onf tjcm;½IaxmifhwpfrsKd;ESihf ywfoufonf/ ½lyjA[®mrsm;ESihf t½lyjA[®mrsm;rSm
psmefw&m;udk tm;xkwfolrsm;twGufjzpfonf/ psmefw&m;udk &&Sdolrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY&&Sdonhfpsmeftvdkuf ½lyjA[®m
bkHrSmjzpfap? t½lyjA[®mbkHrSmjzpfap arG;zGm;vdrhfrnfjzpfonf/ Ak'¨0g'*dkPf;uGJrsm;tvdkt& ,if;bkHXmewdkYü aexkdif
Muolrsm;vnf; avmbe,fy,ftwGif;üyif &SdMuqJjzpfonf/ odkYwap ,if;bkHwdkYü aexdkifMuolrsm;rSm psmef
ormywfwdkY\tpGrf;aMumifh umvMumjrihfpGm umr*kPt f m½kHrS uif;a0;aeMuojzihf ,if;½lybkHwdkYudk umrbkH[k
rac:Muacs/ ½lybkHudk yxrpsmefrS pwkw¬psmefwdkifatmifaom psmefwdkYukdtajcjyKí av;rsKd;cGJjcm;xm;onf/
psmefbkHwdkif;wGif okH;bkHpDyg&SdNyD; pwkw¬psmefürl ig;bkHyg0ifonf/ Ak'¨0g'½Iaxmihft& jA[®mwdkYonf ¤if;wdkY&&Sdaom
yxrpsmefrSonf &Spfckajrmuf (ae0onmemonm,we) psmefwdkifatmif psmeftqihftwef;tvdkufjzpfonhf
bkHXmrsm;wGif aexkdifMuonf158/
teEÅpMu0VmwGif owå0gtcsKdUrSm trSefyif pdwful;,OfawG;awmrI\ wpfzufwGif&Sdonf/ vlwdkYonf rsm;
aomtm;jzifh ouf&Sdowå0gwdkYudk ½kyfoGif ykHoP²mef&Sdtaejzihfom pOf;pm;rdMuonf/ taMumif;rl owå0gt
rsm;pkrSm t½G,ftpm;trsKd;rsKd;ESihf ykHoP²meftrsKd;rsKd;&SdMuaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ odkYwap ,ckazmfjyrnfh jA[®mwdkYrSm
ykHoP²mefr&Sdojzifh ¤if;wdkYudk t½lyjA[®m[kac:onf/ tqdkyg ½kyfoGifrJh t½lyjA[®mhbkH av;rsKd;&Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm
tumomeÍöm,we? 0dnmPÍöm,we? tmudÍönmw,eESihf ae0onmemonmwewdkYjzpfonf/ ,if;bkHXme
wdkYü arG;zGm;&ef t½lypsmefESihfywfoufaom ur®|mef;bm0em½IrSwfrIrS&v'f&Sd&ef vdktyfonf/ ,if;&v'ftoD;
oD;onf azmfjyyg oufqdkif&mbkHXmewdkYü arG;zGm;rIudk jzpfaponf/ t½lyjA[®mbkHü arG;zGm;Muolrsm;rSm ½kyf
oP²mef vkH;0r&SdbJ emrfw&m;rQom&Sdonf/ tjrihfqkH; ae0onmemonm,wepsmefudk&onhf jA[®mrsm;\ ouf
159
wrf;rSm toacsF,suyfaygif; 84000 jzpfonf /
jA[®mhbkHXmersm;ESihf ywfoufí jAm[®P0g'DwdkYu jA[®m[lonf tajccHtm;jzihf [dE´Lbmom\ ewfbk&m;
zefqif;&SifjzpfaMumif; ,kHMunfMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYu r[mjA[®m[lonf ouf&SdoufrJht&mcyfodrf;ESihfwuG þ
urÇmavmuudk zefqif;aomaMumihf þpMuVmwGif tBuD;jrwfqkH;jzpfonf[k ,lqMuonf/ trSefpifppf [dE´L0g
'vm r[mjA[®mt,ltqESihf Ak'¨0g'vm jA[®m0g'rSm eD;pyfpGm wlnDrI&Sdaeonf/ odkYwap [dEL´ wdkYu jA[®mtm;
pMu0Vmudk zefqif;oltjzpf ,kHMunfNyD; Ak'¨0g'DwdkYu jA[®mtm; pMu0Vmudkzefqif;&ef pGrf;&nfr&Sdaom omref
jA[®mtjzpfom,kHMunfonf/ [dE´L0g'tzdkY jA[®twå odkYr[kwf y&rtwåonf xm0&wnfNrJaomfvnf; Ak'¨0g'
tzdkYrl xm0&rysufrpD;wnfNrJaom jA[®mhavmu&Sd jA[®m[lír&Sdacs/ xdkYxuf [dE´LwdkYtzdkY bmomw&m;qdkif&m
vGwfajrmufrI\t"dyÜm,frSm yk*¾KdvftoD;oD;\ ZD0twåonf y&rtwåESihf nDñGwfaygif;pnfrIudk &&SdoGm;onfxd
g

pifMu,foGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ Ak'¨0g'DwdkY\ bmomw&m;qdkif&m vGwfajrmufrIrSm oEÅdokcedAÁmefudk &&Sd&efjzpf

or
a.
as

158
Ab-S, 78-79.
el

159
Ac-Ab, 199.
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58
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160
onf / jA[®mhbkHodkYa&muf&dS&efrSm [dE´LwdkYtzdkY aemufqkH;&nfrSef;csufjzpfNyD; Ak'0¨ g'DwdkYtzdkYrl edAmÁ efodkYa&muf&efrSm
aemufqkH; yef;wdkifjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif aemufxyf tacstwif aqG;aEG;zG,fwpf&yfrSm edAÁmefudk &&SdNyD;olwdkY ao
vGefNyD;aemuf rnfodkYjzpfoGm;oenf;[kjzpfonf/ þtcsufudk tcef;av;wGif tao;pdwfaqG;aEG;rnfjzpfonf/

touf&Sifjcif;ESihf aojcif;wdkY\ tusKd;qufrsm;

ygVdawmfusrf;*efrsm;ü touf&iS fjcif;ESihf aojcif;? aojcif;ESihf jyefvnfarG;zGm;jcif;? ur®owådESihf ,if;\tusKd;
qufwdkY qufEG,frI&SdaMumif; &Sifvif;pGmazmfjyonf/ tbd"r®mtvdkt& y#doaE¨pdwf? b0ifpdwfESihf pkwdpdwfwdkYrSm
wpfckaomb0wGif tcsif;csif;qufEG,fwlnDrI&Sdonf/ odkYwap ur®jzpfpOfjcm;em;rIaMumifh þb0y#doaE¨pdwf
onf aemufb0y#doaE¨pdwfESihf xyfwlnDjzpfvdrhfrnfr[kwfacs/ odkYwkdifatmif ur®owådonf aemufb0y#d
oaE¨pdwfudk OD;aqmifyJhudkifvdrfhrnfjzpfonf/ þudpöü ur®owåd\vkyfaqmifrIudk (xyfqihf) yJhudkifxed f;ausmif;
ay;onfh yk*¾Kdvf (wefcdk;&Sif)r&SdbJ ,if;ur®owådonfom OD;aqmifonf/ ,if;udk ur®ed,mr[kac:onf/ ur®ed
,mrESifh ywfoufí xif&Sm;onhf uHav;rsKd;&Sdonf/ aemufb0wGif y#doaE¨ukdjzpfay:aprItwGuf t"dujzpf
161
onfh ur®zvjzpfpOfudk vnfywfapaom xif&Sm;onhf uHav;rsKd;jzpfonf /

y#doE¨db0*FÍö? wxm p0ermeoH/

162
{uar0 waxa0u? 0do,aÍöuZmwd,H /
163
y#doaE¨pdwf? b0ifpdwfESifh pkwdpdwfwdkYonf wpfckaomb0ü wlnDNyD; wlnDaomtm½kH&SdMuonf /

ur®owåd t,ltqt& ,if;uHav;rsKd;wdkYonf ¤if;wdkYcHpm;&rnfh twdwfuzefwD;cJhaom tjyKtrlrsm;\

tusKd;ay;Edkifajctay: wnfrSDvsuf ay:xGufvmrnfjzpfonf/ ,if;twdwfjyKjyifrIrsm;\ tusKd;qufonf
aemufb0wGif y#doaE¨pdwfjzpfay:atmifyJhudkifay;aom ur®ed,mrudk tiftm;wdk;`rSifhay;onhfu@rS yg0if
aqmif½Gufonf/ uHav;rsKd;rSm 1) BuD;av;aomuH (*½kuH) 2) aocgeD;uH (tmoEéuH) 3) tavhtusihfrsm;
onhfuH (tm pdPÖuH)ESihf 4) azmfjyNyD; okH;rsKd;rSwpfyg;aomuH (u#wåmuH)wdkYjzpfonf/ ,if;av;rsKd;teuf
yxrqkH;uHrSm tmedoiftjyif;xefqkH;jzpfNyD; ,if;\udpörSm ur®ed,mrtusKd;ay;rIu@pOft& yxrqkH;ae&mü
yg0ifonf/ ,if;ur®ed,mronf aemuf('kwd,)b0ü y#doaE¨pdwfjzpfay:atmif aqmif½Gufonf/ odkY&mwGif
tu,fí yxruHtm;enf;cJhaomf 'kwd,trsKd;tpm;uHponfu y#doaE¨pdwftpOfjzpfay:atmif aqmif½Guf
vdrhfrnfjzpfonf/ ,if;jzpfpOfwGif *½kuHonf tjcm;uHrsm; y#doaE¨tusKd;ray;Edkifonftxd pGrf;tm; tmedoif
BuD;av;onf/ *½kuHudk ukodkvf*½kuHEiS hf tukodkvf*½kuH[k ESpfrsKd;cGJjcm;Edkifonf/ ukodkvft&mwGif psmefpdwfudk
&NyD;ygu *½kuH[k,lNyD; tukodkvft&mwGif teEÅ&d,uHig;rsKd;ESihf ukd,fusihfw&m;udk jiif;qdkaom ed,wrdpäm'd|d
164
wdkYjzpfonf/ a&SUwGifazmfjyNyD;jzpfonfh a'0'wå\jzpf&yfonf þae&mü pHerlemjzpfonf /
*½kuH\pGrf;&nf r&SdcJhaomf tmoEéuHonf y#doaE¨pdwfjzpfay:vma&;twGuf aqmif½Gufrnfjzpfonf/
tmoEéuHonf ,if;\udpöudk rnfodkYaqmif½Gufoenf;/ tcsdefwdkawmif;pGm odkYr[kwf raorDuav;wGif jyKvkyf
aom tjyKtrlrsm;onf aemufb0wGifjzpfrnfh y#doaE¨pdwfEiS hf qufoG,f&ef aemufqkH;pdwf odkYr[kwf pkwdpw d f
twGuf 'kwd,OD;pmay;ae&mwGif aqmif½Gufrnfjzpfonf/ wpfb0vkH; raumif;rIrsm;udk vkyfvmolwpfa,muf
onf uHaumif;pGm raorDuav;urS jyKvkyfaom ukodkvfaumif;rIudk owd&qifjcifrdonfqdkygpdkY/ ,if;ukodkvf
aumif;rIonf ok*wdb0odkY a&mufcGifhydkomvmatmif pGr;f aqmifay;Edkifonf/ xdktaMumif;aMumihf Ak'¨0g'tpOf
tvmwGif aocgeD;yk*¾Kdvfwpfa,muftm; ¤if;jyKvkyfcJhaom ukodkvfaumif;rIudk owday;íulnDonfh tavh
tx&Sdonf/ odkYwnf;r[kwf ukodkvftawG;rsm; ay:vmap&ef y&dwfw&m;rsm; em,lapjcif;jzihf aocgeD;yk*¾Kdvf
g
or

160
Lal Mani Joshi, Brahmanism Buddhism and Hinduism (Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publicaton, 1987) 52-63.
a.

161
Ab-S, 81.
as

162
Ibid, 81.
163
Ac-Ab, 199.
el

164
Ab-S, 81; Ac-Ab, 201-205.
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udk tm;ay;avh&SdMuonf/ odkYwnf;r[kwf aocgeD;yk*¾Kdvftaejzihf w&m;bm0emtm;xkwfcJhzl;oljzpfbdrl ¤if;\

165
aemufqkH;tcsdefwGif Nidrf;csrf;onhfpdwfudk wdk;wufapEdkif&ef ur®|mef;½IrSwf&ef wdkufwGef;Muonf /
trSefpifppf bmomw&m;vdkufpm;olrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ bmoma&;b0wGif ykHrSeftm;jzihf tmpdPÖuHuk
odkvfjyKvkyf&ef ESpfoufMuonf/ taMumif;rl omrefyk*¾Kdvfwpfa,muftzdkY tmpdPÖuHukodkvfonf ok*wdb0
wGif qufvufí pdwfydkif;b0wdk;wufrI&&SdEdkif&ef ydkrdktm;udk;&aomaMumihfjzpfonf/ tmpdPÖuH[lonfum;
tavhtusifhjyKí usihfMuHtm;xkwf&aomuHrsKd;jzpfonf/ *½kuHESihf tmoPÖuHwdkY tusKd;ay;cGifhrBuKHcJhrl þ
tmpdPÖuHu tusKd;ay;rnfjzpfonf/
aemufqkH; u#wåmuH[lonf azmfjyNyD;okH;rsKd;wGif ryg0ifaom tjcm;jyKvkyaf qmif½GufrItm;vkH; yg0ifonhf
uHjzpfonf/ qdkvkdonfrSm azmfjyNyD;uHokH;rsKd;jzihf ra&wGuftyfaom? odkYaomf y#doaE¨pdwfjzpfay:a&;udk aqmif
½Guf&ef vkHavmufonhf jzpfEdkifajc&Sdaom rnfonhfjyKvkyfrIrsKd;rqdkudk &nf½G,fonf/ ,if;u#wåmuHonfvnf;
166
azmfjyNyD;okH;rsKd; tusKd;ay;cGihfr&Sdaomtcg ,if;\udpöudk aqmif½Gufonf /
Ak'¨0g'onf aorIjzpfpOfESifh aocgeD;yk*¾Kdvf\awGUBuKHod&SdrIudk txl;jyKazmfjyvsuf wrvGefb0udk em;vnf
&ef BudK;yrf;onf/ tbd"r®mtvdkt& aocgeD;yk*¾Kdvfwpfa,mufonf rsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm? udk,fESihf pdwf[al om
'Gg&ajcmufct k euf wpfckckjzihf aoonhftcdkuftwHhwGif atmufygtajctaersm;udk awGUBuKHod&Sd&vdrhfrnfjzpf
onf/ jzpfEdkifajc&Sdonhf tajctaersm;rSm –
1) uH? tusKd;w&m;rsm;ESihftnD aocgeD;yk*¾KdvfawGUBuKH&rnfh aemufb0wGif y#doaE¨pdwfudk jzpfay:ap
Edkifaom uH odkYr[kwf
2) uH\trSwfoauFw (ur®edrw d )f ? uHwpfckudkjyKpOf ,cifu &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifcJhaom ykHoP²mefponf odkYr
[kwf uHukdjyKvkyfpOf tokH;taqmifypönf;rsm; odkYr[kwf
3) a&muf&Sdrnfh*wd\ oauFw (*wdedrdwf)? rMurD b0opfwGif &&dScHpm;&rnfh (tajctae\ trSwf
167
oauFw) wdkYjzpfonf /
txufyg azmfjycsufü ur®edrdwf[lonf t&m0w¬KtrsKd;tpm; Oyrm vlowfrIudk usL;vGefolwpfa,muf
tzdkY "m;? aoewfESihf ¤if;tokH;jyKonhf vufeufud&d,mrsm; yg0ifonf/ xdktwlyif ukodkvfaumif;rIe,fy,f
wGif ukodkvfaumif;rIjyKonhf t&m0w¬Krsm; Oyrm tpm;tpmrsm;? t0wftpm;rsm;? aq;0g;ypönf;rsm;onf ao
onfhtcdkuftwHhrwdkifrDuav;wGif aocgeD;yk*¾Kdvf\ pdwfxJü xifjrifvmEdkifonf/ xdkYjyif *wdedrdwfonf oGifjyif
rsKd;pkHjzihf ay:vmEdkifonf/ ,if;oGifjyifrsm;teuf raumif;aom *wdwpfckudk ñTefjyonhf oGifjyifqdk;rsm;tjzpf
i&JrD;vQHrsm;? xdwfvefYzGif i&Jxdefrsm;? acsmufcsm;zG,f acG;eufBu;D rsm;uJhodkYaom edrdwfqdk;rsm; ay:vmEdkifonf/
xdktwl ,if;ESihf qefYusifbuf oGifjyifrsm; ay:vmEdkifonf/ vSyonhf ewfom;ewforD;rsm;? ewfO,smOfrsm;?
168
vSyonhf *DwoHrsm;uJhodkYaom ok*wdb0wpfcktwGuf r*Fvm&Sdaom oGifjyifrsm;jzpfonf / ,if; edrdwfqdk;
odkYr[kwf edrdwfaumif;rsm;udk b0wpfckwGif pkwpd dwf (aopdwf) odkY a&mufvkqJ yk*¾Kdvfrsm; awGUBuKHod&SdEdkifonf/
odkY&mwGif aemufqkH;pkwpd dwfrwdkifrD aocgeD;yk*¾Kdvf\ pdwftpOfudk pkwpd dw[ f k r,lqacs/ trSefpifppf pkwpd w
d f
onf b0wpfck\ tqkH;wGifjzpfay:NyD; ,if;aemuf b0opfü y#doaE¨pdwf ay:vmonf/
aocgeD;yk*¾Kdvfwpfa,muftzdkY omrefyx k kZÆOfyk*K¾ dvfjzpfbdrl ¤if;\pkwdpdwfjzpfpOfonf b0opfudk wyfrufpGJ
vrf;onf/ b0a[mif; ukefqkH;cgeD;tcsdefwGif ,if;pkwdpdwftpOfESihf uHonf y#doaE¨pdwftpOfodkY ñGwfonf/ pk
wdpdwfusNyD;onfESihf wpfNydKifeuf b0opfwGif y#doaE¨pdwf jzpfay:vmonf/ þonfrmS pkwdpdwftpOfjzpfay:ykH
ESihf y#doaE¨pdwfjzpfay:ykHudk em;vnf&mü tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfonf/ atmufygpdwfjzpfpOfrSm r&PmoEé0Dxdü
169
pdwfjzpfpOfudk tao;pdwfazmfjyonfh tbd"r®w¬o*F[usrf;ESihftnD pkwdESihfy#doaE¨pdwfwdkY\0DxdpOf jzpfonf /
g
or

165
Ac-Ab, 203-204.
a.

166
Ac-Ab, 203-204.
as

167
Ibid, 221.
168
Ab-T, 188.
el

169
Ab-S, 89-92.
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w

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Z,m; 3

r&PmoEé0Dxd (aocgeD;pdwfjzpfpOf)

pkwdpdwf
tm½kH = ur®edrdwfESihf *wdedrdwf ypöKyÜef½lyg½kH y#doaE¨pdwfESihf b0opf
.....
y#d .. bGif wD e ' y p oH P Z Z Z Z Z pkwd y#d bGif-1 bGif-2 bGi-f 3 ...
b0a[mif; b0opf

twdkaumufrSwfcsuf/ / y#d = y#oaE¨pdwf/ bGif = b0iftpOf/ wD = twDwb0if/ e = b0*Fpve/

' = b0*Fkyapä'/ y = yÍö'Gm&m0ZÆe/ p = pu©K0dnmP/ oH = orÜ#dpäe/ P = oEÅD&P/ Z = Z0e (aZm)/ pkwd =
pkwdpdwf/

tbd"r®mtvdkt& pkwdpdwfESihf y#doaE¨pdwfwdkYrSm tvGefeD;uyfpGm qufpyfaeaomfvnf; ,if;wdkYudk wpfck

wnf;aomt&mtjzpf ra&wGufonhfjyif w&m;udk,foabmt& wpfckESihfwpfck qufpyfrIr&Sdaomfvnf; jzpfpOf
oabmt& wpfqufwnf;jzpfonf/ a[wkzvtaejzihf aemufb0qDodkY b0wpfck\uHudk aqmifusOf;vsuf
pkwdpdwftjzpfrS b0opfüy#doaE¨pw d fjzpfvm&ef tusKd;jzpfpOfu ur®owådtm; aqmif½Gufay;onf/ ,if;
aMumihf Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkYonf wrvGefb0aumif;a&;twGuf ukodkvfaumif;rI jyKvkyfMujcif;jzpfonf/ wpfcsdef
wnf;wGif ¤if;wdkYonf tyg,fav;bkHodkY wpfzef ra&muf&a&;twGuf rdrdudk,fudkumuG,f&ef raumif;rIrS a&Smif
MuOfMuonf/ ,if;,lqcsuftay:wGiftajccHí Ak'¨0g'Drsm;tzdkY aocgeD;yk*¾Kdvftm; ¤if;\ukodkvfaumif;rIrsm;
udk owday;&ef odkYr[kwf ur®|mef;tm;xkwfzl;oljzpfygu ur®|mef;½IrSwfzkdY wdkufwGef;&efjzpfap ta&;BuD;onf/
,if;odkYjyK&onfrSm þb0rS rcGJcGmrD aemufqkH;tcdkuftwHhü pdwfNidrf;csrf;rI &&Sda&;twGufjzpfonf/ trSefpifppf
touf&Sifjcif;ESihf aojcif;jzpfpOfonf vlYb0wGif trSefwu,f xl;jcm;qef;jym;onhft&m r[kwfaomfvnf; vl
om;wdkY rodusKd;uRHjyKxm;aom tppftrSefw&m;wpfckomjzpfonf/ Ak'¨0g'½Iaxmihft& aojcif;onf þypöKyÜef
b0\tqkH;jzpfaomfvnf; (aojcif;uif;&mtrw)edAÁmefudk r&ao;oljzpfbdrl ,if;onf aemufb0opfwpfck\
tpvnf;jzpfonf/

aojcif;w&m;udk wnfNidrfpGm &ifqdkifjcif;

Zmwd (arG;zGm;jcif;)? Z&m (tdkrif;&ihfa&mfjcif;) ESihf r&P (aojcif;) oabmw&m;wdkYum; obm0jzpfpOfjzpfNyD;
owå0gtm;vkH;wdkY a&SmifvTJr&Edkifacs/ odkYwap tem*grf? &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfrsm;rSwpfyg; owå0gtm;vkH;onf aojcif;
w&m;udk &ifqdkif&ef pdk;½GHUMuNyD; ,if;udk raumif;aomt&mtjzpf owfrSwfMuonf/ taMumif;rSm r*fÓPf zdkvf
ÓPfudk r&ao;olrsm;rSm aojcif;\ obm0trSefudk em;rvnfMuaomaMumihf jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif jrihfjrwf
aomaojcif; odkYr[kwf pdwfykdif;b0&ihfusifhrIjzihfaojcif;twGuf jyifqifxm;olrsm;vnf; aojcif;udk xdwv f efYMu
vdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ bmomw&m; trsm;pkrSm Ak'¨0g'ESihfrwlbJ aorIjzpfpOftm; rdrdudk,fudk toGifajymif;vJjcif;
tjzpfazmfjy&ef BudK;yrf;Muonf/ ,if;azmfjycsuüf tqdkyg aojcif;rsKd;onf rdrdudk,fudk toGifajymif;vJjcif;ESihf
ywfoufrI &Sdonfjzpfap r&Sdonfjzpfap pdwfykdif;b0&ihfusifhrIjzihfaojcif;taMumif; ajymqdk&ef rsm;pGmr&Sdacs/
g

pdwfykdif;b0 &ihfusifhrIjzihfaojcif;udk jzpfpOftjzpf em;vnfoihfonf/ trSefpifppf pdwfykdif;b0&ihfusifhrIvrf;pOf

or
a.

wdk;wufenf;udk oif,lxm;NyD;olrsm;tzdkY aojcif;w&m;udk &if;qdkifjcif;rSm tvGefrxl;qef;acs/ odkYwdkifatmif

as

tcsKdUu aojcif;[lonfudk 0dnmOf\ toGifajymif;vJjcif;tjzpf t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkMuonf –

el
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61
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pdwfykdif;b0 &ihfusifhrIjzihf aojcif;onf u,fwifjcif; (taemufwdkif;tvdk) odkYr[kwf udk,fwdkifxdk;xGif;í

odjrifjcif; (ta&SUwdkif;tvdk)udk awGYBuKHod&SdEdkifaom jzpfpOfwpfckjzpfNyD; ,if;jzpfpOfjzihf aojcif;w&m;udk
aMumuf½GHUjcif;tm; avsmhusap\/ 0dnmOfa[mif; (Ak'¨0g'tvdk odpdwf)onf aooGm;NyD; b0opfwpfck
ay:vmaomaMumihf pdwyf kdif;b0&ihfusifhrIjzihf aojcif;onf wpfpkHwpfa,muf\ oabmxm;rsm;udk b0qD
odkYa&m aojcif;ukd&ifqdkifjcif;twGufyg ajymif;vJoGm;\/ t"dutaejzihf pdwfykdif;b0 &ihfusifhrIjzihf ao
170
jcif;rSm jyefvnfarG;zGm;rI Ekd;Mum;jcif;twGuf tpysKd;jcif;jzpfonf /

odkY&mwGif pdwfykdif;b0&ihfusifhrIjzihf aojcif;\ t"dyÜm,fudk bmomw&m;½IaxmifhrS a,bk,s oabmwlnD

csuf r&Sdao;ay/ taMumif;rl bmomw&m;trsKd;rsKd;u rdrdwdkYbmomw&m;qdkif&m pHEIef;rsm;udk tajccHí ao
jcif;\obm0udk t"dyÜm,faumuf,lMuaomaMumihf jzpfonf/ xdkYjyif bmomw&m;toD;oD;u touf&Sifjcif;
ESihf aojcif;\ ta&;ygrItaMumif;ukd rdrdwdkY½IaxmifhrS azmfjyMuonf/
aojcif;w&m;tjrifwGif wdAufAk'¨bmomü Am&f'dk (bardo) t,ltqjzihf aojcif;w&m;jzpfay:ykHudk oif
Mum;onf/ Am&f'dk [lonfrSm Am&f ESihf 'dk [laom pum;vkH;ESpfck qufpyfyk'fjzpfonf/ Am&f [lonf tMum;? 'dk
[lonf uRef; odkYr[kwf trSwf jzpfonf/ Am&f'dkt,ltqt& aojcif;ESihf jyefvnfarG;zGm;jcif; ESpfcktMum;
wnf&Sdaom awGYBuKHod&SdrI (tMum;b0)wpfck &Sdonf/ ,if;udk atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyonf –

twdwfjzpfaom tajctaeonf ay:vmNyD;cgpESifh tem*wfjzpfaom tajctaeonf jzpfay:rvm

ao;ojzihf ,if;twdwfESihf tem*wftMum; uGufvyfwpfck&Sd\/ ,if;onf tajccHtm;jzihf Am&f'dk awGU
BuKHo&d SdrI (tMum;b0) jzpf\/ ... Am&f'dk tqihfwGif wdk;wufjzpfay:onhf jrifuGif;rsm;ESihf ,if;jrif
uGif;rsm;ESihf twlygvmonhf awmufyonhf ta&miftqif;ESihf toHrsm;rSm odjrifol\ jrifuGif;rSwfrS
xdefodrf;xm;&efvdktyfaom tajccHw&m;wpfrsKd;jzihf jyKvkyfonfr[kwfbJ qdwfNidrfrIESihf uif;qdwrf I
171
oGifjyifwpf&yftaejzihf jzpfysuf½kHrQom jzpf\ /

,if;azmfjycsufudk tajccHvsuf Am&f'kd [lonf tdyfrufuJhodkYaom tajctaewpf&yf? ,if;onf jrifuGif;

rsm; pdwful;,OfrIrsm;&SdNyD; aocgeD;yk*¾Kdvftm; Edk;xjcif; odkYr[kwf jyefvnfarG;zGm;jcif;twGuf jrifuGif;wpf&yfudk
ay;tyfaMumif; em;vnf&onf/
wdAufwdkY,lqonfESihfrwlbJ [dE´LwdkYurl aojcif;\obm0udk tjcm;enf;wpfrsKd;jzihf t"dyÜm,faumuf,l
Muonf/ aojcif;[lonf tppftrSefr[kwf? ,if;onf vSnfhpm;rI rm,m jzpfonf/ aojcif;onf obm0jzpfpOf
wpf&yfjzpfonf/ cE¨mudk,faoaomfvnf; tppftrSef0dnmOf (twåref)onf rao/ taMumif;rSm ,if;onf
tppftrSefESihf xm0&wnfNrJNyD; rnfonhftaMumif;aMumihfrqdk ,if; twåref(Atman)udk azsmufzsufacsrIef;í
r&Edkif/ ¤if;wdkY ,lqykHrSm –

aojcif;\ vQKdU0Sufcsufonf a[mMum;jcif; ,ZfylaZmfjcif;wdkYjzifhr[kwfbJ ur®|mef;½IrSwfjcif;ESihf jrihfjrwf

jcif;wdkYjzihf ESvkH;tdrftwGif;ü zkH;uG,af eaom y&rtwåudk oabmayguf&efjzpf\/ ,if;tqihfudk
aemufqkH;ü y&rtwåu a½G;cs,folrsm;om a&muf&dSEdkif\/ ]twåudk em;vnfolonf aojcif;w&m;udk
tqkH;owf\}[k ,r (yk*¾Kdvf)u qdk\/ armu© (moksha) [kac:aom ,if;em;vnfoabmaygufrIonf
b0\uHMur®m axGjym;rIESihf oHo&m (tqkH;rJh arG; ao jyefarG;jcif;) rS vGwfajrmufap\/ twåudkodí
aoolrsm;onf tenf;qkH; arG;aopuf0ef;rS vGwfajrmufNyD; xm0&Nidrf;csrf;rIudk&&Sd\/ ,if;odkY em;vnf
172
NyD;olrsm;um; raoolrsm; jzpfMu\ /
g
or
a.
as

170
Ab-S, 89-92.
171
Kenneth Kramer, The Sacred Art of Dying: How World Religions Understand Death. (New York: Paulist Press, 1988), 22.
el

172
Kramer, 30-31.
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[dE´L0g'wGif twåtppftrSefukd em;vnfíaoolonf arG;aopuf0ef;rS vGwfajrmufEdkifonf[k ,kHMunf

aMumif; xif&Sm;onf/ ¤if;wdkY\ aemufqkH;yef;wkdifrSm aru©jzpfonf/ ,if;onf arG;jcif; aojcif;rSm vGwfajrmuf
jcif;ESihf y&rtwå[kac:aom jA[®wåESihf aemufqkH; aygif;pnf;oGm;jcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ trSefaomf jA[®mESihf
aemufqkH; aygif;pnf;oGm;jcif;onf raovGefrD jzpfay:onf/
xdkrSwpfyg; c&pf,efbmom½Iaxmifht&rl aojcif;onf jypfrI\tusKd;qufjzpfNyD; xm0&b0rS cPwm
vGwfajrmufoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf xm0&b0wpfck\ tpodkYa&muf&ef trSefyif aoqkH;&
rnfjzpfonf/ odkYwap aemufqkH;ü aoqkH;olonf jyefvnf&iS jf yef xajrmufvdrfhrnfjzpfonf/ &Sifjyefxajrmuf
onfh t,ltq (a,½Ic&pfawmf &Sifjyefxajrmufjcif;) onf aojcif;oabmw&m;\ eufeJqef;Mu,frIESihf ywf
oufaeonfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,frvdkacs/ aemufqkH; w&m;pD&ifrnfhaeYonf wpfaeYwGif jzpfvdrhrf nf[k a,bk,s
173
tm;jzihf ,HkMunfMuonf / odkYjzpfí c&pf,efwdkYonf aemufqkH;w&m;pD&ifrnfhaeYudk apmifhqdkif;aeMuvdrfhrnf
jzpfonf/ c&pf,efbmomü aojcif;w&m;ESihf ywfoufí tajccH,lqcsufrSm aojcif;w&m;onf tjypf\
tusKd;quf? cE¨mudk,fESihf 0dnmOfwdkY\ cPwpfjzKwf uGJuGmaejcif;? tjypftwGuf ao&jcif;onf xm0&b0ü
jyefvnf arG;zGm;&jcif; jzpfonf/ aoqkH;olrsm;onf a,½Ic&pf 'kwd,tBudrfjyefvmjcif;ü &SifjyefxajrmufNyD;
w&m;pD&ifjcif;cH&vdrfhrnfjzpfonf/ w&m;pD&ifcsuf ESpfrsKd;&Sdonf –

yxrtrdsK;tpm;rSm yk*¾KdvfwpfOD;\0dnmOftm; aumif;uifbkH i&JbHkodkYcsufjcif;ydkYrnfvm; odkYr[kwf 0dnmOf

oefY&Sif;jcif;qDodkY ydkYrnfvm;[lonfudk qkH;jzwf&ef yk*¾KdvftoD;oD;tm; wpfudk,fa& w&m;pD&ifcsuf? 'kwd,
trsKd;tpm;rSm aoqkH;olwdkY\ cE¨mudk,frsm; urÇmajray:wGif tdyfarmusae&mrS &SifjyefxajrmufaomaeY
174
wGif jyefvnftqkH;tjzwfay;onhf aemufqkH;w&m;pD&ifrIwdkYjzpfonf /

aojcif;ESihf jyefvnfarG;zGm;jcif;tawGYtBuKHESihf ywfoufí c&pf,efwdkY\,kHMunfrIonf wpfenf;enf;jzihf

pdwfykif;b0&ihfusufrIjzihf aoqkH;jcif;tay: ¤if;wdkY\em;vnfrItwGuf Edk;<urIykHpHwpfrsKd;jzpfonf/ c&pf,efwdkY
onf oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\ rsufESmvdkufjcif;r&SdbJ 0dnmOfESihf udk,fcE¨mESpfckvkH; xm0&b0\ &Sifjyefx
ajrmufjcif;odkY a&muf&Sdjcif;twGuf apmihfqdkif;aeMuonf/ ¤if;tzdkY aojcif;[lonf xm0&bk&m;ocifESihf aygif;
pnf;oGm;jcif;rSwpfyg; tjcm;r[kwfacs/
c&pf,efrsm;uJhodkYyif tpövrf0g'DwdkYvnf; w&m;pD&if&maeYwGif aoqkH;olrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\*ltwGif;rS &Sif
jyefxajrmufvdrfhrnfjzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkYtm; ¤if;wdkY\ aumif;rI raumif;rItvdkuf qkH;jzwfrnfjzpfonf/ aumif;rI
raumif;rIwdkYudk rSwfwrf;wifxm;onhf bk&m;ocif\ pmtkyfawmfwpfpkH&Sdonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/ tpövr®pf
oifMum;csufrsm;t& tpövrf0g'DwdkYonf aoqkH;ol\cE¨mudk,ftm; tarT;eHYom yufzsef;&efESihf rdom;pk0ifrsm;u
tavmif;udk ydwfjzLjzihf ywf&pf&ef ñTefMum;onf/ tavmif;udk acgif;xJwGifxnhfNyD; okomefajrü `rIyfESH&onf/
]qkawmif;olrsm;u idka<u;aomua&mufaeolrsm;tm; aoqkH;oGm;oludk jrKrIefrSzefqif;cJhNy;D ¤if;onf jrLrIefodkY
jyefoGm;\? uREfkyfwdkYonf aojcif;rSwpfqihf uHMur®mudk apmifhqdkif;&ef jyefvmMu\? aemufqkH; w&m;pD&if&maeYü
175
uREfkyfwdkY vGwfajrmufMuvdrfhrnf}[k owday;Muonf / tpövrf0g'DwdkYonf aojcif;w&m;[lonf þb0rS
xm0&0dnmOfqDodkY ul;ajymif;oGm;jcif;wpfrsKd;jzpfaMumif; ,kHrSwfMuonf/ aooGm;olonf þurÇmajrodkY jyefvm
176
rnf r[kwfaomfvnf; 0dnmOfonf &Sijf yefxajrmufjcif;ESihf w&m;pD&ifrnfhaeYudk apmifhqdkif;aernfjzpfonf /
þavhvmcsufonf bmomw&m;wdkY\ ,kHMunfrIpepfESihf aojcif;ESihf touf&Sifjcif;,lqrIudk pkHprf;&SmazG
aomaMumifh aojcif;oabmw&m;udk 'óe½IaxmihfrS t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdk&ef BudK;yrf;cJhMuaom *&d'óeq&mrsm;
\ ,lqcsufudk rodusKd;uRHjyK&ef rjzpfEdkifacs/ aojcif;oabmw&m;ESihf ywfoufí *&d'óeq&m qdkua&wD;
g
or
a.

173
Ibid, 147.
as

174
Ibid, 147.
175
Ibid, 165.
el

176
Ibid, 160.
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u rdrd\ aojcif;obm0,lqcsufudk ¤if;\wynfhrsm;tm; rQa0cJhonf/ qdkua&wD;onf aojcif;\obm0ESihf

aoNyD;aemuf wrvGefü rnfodkYjzpfrnfudk em;vnf&efBudK;yrf;cJhonf/ ¤if;tvdkt& aojcif;[lonf ajymif;vJrI
jzpfpOf 0dnmOf\ þae&mrS aemufae&mwpfckodkY ajymif;a½TUjcif;rSwpfyg; tjcm;r[kwf/ qdkua&wD;onf tqdyf
a&udk raomufrD ¤if;\wynfhrsm;tm; aojcif;oabmw&m;udk raMumuf&efvnf; jyocJhonf/ olonf ao
jcif;jzpfpOfESihfywfoufí atmufygazmfjycsuftm; ,kHMunfpGm azmfjycJhonf –

uREkfyfwdkY þenf;jzifhvnf; qifjcifMunhfMupdkY/ aojcif;w&m;onf r*Fvmwpfckjzpfonf[k arQmfvihfcsuf

aumif;&Sd\/ taMumif;rl aojcif;[lonf bmrQr[kwfjcif;ESihf onmrJhjcif;[kjzpfap? odkYwnf;r[kwf uREkfyf
wdkYudkajymonfhtwdkif; ,if;onf ajymif;vJjcif; þae&mrS aemufwpfae&modkY 0dnmOf\ ajymif;a½TUjcif;
[kjzpfap ESpfckteuf wpfckjzpfaomaMumihfwnf;/ tu,fí aojcif;[lonf tdrfrufrJh tdyaf ysmfjcif;uJhodkY
177
trSwfonmvkH;0uif;rJhrIjzpfbrd l ,if;onf BuD;rm;onhf tjrwftpGef;wpfckjzpfvdrfh rnf /

qdkua&wD;\ azmfjyyg 'óeqdkif&mazmfjycsuo f nf tvGefav;pm;zG,faumif;onf/ olonf 'óe½I

axmifhrS aojcif;\obm0taMumif;udk twdtusodykH&onf/ aojcif;oabmw&m;udk r*Fvmwpfyg;tjzpf &Sif;
vif;pGmazmfjyonf? aMumufvefYzG,fr&Sd? odkYaomf ESpfoufzG,f awGYBuKHod&SdrIjzpfvdrfhrnf? aojcif;[lonf tdyfruf
rJh tdyaf ysmfjcif;wpfrsKd;jzpfonf/
Ak'¨0g'DwdkYu pkwdpdwfrjzpfrDuav;wGif aocgeD;yk*¾Kdvfonf aemufb0&Sd tem*wfjzpfwnfrIwpfck ay:vm
jcif;ESihfywfoufaom *wdedrdwfudk jrifawGYEkdifaMumif; ñTefjyMuonf/ aojcif;obm0 awG;ac:rIwGif a&S;acwf
u aq;bufqdkif&m q&m0efwdkYonf *wdedrdwfuJhodkYaom t&mrsm;udkpkHprf;&ef tcGifhtvrf;enf;yg;cJhMuonf/
aocgeD;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\azmfjycsufudk avhvmqef;ppfjcif;jzihf ur®edrdwf? *wdedrdwft,ltqudk axmufcHo vm;[k
od&Sd&ef jzpfEkdifajc&Sdonf/ ,cifu ,if;*wdedrdwf[lonfudk bmoma&;,lqcsuftjzpfom xifrSwfcJhMuonf/
xdkYjyif vltrsm;pkonf aojcif;taMumif;ajymMum;jcif;rSm raumif;rIwpf&yfjzpfNyD; pdwfydkif;b0udk xdckdufap
onf[k xifMuonf/ vlYtodkif;t0dkif;ü ,if;odkYaomudpörsm;udk azmfjyjcif;udk raumif;jrifMuonf/ odkY&mwGif
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; aojcif;\obm0rSefudk em;vnfjcif;jzihf aojcif;w&m;udk aMumufjcif;rS
vGefajrmufEdkifa&;twGuf aojcif;oabmudkqifjcif&ef ñTefMum;awmfrlonf/ ,if;odkYaom avhusifhtm;xkwfrI
udk r&Pówdur®|mef;[kvnf;ac:onf/ uHaumif;pGmjzihf rsufarSmuf&mpkESpfwGif trf'D (M.D.) bGYJ& a&rGef at
rl;'D? ti,f (Raymond A. Moody, Jr., M.D.) trnf&Sd aq;bufqdkif&m q&m0efwpfa,mufonf vlemraorD
*wdedrdwfxifonf[laom ,lqcsufudkavhvm&ef aocgeD;vlemrsm;\b0c&D;udk prf;oyfavhvmrI wpf&yfjyK
vkyfcJhonf/ aocgeD;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; ¤if;\avhvmawGY&Sdcsufrsm;udkrQa0&ef usrf;pmESpftkyfa&;om;cJhonf/
¤if;\a&;om;onfh ]wrvGefb0 (Life After Life)} ESihf ]wrvGefb0udkqifjcifjcif; (Reflections on Life After
Lige)} usrf;pmrsm;ü a'gufwm rl;'Donf *wdedrdwfwpfckESifh ywfoufEdkifaom aojcif;tawGYtBuKHtaMumif;udk
tao;pdwfazmfjyonf/ ,if;odkYaom ay:vmrIrsm;udk aocgeD;vlemrsm;u ¤if;tm;azmfjy odkYr[kwf ajymjycJh
onf/ a'gufwmrl;'Donf aocgeD;tawGYtBuKHudk odvdkonfh &nf½G,fcsufjzifh vlemrsm;pGmwdkYudk awGYqkHar;jref;
cJhonf/ olonf aovGefNyD;aemuf wrvGefb0&Sdonf[k ,lqcJhonf/ prf;oyfcsufrsm;pGmwdkYü ykHrSefr[kwfonhf
tMum;tm½kH cHpm;rIrsm;? ESpfoufzG,Ef Sifh rESpfoufzG,f jrifuGif;rsm; odkYr[kwf aocgeD;vlemrsm; ay;ydkYcJhaom
xdwfvefYzG,ftoHrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf/ atmufygazmfjycsufrsm;onf aocgeD;vlemrsm; ajymjycJhonfudk
azmfjyonf –

aq;½kHodkYa&mufNyD; aoNyD[k ajymcH&NyD;rS jyefvnf&Sifvmol trsKd;om;wpfa,mufonf ¤if;\ aocgeD;

g

tawGYtBuKHudk jyefajymjy\ ]avESihftwl vGifharsmoGm;ouJhodkY a0;vHonhfvrf;wpfavQmuf acgif;avmif;

or
a.
as
el

177
John M Cooper. ed., Plato: Complete Works. (1984; reprint, Indianapolis, Indianan: Backett Publishing Company, Inc.), 1997.
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oH wpmpmjrnfoHvdk Mum;&\/ ,if;toHrsm;onf *syefavacgif;avmif;oHESihfwl\/ ...xdktoHonf

xdktcsdefu uREkfyfMum;Edkifonfh wpfckwnf;aom toHjzpf\}/

aoG;cJazmufjyefa&m*gESihfqdkifonhf ukd,fwGif;aoG;,kdpD;rIaMumihf aovkeD;yg;jzpfcJhol trsKd;orD;i,f wpf

a,muf ¤if;vJusaeonhf tcdkuftwHhtaMumif;udk þodkYajymjy\ ]uRefr *DwoHwpfrsKd;udk Mum;&\/ crf;
178
em;NyD; wu,hf om,mndrfhanmif;onhf *DwoHyg} /

aocgeD;yk*¾KdvftcsKdUrSm ¤if;wdkY\ukd,fcE¨mudk odykH&onf/ rl;'Du aocgeD;tajctae&Sd ,if;udkcE¨mudk

]0dnmOfudk,f(Spiritual Body)[k trnfay;onf/ ¤if;wdkYtaejzihf rdrdcE¨mudk,frS tjyifodkYa&mufoGm;aMumif;
owdjyKrdaomtcg ¤if;wdkYonf rdrdtawGUtBuKHudk tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsmtm; ajymjy&efBudK;yrf;Muonf/ odkY&mwGif
rnfolrQ ¤if;wdkYudk Mum;ykHr&acs/ atmufygpmydk'frSm aocgeD;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ azmfjycsufwdkYjzpfonf –

awGYBuKHrIwpfckvkH;\ pdwf0ifpm;zG,f taumif;qkH;tydkif;rSm uREkfyf\0dnmOf uREkfyf\OD;acgif; a&SUydkif;tay:

em;rS xGufcmG oGm;onhf tcdkuftwhHjzpf\/ uREkfyf\0dnmOf xGucf GmoGm;vdkoavm qufvufwnf&Sdaevdk
ovm;[k qkH;jzwf&ef BudK;yrf;aeonfESihf vkH;0eD;yg;wl\/ tcsdeo f nf &yfaeouJhodkY xif&\/ ...
uREkfyf\0dnmOfonf udk,fum,ykHoP²mefr&Sdaomfvnf; ukd,fcE¨m&Sdtaejzihf azmfjy&rnf/ uREkfyftae jzihf
,if;0dnmOfudk enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd; pum;vkH;taxGaxGjzihf ajymjyEdkifaomfvnf; rnfonfurQ twd
tusrSefatmif ajymEdkifrnfr[kwf/ azmfjy&ef tvGefcJ,Of;\/ ...þtawGYtBuKHvdk tjcm;rnf onhf
t&mrQ rodjrifcJhzl;yg/ uREfkyfawGYonhf ykHoP²mefrsm;rSwpfyg; tarSmifwdkufomjzpf\/ odkY&mwGif þtawGY
tBuKHwpfavQmufvkH; uREfkyfESihftwl tvGefpGrf;&nfjrifhrm;NyD; cspfcifzG,fyk*¾Kdvfwpfa,muf &SdonfrSm
aocsm\/ ...xdkyk*¾Kdvf xdkae&mwGi&f dSaomfvnf; olYrSmudk,fcE¨mr&Sd/ pifMu,fonhf cE¨mudk,fvdkrsKd;jzpfNy;D
vufrsm;? ajcrsm;ponfh ,if;y*¾Kdv\ f cE¨mudk,ftpdwftydkif;tm;vkH;udk odEdkif\/ odkYaomf uREfkyf olY\
179
udk,fcE¨mudk rjrifcJhyg /

a'gufwmrl;'Donf ]wrvGefb0} trnf&Sdpmtkyfudk xkwfa0NyD;aemuf aocgeD;tawGYtBuKH&SdcJhMuonhf vl

rsm;pGmudk awGYqkHar;jref;rIjyKcJhNyD; ,if;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;teuf tcsKdUrSm oufqdkif&maq;cef;rsm;rS aoNyDjzpfaMumif; tod
ay;NyD;olrsm;trSefjzpfvsuf tcsdKUrSmrl ao½Gmjyefrsm;jzpfMuonf/ vlemrsm;ESihf aojcif;taMumif; awGYqkH;ar;jref;
NyD;aemuf rdrd\ cHpm;rIrsm;udk þodkYzGifh[0efcHcJhonf –

uREfkyfonf ]wrvGefb0} pmtkyfü rnfonhfawGYqkHar;jref;rIwGifrS aumif;uifbkH tenf;qkH; wpfpkH

wpfckaom tpOftvm,lqcsufudk o½kyfazmfonhfae&mudkrQ rawGYcJhaMumif;azmfjycJh\/ odkY&mwGif ,ck
wpfBudrüf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; tcdkiftrmajymqdkjcif;jzihf aumif;uifbkHom; (ewfom;) [k a0g[m&jyKEkdifonfh
owå0gwdkY\ tjcm;bkHXmersm;udk wpfaphwpfapmif; jrifawGYcJhMuaom yk*¾Kdvfrsm;pGmESihf pum;ajymcJh&\/
rSwfwrf;rsm;pGmxJrS wpfckwnf;aompmaMumif; ]tvif;a&mifNrdKUawmf (a city of light)} [kay:vmonfrSm
180
uREkfyftzdkY pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;\ /

]wrvGefb0} pmtkyfü vufcHEdkifaom tcsuftvufrsm;pGm yg&Sdonf/ ,if;pmtkyfonf aojcif;taMumif;

udk oHo,&Sdolrsm; ,kHMunfEdkifavmufaom taxmuftxm;udk oufaojyEdkifpGrf;&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif Ak'¨0g'ü
g
or

178
Raymond A. Moody, Jr., M.D., Life Afer Life: The Investigation of a Phenomenon Survival of Bodily Death (Nwe Yourk: Bantham Books
a.

Publication, 1977), 30.

as

179
48-56-70.
180
Raymond A. Moody, Jr., M.D., Reflection on Life Afer Life: (Nwe Yourk: Bantham Books Publication, 1978), 15.
el
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yg0ifonhf jzpfpOf&Sdaom b0wpfckrS ruif;vGwfaMumif; qdkonf/ þpHEIef;udk or®Kwdopömjzihf owå0g tm;vkH;
twGuf tokH;jyKaomfvnf; ,if;onf y&rw¬opöme,fü tokH;rjyKacs/
Ak'¨0g'ü y&rw¬opöm[lonf edAÁmefudk &nfñTef;jcif;jzpfonf/ azmfjyNyD; tajctae odkYr[kwf b0rsm;ESihf
ywfoufí edAÁmefrSm >cif;csufjzpfonf/ taMumif;rl edAÁmef[lonf jyKjyifcHtajctaeESihf ywfoufrIr&SdbJ trSef
rSm rjyKjyiftyfaom tjctaejzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/ jyKjyiftyfaom tusKd;w&m;\ wpfbufwGif&dSaMumif; qdk
vdkjcif;jzpfonf/ edAÁmeftm; tocFww&m;tjzpf rMumcP azmfjyonf/ trSefpifppf uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf edAÁmef
udk rsufarSmufjyKolrsm;onf b0&yfpjJ cif; odkYa&mufoGm;onf[k ,lq&onf/ okdYwap Ak'¨0g'DtcsdKUu edAÁmef[l
onf wnf&SdqJtajctae wpf&yfjzpfonf[kqdkvsuf b0r&Sdjcif;[laom ,lqcsufudk jiif;qdkMuonf/ ,if;odkYqdk
aomfvnf; ,if;wnf&Sdonhf edAÁmefonf owå0gwdkY arG;aoMu&onfh jyKjyifcH okH;q,fhwpfbkHESihf ywfoufjcif;r&Sd/
r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPf&Ny;D olrsm;tzdkY edAmÁ efonf Oyg'f(jzpf) XD(wnf) bif(ysu)f cPokH;yg;r&SdbJ trSefyifwnf&Sd
onf/ aMumif;usKd;jzpfpOfESihf ywfoufrIr&SdbJ edAÁmefonf trSefwnf&Sdonf[k ,lqonf/
,if;azmfjycsufESihfywfoufí jrefrmEdkifiHa½Tusifomoemudk wnfaxmifcJhol ygVdpmaywwfuRrf;awmfrl
aom a½Tusifq&mawmfu edAÁmefwnf&SdrIudk "r®0daoowpfckwnf&SdrItjzpf azmfjycJhonf/ þq&mawmftvdkt&
edAÁmef[lonf trSefwu,fwnf&Sdonhf y&rw¬w&m;jzpfonf181/ jrefrmEdkifiHomoemü "kwiftusihfjzifhxif&Sm;
onhf ur®|mef;enf;jyq&mawmfESihf awm&aqmufwnfonhf tpOftvmudk wnfaxmifol awmifykvkurÇmat;
q&mawmfuvnf; jyKjyifcHobm0r&Sdaom y&rw¬"r®udk odjrifNyD;jzpfaom r*fzdkvfÓPfudk &NyD;olrsm;tzdkY edAÁmef
onf trSefwu,fwnf&SdaMumif; qdkonf/ "kw*F[lonf ]udavomudk cgxkwfjcif;}[k wdkuf½dkufjyefqdkEdkifNyD; pif
Mu,fjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ "kwifü usifhBuHrIykHpH q,fhokH;rsKd;&SdNyD; &[ef;wdkY\tusifh odkYr[kwf NcdK;NcHonhftusifh[k
bmomjyefMuonf/ azmjfyygq&mawmfrsm;onf owdy|mefur®mef; usihfBuHtm;xkwfjcif;r&SdbJ omrefykxkZOfrsm;
tzdkY y&rw¬w&m;udk em;rvnfEdkifonhfjyif ykxkZOfrsm;tzdkY tqdkyg omvGefjrifhjrwfonhf tqihfodkYvnf; ra&muf
Edkif[k ,lqawmfrlMuonf/ tjynfhtpkH xdk;xGif;odjrifjcif;[lonfudk wpfckwnf;aom tESpfom& ({aum "ar®m)
g

182
taejzihf ,lqcJhonf /
or
a.
as

181
a½Tusifq&mawmf? *rÇD&m*rÇD&r[medAÁKw'DyeD (&efukef? jrefrm? omoema&;OD;pD;Xme? 2000) 173/
el

182
ñTef;NyD;? 173/
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v,fwDq&mawmfonfvnf; tjcm;ynm&SifESihf xif&Sm;onhfw&m;"r®a[mMum;ol wpfyg;jzpfNyD; q&mawmf

a&;om;onhf v,fwD'DyeDusrf;rsm;aMumifha&m atmifjrifonhf ur®|mef;usihfBuHtm;xkwfrIaMumihfyg xif&Sm;ausmf
Mum;onf/ q&mawmfu Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\w&m;udk em,lMuNyD;aemuf? vltrsm;onf edAÁmefwGif trSefwu,f&Sd
aom "r®"mwfwpfrsKd;&SdNy;D ,if;onf a&muf&Sd&efcufcJaomw&m;jzpfaMumif; oabmaygufoGm;Muonf[k azmfjy
cJhonf/ ur®|mef;w&m;tm;xkwfNyD; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm yg&rDjznhfusihfcJholrsm;onfom edAÁmefodkYa&mufEdkifMuonf/
v,fwDq&mawmfu edAÁmef\obm0onf tvGefeufeJ(twd*rÇD&jzpf)Ny;D tvGefodEdkifcJ(twd'k'´ojzpf)onf[k
tav;teufqdkcJhonf/ rNrJonhf tedpöobm0? cE¨ig;yg;\'ku©obm0ESihf cPwdkif;wGif jzpfay:vmonhf ol
183
aumifudk,faumifr&SdrI (tewå) obm0wdkYudk rodjrifbJ edAÁmef\oEÅdokcudk &&efcufcJonf /
edAÁmefudk odjrifjcif;onf Ak'¨ESihf &[EÅmyk*¾KdvfwdkYwGif xif&Sm;aomaMumihf Ak'¨0g'DwdkYonf edAÁmeftm; ¤if;wdkY\
vGwfajrmufrI aemufqkH;yef;wkdiftjzpf todtrSwfjyKMuNyD; ,if;onf vlom;wdkY\ todÓPfjzihf rodrDEdkif[k
,kHMunfMuonf/ odkY&mwGif edAmÁ efudk rnfolrQr&Edkif[k qdkvdkonfr[kwfacs/ trSefpifppf pdwfydkif;qdkif&m &&SdrIwpf
&yfrygbJ qdkvdkonfrmS r*fÓPfzdkvfÓPfudkr&bJ ,if;Nidrf;csr;f onhf obm0udk em;vnf&efrjzpfEdkifacs/ ,if;
tqifhudk todÓPfappm;rIoufoufjzihf odjrif&efvnf; rjzpfEdkifacs/ edAÁmeftm; 'óeoabmtm;jzihf qdwf
okH;jcif;? bmrQr&Sdjcif;? jywfpJjcif;ponfjzihf azmfjyMuonf/ þazmfjycsufü bmrQr&Sdjcif; okn[laom ,lq
csufonf r[m,meAk'¨0g'DwdkY\ t"dua[mMum;csufjzpfNyD; jywfpJjcif; csKyfNidrf;jcif;[k ,lqcsufrSm ax&0g'Ak'¨
0g'DwdkY\ txl;jyKa[mMum;csufjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif r[m,meAk'¨0g'onf tESpfom&rSefokn0g'udk tcdkfiftrm
qdkNyD; oknoabmw&m;udk rSefuefonhf xdk;xGif;odjrifrItqihf &&Sdjcif;tjzpf azmfjyMuonf/ rm,mtdyfrufrS
184
Edk;xjcif;udk ]tppftrSefw&m;\ NcKHvTmudkzGifhvSpfjcif;} [kac:onf / tDAefpf 0if;wfpf (Evens Wentz) bmomjyef
qdkonhf ]r[mvGwfajrmufjcif;} (Great Liberation) trnf&Sd wdAufusrf;pmtvdkt& tESpfom&rSef ,lqcsufudk
atmufygtwdkif; awGY&onf –

em*&ZÆKea&;om;cJhonf[k ,lq&aom t0wHouokwå (Avatamsaka Sutra) wGif azmfjyonhftwdkif;

tppftrSefw&m; odkYr[kwf ppfrSefaomtESpfom&onf oHo&mü&Sdaomt&mrsm; odkYr[kwf owå0grsm;\
aemufzufwGif&Sdonfh obm0tm;vkH;\ tajccH? wnfNrJ odkYr[kwf rajymif;vJonhf rlvtppftrSefw&m;?
aysmufysufvG,fjcif; rppfrSefjcif;r[kwfonhf obm0w&m;jzpfaom jrLrIefrJhtMunf"mwfESihf qufEG,f\/
aMu;rkHwGif ½kyfykHrsm;xif[yfouJhodkY tESpfom&tppftrSefonf obm0tm;vkH;udk zrf;udkifNyD; t&mtm;
vkH;ESihf ouf&Sdrsm;onf ,if;w&m;twGif;ESihf teD;wGifwnf&dSMu\/ ,if;onf Ak'b ¨ k&m;&SifwdkY&&Sdonhf
tESpfom&tppftrSefjzpf\/ ,if;tESpfom&rS arG;zGm;onfh xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmaom pMu0VmrSwpfqihf
ae&mwdkif;wGifwnf&Sd\/ twm;tqD;rJh tmumowpfvTm;ü xm0&wnf&Sd\/ rjzpfay:atmif wm;jrpfí
r&/ Ak'¨wpfql\tESpfom&r&Sdaom ae&m[lí pMu0Vmür&Sd/ Ak'¨tESpfom&onf tmumo\ tmumo
185
rsm;twGif; us,fjyefYpGm wnf&Sdvsuf xm0&xif&Sm;\ /

edAÁmef\ obm0rSefudk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm&ef r[m,meAk'¨0g'DwdkYonf y&dedAmÁ ef0ifpHMuNyD;jzpfaom a&S;bk&m;&Sif

wdkY\ txnfudk,ftESpfom&udk udk,fpm;jyKaom w&m;ukd,frSeftjrifudk pGJudkifxm;Muonf/ a&SUwGif azmfjyNyD;jzpf
onhftwdkif; Ak'¨b&k m;&SifwdkY\ txnfudk,ftrSefonf udk,fcE¨mokH;rsKd; (Bwdum,)tjzpf oauFwjyKonfh
ykHoP²mef okH;rsKd;jzihf ay:vmonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm 1) "r®um, (rajymif;vJaom Ak'¨udk,f? ,if;onf ykHoP²mefr&Sd?
xm0&wnf&Sd\? aAm"dÓPf\ tESpfom&jzpf\/) 2) oarÇm*um, (okH;aqmifcHpm;onhfukd,f? ewfjynfavmu
odkYr[kwf Ak'¨bkHwGif wnf&dSaom aAm"ÓPf\ toGifoP²mef) ESihf 3) edr®meum, (xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmonhf
ukd,fcE¨m? ousrkedAk'¨tjzpf ordkif;wGifxif&Sm;&SdcJhaom Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftjzpf vlYavmuü jyefvnfarG;zGm;onhf
g
or
a.

183
v,fwDq&mawmf? edAÁme'DyeD (&efukef? jrefrm? omoema&;OD;pD;Xme? 1975) 711/
as

184
Rinpoche, 2.
el

185
Ibid, 3.
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udk,fcE¨m)wdkYjzpfonf/ ,if;Bwdum,,lqcsufudk tajccHvsuf r[m,meAk'¨0g'D ydkrdktwdtusqdkaomf okc0wD

*kdPf; (Pure Land) Ak'¨0g'DwdkYu rajymif;vJaom Ak'¨\txnfudk,fonf Ak'¨bkHwGifxm0&wnf&SdaMumif; ajymqdkMu
rnfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,frvdkacs/ Ak'¨bk&m;&SifwdkY\ txnfudk,fonf Ak'¨bkHwGifwnf&Sdonf/ Ak'¨\txnfudk,fudk
jyif;jy wnfrSefonhf ,kHMunfcsuf&Sdol Ak'¨0g'DwdkYom Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifudk jrifEdkifonf/
r[m,meAk'¨0g'DwdkYESihfrwlbJ ax&0g'Ak'¨0g'DwdkYurl Ak'¨bkHwGif Ak'¨txnfudk,fwnf&SdaMumif; txl;jyKí r
azmfjyMuay/ ¤if;wdkYtaejzihf Ak'¨&iS fawmfjrwfonf edAÁmefodkY0ifpHoGm;NyDjzpfí pdwfykdif;a&m ½kyfydkif;yg ykHoP²mef jzpf
ay:vmjcif;r&Sdawmhay/ odkY&mwGif omvGefjrihfjrwfonhf obm0onf trSefyif qufvufíwnf&Sdaeonf/ ,if;
omvGefjrihfjrwfonhf tajctaeonf ykHoP²mefr&Sd/ ,if;½kyfvGeftajctaewGif Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifrsm; odkYr[kwf
&[EÅmrsm; y&dedAÁmefpHNyD;aemuf <uif;usef&pfonhf txnfudk,f "mwfobm0wpfckr&Sdacs/ awGYBuKHprf;oyfí r&
bJ Nidrf;csrf;wnfNidrfjcif;&SdNyD; obm0tm;jzihf tvGefodrfarGUaom w&m;wpfckomusef&pfonf/ qdkvdkonfrmS
bk&m;&[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfrsm;tygt0if aAm"dÓPfudk&NyD;olrsm;\ (y&dedAÁmefpHNyD;aemuf) txnfudk,fwGif ½kyfydkif;ESihf
pdwfydkif;oabm r&Sd? odkYaomf w&m;xl; ("r®0daoo) odkYr[kwf "r®"mwfoabm ("r®"mwk)om&Sdonf[k jzpfonf/
,if;odkYjzihf edAÁme"mwfudk edAÁmeftajctaewGif wnf&Sdaeonhf obm0vGeftajccHw&m;wpfck r&Sd[k em;vnf&
onf/ xdkYjyif edAÁmefonf okH;q,fhwpfbkH\ tjyifwGi&f Sdonf/ trSefaomf edAÁmef\ aemufqkH;tajctaeonf
186
t½lybkHwGif eda&m"ormywfudk 0ifpm;aom &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfwpfa,mufESihf qufpyfrI&Sdonf /
eda&m"ormywf[lonf pdwfapwodufwdkY csKyfNidrf;aom pdwfydkif;b0&&SdrI tajctaewpf&yfjzpfonf/ ed
a&m"ormywftcdkufwGif onm? a0'emr&Sd/ ½kyfESihfpdwfjzpfpOf jzpfay:jcif;r&Sd/ eda&m"ormywfudk ckepf&uf
0ifpm;Edkifonf/ 0dok'¨dr*fusrf;tvdkt& pdwfpGr;f &nfr&SdolwdkY eda&m"ormywfudk r0ifpm;Edkif/ psmef&Spfyg; odkY
r[kwf ormywf&Spfyg;ydkif&Sif (tem*grdESihft&[wå) r*fÓPfzdkvfÓPfudk &olrsm;om eda&m"ormywfudk 0ifpm;
Edkifonf/ ormywf[lonf psmefudk&jcif;[k t"dyÜg,f&SdNyD; ½lypsmefav;yg;ESihf t½lypsmefav;yg;[laom psmef&Spfyg;
187
udk qdkvdkonf / þtcsufESifh ywfoufí 0dok'¨dr*fü atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyonf-

ykxkZOfyk*¾Kdvfrsm;? aomwmyefyk*¾Kdvfrsm;? ou'g*grfyk*¾Kdvfrsm;? oku0© dyóu (psmefr&ol) rsm;jzpfMuonfh

tem*grfESihf &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf ,if; (eda&m"ormywf)udk r0ifpm;Edkifacs/ odkY&mwGif ormywf
&Spfyg;udk &&SdMuonfh tem*grfESihf &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfrsm;om 0ifpm;Edkif\/ odkYjzpfí y#dorÇd'gr*¾ygVd (pm-3) ü
]AdkvfESpfyg; (orxAkdvf? 0dyóemAdkvf)ESihf jynfhpkHjcif;? ocFg&okH;yg; ('kwd,psmef0ifpm;oltzdkY 0pDocFg&?
pwkw¬psmef0ifpm;oltzdkY um,ocFg&? eda&m"ormywf0ifpm;oltzdkY pdwåocFg&) wdkY\Nidrf;jcif;wdkYaMumihf
ÓPp&d, q,fhajcmufyg;? orm"dp&d, udk;yg;wdkYjzihf 0oDabmftjzpfodkYa&mufaom ynmonf eda&m"
ormywfudk 0ifpm;Edkif\}[k rdefYawmfrl\/ azmfjyNyD;t&nfcsif;rsm;udk ormywf&Spfyg;udk&onhf tem*grf
&[EÅmrSwpfyg; tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;ü rawGY&acs/ xdakY Mumihf ,if;eda&m"ormywfudk tem*grf &[EÅmrSwpfyg;
188
tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm; r0ifpm;Ekdifjcif;jzpf\ /

txufygazmfjycsuft& t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmoonf eda&m"ormywfudk 0ifpm;Edkifol yk*¾KdvfESpfrsKd;om&Sd

aMumif; &Sif;vif;pGm ñTefjyonf/ ,if;ESpOf D;rSm tem*grfESihf &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfrsm;jzpfonf/ xdkyk*¾KdvfESpfrsKd;onf psmef
ormywf&SpfrsKd;udk uRrf;usifvdr®mrIpGrf;&nfaMumihf eda&m"ormywfudk 0ifpm;Edkifjcif;jzpfonf/ þae&mü eda&m"
ormywfudk 0ifpm;olwpfa,mufonf aoolwpfa,mufESihf rsm;pGmjcm;em;rIr&Sdacs/ eda&m"ormywf0ifpm;ol
ESihf aoolrnfodkYjcm;em;oenf;/ 0dok'd¨r*fü rSwfwrf;wifxm;ykHrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf –
g

b'´EÅ"r®ygvaw¬&? 0dok'¨r*¾r[m#Dum? twGJ 2? (&efukef? jrefrm? omoema&;OD;pD;Xme? 1977) 525/ ,'d t½lay eda&m"H
186
or

ormyaZÆ,s? pdwåapwodumeH tnó p uópd tbm0awm tynwådaum ba0,s tEkyg'daoom, edAmÁ e"mwk,m y&dedAÁK
a.

wo'daom/ a½Tusifq&mawmf? *rÇD&m*rÇD&r[medAÁK'DyeDusrf;? 288/

as

187
Bhikkhu Nanamoli, trans., The Path of Purification: Visuddhimagga (Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Soceety, 1991), 731-735.
el

188
Ibid, 731. ( 0dok'¨d-| 2 ? 344)
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igh&Sif? &[ef;aovGefaomtcg ¤if;\ um,ocFg&onfcsKyfNidrf;\/ ¤if;\0pDocFg&onf csKyfNidrf;\/ pdwå

ocFg&onf csKyfNird f;\/ toufonfukef\/ taiGYonf Nidrf;\/ £a`E´wdkY ysufpD;\/ onm a0'emwdkY
csKyfonhf eda&m"ormywfudk 0ifpm;onhf&[ef;onfvnf; um,ocFg& csKyfNidrf;\/ ¤if;\0pDocFg& csKyf
189
Nidrf;\/ pdwåocFg& csKyfNidrf;\/ toufrlum;rukef/ taiGYonf rNidrf;/ £a`E´wdkYonf rysufpD;ukef /

edAÁmefonf eda&m"ormywf0ifpm;onhf tajctaeESihfwlaomaMumihf awG;ac:ajrmfjrifrIt& Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwf

olwdkYtm; ydkrdk½IyfaxG;oGm;onftxd odrfarGYeufeJonf[k Ak'¨0g'DwkdY,kHMunfMuonf/ ,if;onf cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm
onhf ½IaxmifhrS a0zefqef;ppfzG,f wpf&yfjzpfvmonf/

edAÁmef[lonf tb,fenf;
ax&0g'ESihf r[m,meAk'¨0g'ESpfcktMum; edAÁmeft,ltqESihfywfoufí uGJjym;csuf&Sdaomfvnf; tpOftvmESpf
&yfvkH;u edAÁmefwnf&SdaMumif;udk vufcHMuonf/ tpOftvmESpfck\ ,lqcsufudk twnfjyK&ef edAÁmef[lonf
rnfodkYaom t&mjzpfaMumif; avhvm&efvdkonf/ a&S;OD;pGm þavhvmcsufonf ]edAÁmef[lonf tb,fenf;} [l
aom ar;cGef;udk wYkHjyef&efvdktyfonf/ trSefyif ,if;odkYaom ½kd;½dk;pif;pif; ar;cGef;wpfckudk wkHYjyef&ef twGJrsm;pGm
ygonfh pmtkyfudk a&;&vdrfhrnfjzpfonf/ edAÁmef[lonf 'óe½IaxmifhrS a0zefzG,fjzpfNyD; oDtdk&Dt& tjiif;yGm;
zG,fjzpfaeojzihf ,if;½kd;pif;onhf ar;cGef;twGuf aMumif;usKd;cdkifvkHonhf tajzwpf&yfudk rnfolrQa&;om;Edkif vdrfh
rnfr[kwfacs/ rsm;rsm;&Sif;av zwf½Iolrsm; ½IwfaxG;av jzpfoGm;zG,f&Sdonf/ 0gvfydkvm &m[kvm (oD[dkVf
&[ef;awmf) u edAÁmeftaMumif; ¤if;\tjrifudk þodkYrQa0xm;onf ]xkdar;cGef;twGuf wpfckwnf;aom aMumif;
usKd;ckdifvkHonhf tajzrSm ,if;ar;cGef;udk pum;vkH;rsm;jzihf tjynhftpkH auseyfomG ;avmufatmif vkH;0rajzEdkifyg
[k jzpf\/ taMumif;rl vlom;wdkYbmompum;onf edAmÁ ef[laom tEÅdropöm odkYr[kwf y&rw¬opömw&m;\
190
obm0trSefudk rzGifhqdkEdkifavmufatmif (a0g[m&) enf;yg;aomaMumifhjzpfonf} / odkYjzpfí edAÁmef[lonf
rnfonhft&mjzpfonfudk ravhvmrD edAÁmef\tajctaeudk ydkrdkem;vnfEdkif&ef edAÁmef\ vu©P? &oESihf
ypöKyÜ|mewdkYudk em;vnfoihfonf/
oar®m[0daem'eD (0db*Ft|uxm) trnf&Sd Ak'¨0g'usrf;ü edAÁmef\vu©Pmudk ]oEÅdvu©PH edAÁmeH (edAÁmef
191
onf Nidrf;at;jcif;vu©Pm&Sd\} [kazmfjyonf/ oEÅd (Nidrf;csrf;rI)[lonf þü udavomq,fyg;rS vGwf
192 193
ajrmufNyD; rD;q,fhwpfyg; tqkH;pGef Nidrf;at;rIudk qdkvdkonf/ ykxkZOfyk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf tvdk&r®ufrsm;&SdNyD;
twGif;tjyifyom'½kyfrsm;jzihf aysmf½TifcHpm;vsuf ,if;wdkYudk pGJvef;onf/ ,if;odkYjzpfojzihf xdkudavomtvsOf
onf ykxkZOfowå0gtm;vkH;udk aqmif,loGm;onf/ ykxkZOfwdkYonf arG;zGm;jcif;? aojcif;? emusifcHcufjcif;ESihf pdk;
&drfylaqG;jcif;wdkY\ aus;uRef vkH;0jzpfoGm;Muonf/ t&d,myk*¾Kdvfrsm;rSmrl xdkodkYr[kwfbJ twGif;tjyifyom'
½kyfrsm;jzihf aysmf½TifcHpm;rIrjyKrlí ,if;wdkYudk rpGJvef;acs/ odkYjzihf ¤if;wdkYtm; avmb? arm[ESihf avmuDaysmf½TifrI

189
Ibid, 731.
190
Rahula, Walpola. What the Buddha Taught (1959; reprint, London: The Gordon Fraser Gallery Ltd., 1978), 35.
191
b'´EÅAk'¨aCmoaw¬&? oar®m[0daem'eD (0db*F)t|uxm (&efukef? jrefrm? omoema&;OD;pDXme? 1985)? 79/
192
udavom[lonf pdwfudk npfnL;apaom? raumif;aom t&nftcsif;rsm;jzpfonf/ xdkw&m;rsm;udk,fwdkif npfnL;NyD; pdwfEiS hft
wljzpfaom apwodufrsm;udk npfnL;apaomaMumihf udavom[kac:aom w&m;q,fyg;&Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm 1/ avmb (wyf
rufrI) 2/ a'go 3/ arm[ 4/ rme (axmifvTm;jcif;) 5/ 'd|d (t,lrSm;jcif;) 6/ 0dpdudpäm (rqkH;jzwfEdkifjcif;) 7/ xde (pdwf\
xdkif;rIdif;jcif;) 8/ O'´pö (jyefYvGihfjcif;) 9/ t[d&du (raumif;rIjyK&ef r&Sufjcif;) 10/ taemwåyÜ (raumif;jyK&ef rxdwfvefYjcif;)
g

Nanatiloka-thera, Buddhist Dictionayry, 86-87.

or

193
rD;q,fhwpfrsKd;&Sdonf/ xdkw&m;wdkY\ pGrf;&nfonf owå0gwdkYtm; qif;&J'kua© &mufapjcif;jzihf avmifuRrf;wwfaomaMumihf ,if;
a.

w&m;wdkYudk rD;[kac:onf/ ,if;wdkYrSm 1/ &m* 2/ a'go 3/ arm[ 4/ Zmwd 5/ Z&m 6/ r&P 7/ aomu 8/ y&da'0 9/
as

ukd,f'ku© 10/ a'greó (pdwf'ku©) 11/ Oyg,mo wdkYjzpfonf/ b'´EÅA'k ¨aCmoaw¬&? om&w¬yÜumoeD (oH,kwå)t|uxm
el

(&efukef? jrefrm? omoema&;OD;pDXme? 1987)? 85/

.k
w

70
w
w
 www.kelasa.org

rsm;udk wyfrufonfhwPSmrS vGwfajrmufNyD; Nidrf;csrf;onhf yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tjzpf qdk&onf/ wPSmNidrf;csKyfrIESihfywf

oufí t&Sifem*aoerax&fu atmufyguJhodkY rdefYMum;cJhonf –

xdkt&d,myk*¾KdvftzdkY ,if;(tZÑwådu? Am[d&)tm,wewdkYudk rESpfouf rodrf;qnf; rwG,fwmojzihf

wPSmNidrf;\/ wPSmNidrf;aomf pGJvef;rI Oyg'geNidrf;\/ Oyg'geNidrf;aomf b0Nidrf;\/ b0Nidrf;aomf Zmwd
Nidrf;\/ ZmwdNidrf;aomf Z&m? r&P? aomu? y&da'0? 'ku©? a'greó? Oyg,mowdkYNidrf;\/ ,if;odkYjzihf
194
,if;'ku© tpkonf Nidrf;\/ rif;BuD;? þenf;jzihf csKyfNidrf;jcif;onf edAÁmefrnf\ /

txufyg azmfjycsufESifhywfoufí csKyfNidrf;jcif;[lonf t&mcyfodrf; tvkH;pkHcsKyfaysmufoGm;jcif;udk qdkvdk

onfr[kwfbJ arG;aooHo&mü owå0gudk jzpfay:apaom udavomtnpftaMu;wdkY csKyfNidr;f oGm;jcif;udk qdkvdk
aMumif;em;vnf&onf/ y#doaE¨aejcif;r&Sdawmhojzihf aojcif;r&Sd[kjzpfonf/ odkYjzifh edAÁmefudk oEÅd (Nird f;at;
jcif;) vu©Pm [kazmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ þae&mü edAÁmef\rlvt"dyÜm,frSm qdwfokH;jcif; odrkY [kwf tvkH;pkH Nidrf;
aysmufoGm;jcif;ESihf rywfoufaMumif; oDtdk&Dt& &Sif;vif;onf/ edAÁmef[lonf udavomrD;rsm;csKyNf ird ;f jcif;ESifh
'ku©taxGaxGwdkY\ jywfpJjcif;aMumihf jzpfay:vmaom tvkH;pkHNidrf;csrf;rI y&rw¬opömjzpfonf/ azmfjyygt"dyÜm,f
t& edAÁmef[lonf tvkH;pkH csKyfaysmufoGm;jcif; r[kwfacs/
edAÁmef\&o (vkyfaqmifcsuf)udk ]tpöKwd &oH} (aojcif;rJhtajctae odkYr[kwf xm0&NrJonfh csrf;om)[kqdk
onf/ þazmfjycsufrSm r*fÓPfzdkvfÓPfudk &Ny;D olrsm;onf tqkH;pGefNidrf;csr;f rIudk &Ny;D jzpfojzihf arG;aooHo&m
ü b0wpfzef jyefjzpfrvmawmhaMumif; qdkvdkonf/ tqkH;pGef Nidrf;csrfrItajctaeudk jyqdk&mü Oyg'f (jzpfqJ) XD
(wnfqJ) bif (ysufqJ) [laom cPi,fokH;csuf obm0jzpfpOfEiS hf ywfoufrIr&Sdacs/ edAÁmefwGif tqkH;pGef Nidrf;
csrf;rIobm0onf ysufjcif;ESihf ywfoufrIr&Sd/ odkYjzpfí þae&mwGif tqkH;pGeNf idrf;csrf;rI (edAÁmef)ESifh xm0&wnf
NrJ0g'(r[mtwå)wdkYudk cGJjcm;&efvdkonf/ xm0&wnfNrJ0g'onf twå(0dnmOfaumif)0g'ESihf wdkuf½dkufywf ouf
onf/ ,if;,lqcsuft& twå(0dnmOfaumif)onf xm0&rysufrpD;wnfNrJvsuf ,if;onf zefqif;&Sif odkY
r[kwf jA[®mESihf nDñw G faygif;pnf;jcif;ESihf qufEG,fonf/ trSefpifppf twåoDtdk&Donf pMu0Vmzefqif;&Sif odkY
r[kwf jA[®m,lqcsufESihf ywfoufaomfvnf; Ak'¨0g'DwdkYurl edAÁmefonf ,if;odkYaom xm0&twå odkYr[kwf
xm0&zefqif;&Sif odkYr[kwf r[mjA[®mESihf rqdkifaMumif; tckdiftrmqdkonf/
edAÁmef\oGifjyif (ypöKyÜ|mef)rSm tedrdwåypöKyÜ|me (toGifoP²meftm;jzihf edrw
d fyHkrJh) jzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrmS
r*fÓPfzdkvfÓPfudk &NyD;olrsm;ü edAÁmefonf edrdwfvu©Pmr&Sd? t½G,ftpm;rJh\? toGifoP²mefray:? jyKjyifcH
oabmr&Sd? ysufpD;jcif;r&Sd[k qdkvdkonf/ edAÁmef\obm0onf ocFg& (emru©E¨m) ESihf ocFw (jyKjyifcb H 0) wdkY\
obm0rSjzpfay:&aomfvnf; edAÁmef\tEÅdrtajctaewGif edrdwfvu©Pm? t½G,ftpm;ESihf toGifoP²mef
195
r&Sd / xdkYjyif edAÁmef\obm0w&m;ESihf EIdif;,SOfEdkifaom tjcm;tvm;wlt&mr&Sdacs/ ]edAÁmefudk Oyrmay;&ef
jiif;ckH&ef taMumif;jy&ef rjzpfEdkif/ odkYr[kwf toGiftjyif ykHyef;oP²mefudk ñTefjyrnfh enf;vrf;r&Sd/ odkYr[kwf
196
oufwrf; t½G,ftpm;udk ñTefjy&ef rjzpfEkdif} / edAÁmef\wefzdk;ESihfywfoufí a[mMum;&mwGif Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf
u edAÁmef[lonf rnfodkYaomt&mjzpfaMumif; wynfhom0ursm;em;vnfEdkifrnfh azmfjycsufwpf&yfudk twdtus
>rufMum;awmfrlcJhonf/ ,if;>rufMum;csufrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf –

0dnmPH ted'óeH? teEÅH oAÁawm ybH/

{w¬ tmayg p yx0D? awaZm 0ga,m e *g"wd/
{w¬ 'DCÍö &óÍö? tEkH xlvH okbmokbH/
{w¬ emrÍö ½lyÍö? taooH Oy½kZÑwd/
g
or
a.

194
N. K. G. Mendis, ed., The Questions of King Milinda: An Abridgement of the Milindapanha (Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society,
as

1993),
195
57.
Ibid, 48.
el

196
Q-Mi, 130-131.
.k
w

71
w
w
 www.kelasa.org

197
0dnmPó eda&ma"e? {aw¬wH Oy½kZÑwd /
(rsufpdjzihf) rjrifaumif;aom (Oyg'f XD bif) tydkif;tjcm;r&Sdaom xuf0ef;usif qdyfurf;&Sdaom ÓPf
txl;jzihf odtyfaom edAÁmefonf&Sd\/ þ (edAÁmef)ü a& ajr rD;avonf rwnfay/ (edAÁmef)ü t&Snf
twdk ti,f tBuD; taumif; tqdk;onf r&Sday/ (edAÁmef)ü emrfESihf ½kyof nf t<uif;rJhcsKyf\/ (edAÁmef)ü
198
0dnmOf\csKyfjcif;aMumifh þ(emrfESihf½kyfonf) csKyf\ /
trSefpifppf edAÁmef\obm0onf tvGefeuf½Idif; us,fajymaomaMumifh ykxkZOfwdkYtzdkY odjrifem;vnf&ef r
jzpfEdkifacs/ ,if;odkYjzpf&onfrSm ,if;wdkYtaejzihf ur®|mef;½IrSwfjcif;jzihf r*fÓPfzdkvfÓPfudk r&ao;aomaMumihf
jzpfonf/ edAÁmef trSefwu,f rwnf&SdaomaMumihf r[kwfacs/ Oyrmwpfckqdk&rl rsufrjrifwpfOD;onf aeESihfv
udk jrif&efrjzpfEdkifouJhodkYwnf;/ þü aeESihfvtrSefwu,fr&SdaomaMumihf rsufrjrifyk*¾Kdvfonf ,if;wdkYudk
rjrifEdkifjcif;jzpfonf[k rqdkEdkifacs/ trSefpifppf aevwdkYrSm trSefw,fxif&Sm;&Sdvsuf rsufrjrifa,musfm;rSm uH
raumif;í ,if;wdkYudk awGY&eftjrifprG f;&nf rJh&jcif;jzpfonf/ xdktwlyif ykxkZOfyk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf avmukwå&m
ynmr&Sdjcif;aMumifh edAÁmef\ y&rw¬obm0udk rodjcif;jzpfonf/ xdktaMumif;aMumihf tbd"r®w¬o*F[trnf&Sd
Ak'¨bmomusrf;pmü ]edAÁmeH ye avmukwå&ocFgwH pwkr*¾ÓaPe opädumwAÁH (edAÁmefudk avmukwå&[k trnf
199
emrjyKNyD; ,if;udk r*fÓPfav;yg;jzihf odjrifonf)[k twdtusqdkcJhonf /

edAÁmefonf rnfonhfae&mü wnf&Sdoenf;

ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomtvdkt& edAÁmef\jrihfjrwfrIobm0onf ae&mwdkif;wGiw f nf&SdEdkifonf/ odkYwap ,if;onf
okH;q,fhfwpfbkHü ryg0ifacs/ r*fzdkvfÓPfxl;udk &NyD;olrsm;tzdkY ,if;wdkYuG,fvGefNyD;aemuf rnfonhft&yfürqdk
200
wnf&Sdonf[kqdkonf / ,if;onf edAÁmefESihfywfoufí aqG;aEG;zG,ftcsufjzpfonf/ taMumif;rl r*fzdkvfÓPf
xl;udk &NyD;olyk*¾Kdvfwdkif;wGif edAÁmefonf rqGuwnf;u&Sdaeaom t&nftaoG;tjzpf wnf&Sdonfr[kwfbJ uG,f
vGefNyD;aemuf edAÁmefodkYa&mufoGm;NyD;rSom edAÁmefay:aygufvmaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ edAÁmefonf owå0gwpfOD;
wpfa,muf jzpfay:rvmrD wnf&SdESihfNyD;jzpfaom okH;q,fhwpfbkHESihf jcm;em;onf/ trSefpifppf edAÁmefonf r&SdrD
uwnf;u wnf&SdESifhaomw&m; r[kwfacs/ qdkvdkonfrSm t&d,myk*¾KdvfwdkY r*fzdkvfÓPfxl;udkr&rD edAÁmefay:r
vmao;[k qdkvdkonf/ edAÁmefonf prf;oyfcHtajctaewpf&yftjzpf wnf&Sdonfr[kwfbJ obm0vGefw&m;t
201
aejzihf wnf&Sdonf / odkYjzpfí ax&0g'Ak'¨bmom½Iaxmifht&aomf edAÁmeftm; [dkae&m odkYr[kwf þae&mwGif
&Sdonf[[ k k wdusaomae&mudkñTefjy&ef cJ,Of;onf/ r*fzdkvfÓPfxl;&NyD;olrsm;tzdkY edAÁmefonf ae&mwdkif;wGif&Sd
Ekdifonf[kom qdkEdkifz, G f&Sdonf/
,if;aqG;aEG;csufESihfywfoufí wpfcgu rdvdEr´ if;BuD;u t&Sifem*aoerax&ftm; ar;avQmufzl;onf -
]ta&SUt&yf? awmift&yf? taemuft&yf? ajrmuft&yf? txuft&yf? atmuft&yf? zDvmt&yfwdkYwGif
rnfonhf t&yfü edAÁmef&Sdygoenf;}/ t&Sifem*aoeu rif;BuD;tm; þodkYajzMum;onf - ]rif;BuD;? ta&SUt&yf?
awmift&yf? taemuft&yf? ajrmuft&yf? txuft&yf? atmuft&yf? zDvmt&yfwdkYwGif edAÁmefwnf&Sdonhf ae
202
&mr&Sdyg} / ,if;aemuf rdvdE´rif;BuD;u tu,fí edAÁmefonf rnfonhft&yfwGifrQ r&SdcJhvQif edAÁmef[lonf r&Sd
onfomru edAÁmefudk odjrifNyD;olrsm;onfvnf; rSm;,Gif;pGm odjrifjcif;omjzpfaMumif; jiif;qdkonf/ xdkYjyif rdvdE´
rif;u tu,fí urÇmajray:wGif aumufyJoD;ESHxGufonhf v,fajrrsm;? toD;oD;onhfopfyifrsm;? ausmufrsuf
wGif;rsm;&SdcJhvQif xdkt&mrsm;xGufonhf ae&mwpfck&Sd&rnfjzpfonf? xdktwl tu,fí edAmÁ ef&SdonfqdkvQif edAÁmef

197
oDvu©E¨0*¾ygVd? 'DCedum, (&efukef? jrefrm? omoema&;OD;pD;Xme? 1993)? 213/
g
or

198
oDvu©E¨0*¾ygVdjrefrmjyef? 'DCedum,f (&efukef? jrefrm? omoema&;OD;pD;Xme? 1995)? 263/
a.

199
Ac-ab, 258.
as

200
G-M-Ni, 144.
201
Ibid, 55.
el

202
Q-Mi, 136.
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w

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twGuf ae&mwpfck&Sd&rnf? odkYr[kwfbJ edAÁmefjzpfay:&ef ae&mr&Sd[kqdkbdrl xdk;xGif;odjrif&aom edAÁmef[lonf

203
r&Sd[k jiif;csufxkwfonf / rdvdE´rif;\ jiif;qdkcsufudk t&Sifem*aoerax&fu atmufygtwkdif; wkHYjyefonf-

rif;BuD;? edAÁmefudk odkrSD;odrf;qnf;xm;&ef ae&mr&Sdyg/ odkYwap edAÁmefonf wnf&Sdyg\/ a,medaom

reodum&jzifh rSefuefpGm usihfBuHtm;xkwfolonf edAÁmefudk odjrif\/ rif;BuD;? rD;udk xdef;odrf;xm;rnfh
ae&mr&Sdaomfvnf; rD;onfwnf&Sdyg\/ vlwpfa,muf wkwfacsmif;ESpfckudk yGwfwdkufygu rD;udk&&Sdyg\/
xdktwlyif edAÁmefudk xdef;odrf;xm;rnfh ae&mr&Sdaomfvnf; a,medaomreodum&jzifh rSefuefpGm usihfBuH
204
tm;xkwfolonf edAÁmefudk odjrifyg\ /

ax&0g'½Iaxmifht&aomf edAÁmefwGif tcsdefEiS hf tmuo"mwfr&Sd[k qdkonf/ taMumif;rl tcsdefonf y&

rw¬opömr[kwfbJ ,lqcsufrQomjzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/ edAÁmefudk tESpfom&tm;jzihf umvtpESihf tqkH;r&Sd[k
,lqonf/ okdY&mwGif ocFg&avmu aeYpOfb0ü twdwf ypöKyÜef tem*wf[k umv&Sdonf/ ,if;,lqcsufESihf
ywfoufí ax&0g'Ak'¨0g'DwdkYu ac:a0:ajymqdk&eftwGuf or®KwdtokH;tEIef; odkYr[kwf or®Kwdopömtm;jzihf
om ajymqkdEdkifaomfvnf; edAÁmefrlum; umvESihf rywfoufbJ tNrJwrf;ypöKyÜefomjzpfaMumif; jiif;qdkEdkifonf/
txufwGif azmfjyNyD;onhftwdkif; edAmÁ ef[lonf t&yfa'o wnf&Sdonhfae&m r&Sd[k qdkonf/ þü Ak'¨0g'DwdkY ,kH
MunfonfrSm pdwfonf umvudk MumjrihfrItydkif;taejzifh a&wGufNyD; tmumoudk ae&mXmetjzpf owfrSwf
aomaMumihf tcsdefESihftmumo[lonfudk pdwfjzihfñTefjyjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;onf pdwfESihf qufEG,f½kHrQomjzpf
onf/ "r®o*FPDt|uxm (t|omvdeDt|uxm) tvdkt& umv[lonf tcsdefESifhpdwfwdkY\ eD;uyfaomquf
EG,frIwpf&yfjzpfonf/ odkYwap tcsdeEf Sihf pdwf,lqcsufudk obm0tm;jzihfwnf&Sdaom qufEG,frItjzpf azmfjy
onf/ "r®o*FPDt|uxmü atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyonf –

ora, ed'´dod pdwåH? pdawåe or,H rked/

205
ed,arwGme 'DaywkH? "ar® ww¬ yab'awm /
bk&m;&Sifonf tcsdefjzihf pdwfudk azmfjy\/ pdwfjzihf tcsdefudk azmfjy\/ ,if;odkYaom t"dyÜm,fziG fhqdkcsufjzihf
206
azmfjy&ef þü obm0w&m;wdkYudk tjym;tm;jzihf pDpOf\ /

edAÁmefwGif pdwfr&Sdojzifh edAÁmefü tcsdeftaMumif;ajymqdk&ef rvdkawmhacs/ edAÁmefudk rsufarSmufjyKNyD;olrsm;

tzdkY aemifb0ü pdwfESihfudk,fcE¨mr&SdvQif tcsdeEf Sihftmumoudk ajymqdk&efvnf; rvkdawmhacs/ *rÇD&m*rÇD&r[m
edAÁKw'DyeDusrf;tvdkt& edAÁmefonf twdwftem*wfESihfrqdkifbJ tNrJwrf; ypöKyÜefwGif&Sdonf/
edAÁmef\ crf;em;ykHudk 0de,yd#u y&d0gygVdü azmfjyxm;ykHrSm ]edAÁmeH t&[awm *wd (edAÁmefonf &[EÅm
207
yk*¾KdvfwdkY uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf oGm;a&mufaom ae&mwnf;) [kjzpfonf/ *wd[laom a0g[m&rSm pmayenf;t&
]oGm;jcif;} ]b0c&D;} ]oGm;a&mufae&m}[kjzpfonf/ odkYwap þae&mü ,if;a0g[m&onf &[EÅmyk*¾KdvfwdkY uG,f
vGefNyD;aemuf oGm;a&muf&rnfh xl;uJjrifhjrwfaomae&mudk qdkvkdonf/
azmfjyygygVd0gusudk y&d0gt|uxmü þodkY t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkonf ]okpd&rÜd XwGm ye edAÁmeH t&[awm *wd
cDPmo0ó t&[awm tEkyg'daooedAÁme"mwk {uHaoe *wDwd taw¬m (edAÁmefonf xl;jcm;onfh w&m;
"r®taejzihf xm0&wnf&SdaomaMumifh &[EÅmolawmfpifrsm;\ jrihfjrwfonhfae&m odkYr[kwf aojcif;uif;onhf
ae&mtjzpfjyqdkvsuf b0wnf&SdrI t<uif;cyfodrf;csKyfNidr;f rIjzihf vGefuJxl;jrwfonhf "mwfobm0tjzpf ,lq
g

203
or

Ibid, 136-137.
204
Ibid, 137.
a.

205
b'´EÅAk'¨aCmoaw¬&? "r®o*FPDt|uxm (&efukef? jrefrm? omoema&;OD;pD;Xme? 1992)? 99/
as

206
Nyanaponika thera, trans., Abhidhamma Studies (Boston: Wisdom Publications, 1998), 93.
el

207
y&d0g&ygVd? 0de,yd#u (&efukef? jrefrm? omoema&;OD;pD;Xme? 1995)? 263/
.k
w

73
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 www.kelasa.org

208
onf)} / þae&mü xl;uJjrifhjrwfonhfae&m[lonf ab;tEÅ&m,fESihf aojcif;r&SdawmhbJ owå0gtm;vkH;wdkY
tm; ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jyKjyifjcif;rS uif;a0;onhfae&mjzpfonf/
a½Tusifq&mawmf\ tvdkt& t&wår*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfxl;udk &&SdNy;D olrsm;onf edAÁmefwGifwnf&SdMuaom
aMumihf edAÁme"mwfobm0onf vlYavmu ewfavmu jA[®mavmuowå0grsm;ESihf wjcm;pDjzpfonf/ taMumif;
rl xdkyk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf omrefvlewfjA[®mowå0grsm; r[kwfMuaomaMumihfwnf;/ jrifawGUEkdifaomowå0grsm;\
edrdwftoGifoP²mefrsm;ü ryg0ifaomaMumihfvnf; xdkyk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; owå0g[kyif ra&wGufEdkifacs/ odkYwap
xdkyk*¾KdvfwdkYü ½kyfemrfw&m;rsm; vkH;0csKyfNidrf;aomfvnf; edAÁmefwnf&SdrIudk uif;qdwfrI (wkpä)? bmrQr&SdrI (tbm0)
209
tjzpf r,lqacs / þ,lqcsufü ax&0g'Ak'¨0g'onf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfrsm;ESihf &[EÅmyk*¾KdvfwdkY xm0&touf
&Sif oDwif;okH;aexdkifvsuf&Sdaom Ak'¨e,fajrwpfckudk razmfjyacs/
odkY&mwGif rdvdE´rif;BuD;onf r[my&dedAÁmeNyD;aemuf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf rnfonhfae&mwGif &Sdaeonfudk odvdk
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210
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aoeu atmufygtwdkif; ajzMum;onf –

rif;BuD;? Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf y#doaE¨wpfzefarG;zGm;&ef tem*wfb0t<uif;tusef r&Sdawmhaom edAÁme

"mwfjzihf y&dedAÁmefpHoGm;Ny;D jzpf\/ Ak'&¨ Sifawmfjrwftm;ñTefjyNyD; þae&m odkYwnf;r[kwf xdkae&mwGif&Sd
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211 212
tm; ñTefjyEdkifyg\ / taMumif;rl "r®udk Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf a[mMum;awmfrlcJhaomaMumihfwnf; /

y&dedAÁmefpH0ifoGm;NyD;jzpfaom Ak'¨&SifawmfjrwfESihfywfoufí azmfjycsufrSm Ak'¨0g'tzdkY a0zefaqG;aEG;zG,f

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vufawGYtm;jzihf Ak'¨onf owå0g yk*¾Kdvfwpfa,muftaejzihf rnfonhft&yfwiG frS r&Sd[kqdkNyD; 'óe½Iaxmihft
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u Ak'¨onf y&dedAÁmefpHNyD;aemuf Ak't ¨ xnfudk,f odkYr[kwf "r®um,udk ukd,fpm;jyKvsuf Ak'¨bkHü wnf&Sdonf[k
r,lqbJ tjcm;enf;wpfrsKd;jzihf txl;jyKazmfjyMuonf/ ,if;onf "r®tESpfom&rQomjzpfaMumif; qdkvdkonf/ xdkY
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213
ax&0g'DwdkYu Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ "r®um,onf 31 bkHwGif wnf&Sdonf[k qdkjcif;udk jiif;y,fMuonf /

edAÁmeftrsKd;tpm; rnfrQ&Sdoenf;
tbd"r®w¬o*F[ESihf edAÁme'DyeDuJhodkYaom Ak'¨0g'usrf;*efwdkYü edAÁmefudk acgif;pOftrsKd;rsKd;jzihf azmfjyxm;onf/
edAÁmeftrsKd;tpm;rsm;udk avhvmjcif;tm;jzihf edAÁmef[lonf tb,fenf;? edAÁmef\obm0onf rnfonhft&mESihf

208
y&d0g&t|uxm? 0de,yd#u (&efukef? jrefrm? omoema&;OD;pD;Xme? 1996)? 163/
209
G-M-Ni, 48-55.
210
Q-Mi, 60-61.
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þae&mü "r®um,[lonf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ cE¨mudk,frS <uif;usefaeaom tESpfom& ("mwfoabm) wpfckudk rqdkvdkacs/ "r®
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Q-Mi, 60.
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G-M-Ni, 48-55.
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215
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214
£wd0kwåuygVd? ck'´uedum, (&efuek f? jrefrm? omoema&;OD;pD;Xme? 1972) ? 221/ John D. Ireland, trans., The Itivuttaka: The
ygVdawmf udk;um;csufrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf-
Buddha's Sayings. (Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhsit Publication Society, 1991), 31-32.
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218
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219
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Di-M-NT, 85.
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Samuel Enoch Stumpf. Socrates t Sartre: A History of Philosophy (New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Com0any, 1980) 363.
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trltwGuf ylaqG;aomuudk cHpm;&onf/ xkd(udavomrJh)tcdkuftwHhü ¤if;\pdwfwGif tukodkvf'kp½dkufrIrsm;
r&Sdojzihf ,if;udk w'*FedAÁmef[kac:onf/ ,if;udkvnf; edAÁmefwpfrsKd;[k owfrSwfaomfvnf; aemufqkH; edAÁmef
221
tqifhtjzpf r,lqacs /
(4) 0du©rÇeedAÁmef[lonf psmef0if;pm;onhf tajctaeudk &nfñTef;jcif;jzpfonf/ 0du©rÇeedAÁmef[lonf þae
&mü wnfNidrfrIjzihf udavomwdkYudk z,fcGmjcif; odkYr[kwf wpfpkHwpfckaomumvtxd eD0&Pw&m;rsm;\ vTrf;rdk;
rIudk&yfpJjcif; jzpfonf/ wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf eD0&Pw&m;ig;yg;udk csKyfwnf;y,fcGmEdkifjcif;jzihf psmefw&m;udk&&Sd
Edkifonf/ pdwf\ql;ajimihfcvkwfjzpfNyD; pdwfydkif;MunfvifrIudk wm;qD;wwfaom eD0&Pw&m;ig;rsKd;&Sdonf/ vuf
awGU½Iaxmifht&aomf ,if;w&m;rsm;&Sdaejcif;jzihf Oypm&orm"dESihf tyÜemorm"dtqihfodkY ra&mufEdkifacs/
odkYjzpfrl trSefudk rodjrifEdkfifawmhacs/ eD0&Pw&m;ig;yg;rSm 1) umrpäE´eD0&P 2) Asmyg'eD0&P 3) xderd'¨eD0
&P 4) O'¨pöeD0&P 5) 0dpdudpämeD0&PwdkYjzpfonf/ azmfjyyg eD0&Pw&m;ig;yg;&Sdaerl psmefw&m;udk r&Edkif/ odkY
222
jzpfí ,if; (eD0&Pw&m;uif;qdwfrIock )udk oDtdk&D½Iaxmihft& 0du©rÇeedAÁmefü oGif;,ljcif;jzpfonf /
'd|"r®edAÁmefESihf ywfoufaom 0du©rÇeedAÁmeftaMumif;udk &Sif;vif;pGm &&SdEkdif&ef t*Fkwå&edum,f? 'd|"r®edAÁm
eokwfü rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhonfudk avhvmEkdifonf/ ,if;ygVdawmf azmfjycsufrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf –
t&Sifbk&m; tmeE´m? rsufarSmufedAmÁ ef (,ckb0ü edAÁmefudk&&Sdjcif;) rsufarSmufedAÁmef[k qdkyg\? tb,f
rQjzihf rsufarSmufedAÁmef[k jrwfpGmbk&m;a[mawmfrlygoenf;/ igh&Sif? þomoemawmfü &[ef;onf
umrwdkYrS uif;qdwfíomvQif tukokdvfw&m;wdkYrS uif;qdwfíomvQif 0dwuf 0dpm&ESihfwuGjzpfaom
eD0&Puif;qdwfjcif;aMumifhjzpfaom yDwd okcjzihfjynfhaom yXrpsmefodkY qdkufa&mufíae\/ þrQjzihf
223
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf rsufarSmufedAÁmef[k (y&d,m,ftm;jzihf) a[mawmfrl\ /

txufygazmfjycsufudk tajccHí edAÁmefodkYra&mufrD ur®|mef;½IrSwfolonf oE´d|duedAÁmef odkYr[kwf 0du©rÇe

edAÁmef[kac:qdkaom psmefcsrf;omudk awGUBuKHcHpm;aMumif; od&onf/ þonfrSm wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf wpfpkHwpf
ckaom tcsdeftwdkif;twmtwGif; eD0&Pw&m;wdkY\jywfpJrIudk em;vnfNyD; ,if;tawGYtBuKHonf edAmÁ efudk
od&SdrIESihfwlonf/ odkYwap þae&mü 0du©rÇeedAÁmefonf edAÁmeftppftrSefudk vkH;0em;vnfoGm;jcif;jzpfaMumif;
rqdkvdkacs/ odkYwdkifatmif ,if;udk oDtdk&D½IaxmihfrS 0du©rÇeedAÁmeftjzpf xnfhoGif;azmfjyonf/

220
Ni-Di, 714-716.
221
Ibid, 717-724.
g

222
Vi-M, 88-91.
or

223
t*kFwå&ygVd? t*Fkwå&edum,? twGJ 3 (&efukef? jrefrm? omoema&;OD;pD;Xme? 1994)? 246-247/ usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvf\ t*Fvdyfbm
a.

omjyefjzpfonf/ ygVdawmfrl&if;rSm atmufygtwdki;f jzpfonf – 'd|"r®edAÁmeH 'd|"r®edAÁmeEÅd tm0kaom 0kpöwd? udwåm0wm Ek acg
as

tm0kaom 'd|"r®edAÁmeH 0kwåH b*0wmwd/ £"m0kaom bdu©K 0d0dapö0 umar[d 0d0dpö tukoav[d "ar®[d o0dwuúH o0dpm&H
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(5) orkapä'edAÁmef[lonf t&[wår*fpGrf;&nfjzihf udavomtm;vkH;udk t<uif;rJhy,fowfrIudk qdkvdkaMumif;

em;vnf&onf/ ur®|mef;½IrSwfolonf orkapä'edAÁmeftqifhudk 0ifa&mufEdik fonf/ þae&mü orkapä'edAÁmef[l
onf ]udavomjywfpJjcif;jzihf csKyfNird f;jcif;}[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ r*fÓPf\tpGrf;jzihf udavomjywfpJjcif;rSm
orkapä'udpöjzpfonf/ udavomt<uif;rJh jywfpJjcif;aMumihfjzpfaom Nidrf;csrf;rItqihfudk &&Sdjcif;rSm orkapä'
edAÁmefjzpfonf/ orkapä'edAÁmef[laomtrnfonf udavomt<uif;rJh csKyfNidrf;jcif;[laom oOyg'daooedAÁmef?
224
udavoedAÁmef[laom a0g[m&rsm;ESihf t"dyÜm,fwo l nf /
(6) y#dyó'd̈edAÁmef[o l nf aomwmywådzdkvfpdwfudk wdkuf½kduf&nfñTef;jcif;jzpfonf/ þae&mü y#dyó'¨d
edAÁmef[lonf wnfNidrfat;csrf;rIjzihf udavomcsKyfNird f;jcif;[k qdkvdkonf/ ,if;odkYaom edAÁmefrsKd;udk þb0wGif
vufiif;xifxif&&Sdaom y#dyó'¨dedAÁmeftqihftjzpf em;vnfEdkifonf/ ck'´uedum,fvm? r*FvokwfwGif þ
edAÁmefrsKd;udk txl;jyKvsuf ]edAÁmeopädud&d,m = þb0ü edAÁmefukd rsufarSmufjyKjcif;}[k Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf azmfjy
awmfrljcif;jzpfonf/ ,ckrsufarSmufb0wGif edAÁmef\Nidrf;csrf;om,mrIudk rsufarSmufjyKEdkifaomaMumifh ,if;edAÁmef
225
tqihfudk y#dyó'¨dedAÁmef[kac:onf /
(7) aemufqkH;taejzihf tqkH;pGefedAÁmef[lonf edó&PedAÁmefjzpfonf/ þedAÁmeftrsKd;tpm;rSm udavom
tvkH;pkH csKyfNidrf;jcif; (oOyg'daooedAÁmef) ESihf b0tvkH;pkHcsKyfNidrf;jcif; (tEkyg'daooedAÁmef) [laom edAÁmefESpf
rsKd;vkH;yg0ifonf/ þavhvmrIonf tbd"r®mtvdkt& y&rw¬opömjzpfonhf þedó&PedAÁmeftrsKd;tpm;udk
ynm&SifwdkYem;vnfEdkif&ef tcsuftvufrsm;pGmudk ay;xm;onf/ azmfjyyg edAÁmeftrsKd;tpm;wdkY\ &nf½G,fcsufrSm
Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkYonf rnfonhfedAÁmeftrsKd;tpm;udk yef;wdkiftaejzihf txl;jyKajymqdkaMumif; ,if;edAÁmefudk rnf
onhftwGufaMumifh yef;wdkiftjzpf,lqaMumif; &Sif;jyjcif;jzpfonf/ tb,faMumihf ¤if;wdkY ,if;odkY,lqonf [l
aomtcsufESihf ywfoufí ½dk;&Sif;aomtajz&Sdonf/ ,if;um; ¤if;wdkYtaejzihf b0oHo&m (b0Budrfzefjzpfjcif;
ESihf tqkH;rJh'ku©) ESifh qufEG,faeaomqif;&Jyifyef;rIrS vGwfajrmufvdkaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ trSefpifppf tvkH;pkH
226
vGwfajrmufjcif; edó&PedAÁmefudk aemufqkH;edAÁmef\ tqkH;pGefNidrf;csrf;rIü xnfhoGif;onf /
edAÁmeftrsKd;tpm;ESihf ywfoufí azmfjyNyD;edAÁmeftrsKd;tpm;xufyif ydkrsm;Edkifonf/ opömav;yg;w&m;rS ud
avom tqkH;pGefcsKyfNidrf;rI odkYr[kwf wPSmaMumihfjzpfaom qif;&J'ku©tqkH;pGefcsKyfNidrf;rI[laom eda&m"opöm[l
onfudk pOf;pm;oihfonf/ eda&m"opöm[lonf edAÁmefudk qdkvdkNyD; edAÁmef[lonf eda&m"opömyifjzpfaomaMumihf
edAÁmef[lonfudk wPSmcsKyfjywfrI[k azmfjyEdkifonf/ odkYjzihf edAÁmefonf oDtdk&Dt& rsm;pGm&SdEdkifonf/ Oyrmtm;
jzihf pu©Kyom'½kyf (pu©m,we)udk wyfrufjcif;rS csKyfNidrf;jcif;udk edAÁmefwpfcktjzpf ,lqEkdifonf/ xdktwl
aomwm,we? Cmem,we? Zd0Sg,we? um,m,weESihf rem,wewdkYudk pGJvef;jcif;rS csKyfNidrf;jcif;wdkYudk
227
vnf; edAÁmeftjzpf,lqEdkifonf/ tm,weajcmufyg;udk tajcjyKí edAÁmefajcmufrsKd; jzpfvmEdkifonf /
xdktwl ½lyg½kH o'´g½kHpaom tm½kHajcmufyg;&Sdjyefonf/ 0dnmPfajcmufyg;? oræóa0'emajcmufyg;? onm
ajcmufyg;? apwemajcmufyg;? oaÍöwemajcmufyg;? wPSmajcmufyg;? 0dwufajcmufyg;? 0dpm&ajcmufyg; (vnf;)
228
&Sdjyefonf/ þodkYjzihf ajcmufq,faom eda&m"udpöudk&nfñTef;vsuf edAÁmeftjym; pkpkaygif;ajcmufq,f&Sdonf /
odkYjzpfí Ak'¨0g'DwdkYtaejzihf t&d,myk*¾Kdvfwpfa,mufonf csKyfNidrf;ykHudpötrsKd;rsKd;udk trSDjyKí csKyfNird f;rIykHpHtrsKd;
rsKd;udkodNyD;jzpfvQif edAÁmeftrsKd;aygif; axmifcsDí&SdEdkifaMumif; qdkEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif edAmÁ ef\wpfckwnf;aom
tESpfom&rSm oEÅdokc[laom wpfckwnf;aomw&m; ({aum "ar®m) jzpfonf/

edAÁmefrSwpfyg; Nidrf;csrf;aomw&m;r&Sd/ edAÁmef[lonf Nidrf;csrf;rIrS wpfyg;tjcm;r[kwf/ Nidrf;csrf;rI[laom

,if;w&m;onf þae&mü opömw&m;tjzpf ,lqtyfaomt&mwnf;/
emnm edAÁmeawm oEÅd? oEÅH e p e wH ,awm/
g
or

224
Ni-Di, 728-729.
a.

225
ck'´uygXygVd? ck'´uedum,f? pm- 4/
as

226
Ni-Di, 731.
227
Ni-Di, 733.
el

228
Ni-Di, 734-735.
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oEÅbm0ed,mare? wawm opörd'H rwH/ (0dok'¨dr*¾ 2? 120)

edAÁmef[lonf tvkH;pkH csrf;ajrUaomt&mavm

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vdE´rif;\ 'óeqdkif&m jiif;qdkcsufwpf&yf&Sdonf/ t"dutaMumif;t&mrSm edAÁmef[lonf vkH;0Nidr;f csrf;onfh
oabmavm odkYwnf;r[kwf 'ku©ESifh a&maESmywfoufjcif;&Sdoavm[kjzpfonf/ trSefpifppf rif;BuD;jiif;qdkonf
rSm edAÁmefonf vkH;0Nidr;f csrf;Edkifonfr[kwfbJ qif;&J'ku©ESihf a&maESmywfoufjcif;&Sd&rnf[k jzpfonf/ edAÁmefudk
&SmazGaeMuoltcsKdUü qif;&J'ku©a&mufonhf taxmuftxm;rsm;awGU&aomaMumihf ,if;odkY,lqxm;jcif;jzpf
onf/ ur®|mef;½IrSwfolrsm; edAÁmefudk &&Sd&efBudK;yrf;Muaomtcg umre,fy,fvTrf;rdk;rIudk atmifjrifz,f&Sm;&ef
umre,fy,fü BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&onfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ a,m*Dyk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf umr*kPfaysmf½TifrItm;vkH;udk
zsufqD;&efESihf ykxZk Ofyk*¾Kdvfrsm; xif&Sm;pGm wG,fwmNiduyfaeonhf umr*kPfaysmf½TifrIig;rsKd;udk z,f&Sm;&ef BudK;
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xefaoma0'emudk cHpm;Mu&onftxd rdrdudk,fudk rsm;pGmESdyfpufñSOfyef;Muonf/ odkYjzpfí edAÁmef[lonf vkH;0
csrf;omaomt&mr[kwfbJ qif;&J'ku©EiS hf a&maESmae&vdrfhrnfjzpfonf/
rdvdE´rif;\,lqcsufESihf ywfoufí t&Sifem*aoerax&fu edAmÁ ef[lonf vkH;0aysmf½Tifcsrf;ajrUaomae&m
jzpfNyD; 'ku©ESihfa&maESmjcif;r&SdaMumif; twnfjyK>rufqdkonf/ t&Sifjrwf\&yfwnfcsufrSm edAÁmefudk&SmazGjcif;
onf qif;&J'ku©wpfrsKd;jzpfonf/ taMumif;rl ,if;onf om,mzG,fpu©Ktm½kH? aomwtm½kH? Cmetm½kH? Zd0Sgtm
½kH[laom om,mzG,ftm½kHtm;vkH;udk a,m*Dyk*¾Kdvf\oEÅmefrS z,f&Sm;rIESihf oufqdkifaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ odkYw
ap ,if;qif;&J'ku©udk edAmÁ ef[k rac:aMumif; t&Sifjrwfujiif;qdkonf/ trSefpifppf ,if;onf edAÁmefudk &&Sdjcif;
twGuf tajccHtqihfomjzpfonf/ trSefpifppf edAÁmefw&m;rlum; tvdk&r®uaf Mumifhjzpfaom qif;&J'kuE© Sihf
229
rywfoufaomaMumihf vkH;0aysmf½Tifcsrf;ajrUaom t&mjzpfonf /
xdkYjyif edAÁmefESihfywfoufí txift&Sm;jiif;ckHzG,f tjcm;tcsufwpf&yf&Sdao;onf/ Oyrm edAÁmefonf
tu,fí tm½kHajcmufyg;ESihf ywfoufrIr&SdcJhaomf edAÁmefonf tjcm;rnfonhf aysmf½TifrIESihfrQywfoufjcif;r&Sd
awmhacs/ þavmuü vlwdkYonf aysmf½TifrI[lonf tm½kHajcmufyg; odkYr[kwf ½lyg½kH o'´g½kHponfESihf qufEG,f
aeonfh aysmf½TifrI[laom tm½kHajcmufyg;üwyfrufrIESihf wdkuf½kdufqufEG,fonf[k xifrSwfMuonf/ cHpm;rI
umr*kPftm½kHrsm;udk vdkcsifwyfrufrIr&SdbJ rnfonhftajctaersKd;jzihfrqdk aysmf½TifrI&Sdonf[kqdk&ef cJ,Of;onf/
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txufygazmfjycsufudk aemufxyfavhvmEdkif&ef tdyaf rmusaeonhf bk&ifOyrmjzifh azmfjyvdkonf/ yifyef;
onfhc&D;&SnfrS a&mufNyD;aemuf wpfaeukeftdyfarmusaeaom bk&ifwpfyg;&Sdonf/ ¤if;tdyfarmusaepOf ta>c
t&Hrsm;u npmtwGuf t&omt&SdqkH; tpm;tpmESihf Zdrfusonhf xdkifckHpm;yGJrsm;udk jyifqifxm;onf/ pm;zG,f
aomufzG,fwdkYjzihf tqifoihfjzpfaomtcg ta>ct&Hrsm;onf bk&iftm;EId;Muonf/ ¤if;wdkY\awmif;yefrIaMumihf
bk&ifBuD;onf rxcsifbJx&onf/ ta>ct&Hrsm;\ tjyKtrlaMumihf bk&ifBuD;ESpfoufcH&rnfhtpm; rdrdudkEId;
onhftwGuf ¤if;wdkYtm; bk&ifuBudr;f armif;onf/ xdktcg ta>ct&Hrsm;u ]t&Sifrif;BuD;? tb,faMumihf uREkfyf
wdkYudk pdwq f dk;ygoenf;/ trSefpifppf uREkfyfwdkYonf t&omt&SdqkH;tpm;tpmjzifh (jyifqifxm;onhf) þnpm
twGuf EId;&jcif;jzpfygonf/ trSefpifppf t&Sifrif;BuD;tdyfarmusaejcif;onf aysmf½TifcHpm;rIESihf roufqdkifbJ
cHpm;rIr&Sdojzihf tdyaf rmusaejcif;ü aysmf½TifrIr&SdEkdifyg}[k avQmufxm;Muonf/ odkY&mwGif rif;BuD;u þodkYqdk
onf ]rSefayonf? armifrif;wdkYu igtdyfarmusjcif;onf aysmf½TifcHpm;rIr&Sd[k qdkEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif igh&JUtdyfruf
rJh tdyfaysmfrIonf t&omr&Sdaomfvnf; armifrif;wdkY t&omrGefxuf igydkNyD;ESpfNcdKufonf/ aemiftcg tdyfaysmf
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or

tajctaeESifhwlaMumif; em;vnfEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif edAÁmef\ trSefwu,fNidrf;at;rIobm0udk rnfonhft&m

a.
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ESihfrQ rEdIif;,SOfEdkifacs/ taMumif;rl edAÁmefonf pum;vkH;rsm;? &Sif;vif;csufrsm; odkYr[kwf azmfjycsufrsm;\ wpf

230
zufwGif &SdaomaMumihfjzpfonf /
edAÁmefonf om,mzG,f tm½kHw&m;rsm;ESihf ywfoufaomcHpm;rI r&SdykHudk em;vnf&ef enf;vrf;wpfckom&Sd
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wpf&yfrSm eda&m"ormywf0ifpm;rIjzpfonf/ ckepf&ufrQMumEdkifaom eda&m"ormywf0ifpm;pOftwGif; ormywf
0ifpm;olonf wpfpkHwpf&m rpm;aomufbJ qufwdkuf ur®|mef;½IrSwfoGm;Edkifonf/ xdkyk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf ,if; avm
uDvGef tckduftwHhü tvGefNidrf;csrf;NyD; ,if;Nidrf;csrf;rIjzihf a&mifh&JEdkifMuonf/ edAmÁ ef\obm0rSefonf rnfodkY
aomNidr;f csrf;rIrsKd;ESihf oufqkdifonf[o l nfudk &Sif;jy&efrjzpfEdkifavmufatmif eufeJcufcv J Sonf/ þonfrSm
edAÁmeftppftrSefonf vlYbmompum;ESihf zGifhqdk&Sif;jyonhf enf;vrf;rsm;jzihf rjzpfEdkifaom avmuDvGeftajc
231
taejzpfonf /
xdkYtjyif cHpm;rIjzihf aysmf½TifrI (a0',dwokc)ESihf cHpm;rIrJhaysmf½TifrI (oEÅdokc) wdkY\ rwlnDykHudk cGJjcm;jyEdkif
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ESpfrsKd;wGif a0',dwokcudk csrf;omrI? atmifjrifrI? tmPm? BuD;pGmaompnf;pdrfESifh aysmf½TifzG,fcHpm;rIrsm;&Sdonfh
t&mtm;vkH;[laom avmuDydkifqdkifrrI sm;ESihf BuD;pGmauseyftm;&rIaMumifh aumif;rGefaom cHpm;rItjzpf azmfjyEdkif
onf/ ,if;cHpm;rIrsKd;udk ESpfoufzG,ftm½kHtjzpf wdkuf½dkufodMuonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm cHpm;rIr&SdcJhaomf aysmf½TifrIvkH;
0r&Sd[kjzpfonf/ trSefaomf a0',dwokconf aysmf½TifzG,fcHpm;rIrsm;ESihf oufqdkifaom avmuDaysmf½TifrIwpf
232
&yfomjzpfonf/ ,if;onf jyKjyifcHtajctae (ocFg&w&m;)ü tusKH;0ifonf /
,if;ESifhqefYusifvsuf oEÅdokc[lonfudk a0'emcsKyfNidrf;rIESihf wdkuf½kdufoufqdkifaom aysmf½TifrIrsKd;tjzpf
&Sif;vif;pGmjyqdkonf/ vufawGU½Iaxmihft&aomf a0'emcHpm;rIr&Sdaomfvnf; edAÁmefü vkH;0csrf;omonf/ ,if;
edAÁmefudk oEÅdokc (a0'emrJhcsrf;omrI)? 0drkwådokc (vGwfajrmufrIcsrf;om) [kac:onf/ Ak'¨0g'usrf;*efrsm;ü
edAÁmef[lonfudk avmukwå&mcsrf;om jyKjyifcHr[kwfaom Nidrf;csrf;rIvu©Pm&Sdaom edAÁme"mwf[k &nfñTef;azmf
jyMuonf/ edAÁmef½Sd ,if;vkH;0Nidrf;csrf;rIrsKd;onf pdwfydkif;ESihf½kyfydkif;qdkif&m taESmift,Surf sm;rS vGwfajrmufrI?
aemufqkH;ü tdkjcif; emjcif;ESihf aojcif;rSvGwfajrmufrIaMumihf jzpfay:avmonf/ oEÅdokc[lonf om,mzG,f
cHpm;rI odkYr[kwf rnfonhfumrtm½kHcHpm;ESihfrS roufqdkifbJ xl;uJomvGefonhf avmukwå&mcsrf;omrIwpfrsKd;
jzpfaMumif; em;vnf&onf/ trSefaomf aAm"dÓPfudk &NyD;olrsm;om ¤if;wdkY\ r*fÓPfzdkvfÓPfxl;jzihf ,if;xl;
233
uJ jrihfjrwfaom csrf;omudk em;vnfEdkifMuonf /

edAÁmefonf oHo&mü &Sdoavm

edAÁmeftaMumif;t&monf a½Tusifq&mawmf? v,fwDq&mawmf? r[mpnfq&mawmfuJhodkYaom Ak'¨bmomynm
&Sifrsm;ESihf (Ak'¨0g'D) pwDAifaumvif;pf (Steven Collins) ESihf *kdif&pfcswf 0Jvfbkef; (Guy Richard Welbon) uJhodkY
aom Ak'¨bmom0ifr[kwfol ynm&Sifrsm;udkyif wpfenf;enf;jzihf qGJaqmifrI&dSonf/ Ak'¨0g'ü w&m;"r®rsm;ESihf
,if;wdkYudk t"dyÜm,fziG fhqdkcsufwdkYrSm enf;ynmESihf ,kwådenf;tajctjrpfrsm;ESihf ywfoufonf/ ,if;wdkYonf
tqdktrdefYESihf vufawGUtjrifwdkYESihf qufpyfonf/ okn uif;qdwjf cif;t,ltqESihf edAÁmef\tvkH;pkHcsKyfNidrf;rI
uJhodkYaom "r®a&;&mt"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkrItcsKdUrSm taemufwdkif;awG;ac:rIü ½IyfaxG;EdkifzG,f&Sdonf/ þae&mü
z&pfcsf&pfcsf rufcfpf rlvm (Frichrich Max Muller)vdk taemufwdkif;ynm&SiftcsKdUu edAÁmefudk ]t<uif;rJhcsKyfNidr;f
234
oGm;jcif;}[k t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcJhMuonf / xdkYaMumihf edAÁmef[lonfudk oDtdk&Dt&&Sif;jy&efESihf Ak'¨0g'urnfodkY
qdkonfudk a0zef&ef edAÁmefESifhywfoufonhf tcsuftvuftrsm;tjym;udk tao;pdwfaqG;aEG;xm;NyDjzpfonf/
g
or

230
t&SifZemumbd0Ho? q&mawmff? tbd"r®w¬o*F[bmom#Dum (&efukef? jrefrm? omoema&;OD;pD;Xme? 1979)? 640-641/
a.

231
Vi-M-Tran., 735.
as

232
Ni-Di, 706-708.
233
Ibid, 706-707.
el

234
Welbon, 113.
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odkY&mwGif vufawGU½IaxmihfrS edAÁmefudk rnfodkY&&Sdonf[laomtcsufESihfywfoufí aqG;aEG;&ef trSefyif vdktyf

aeao;aomfvnf; ,if;udk tcef; 5 ü aqG;aEG;rnfjzpfonf/
trSefpifppf Ak'¨0g'ü tcsuftvufrsm;onf tvGef enf;pepfusvsuf nDñGwfrI&SdNyD; aMumif;usKd;qDavsmf
onf/ Oyrmqdkaomf edAÁmefudk "r®"mwfü xnfhoGif;xm;onf/ þü tajccHoabmw&m;udk "mwk[kac:onf/
taMumif;rl udk,fykdif wnfNrJaomobm0 &SdaomaMumihf ("ma&wDwd "mwk) jzpfonf/ ,if;azmfjycsufrsKd;onf
enf;ynmESihf oufqdkifaomfvnf; bmompum;trsKd;rsKd;udk ajymqdkMuvihfupm; Ak'¨0g'Drsm;twGufa&m Ak'¨0g'D
r[kwfolrsm;twGufyg &Sif;vif;onf/ odkYwap tcsKdUazmfjycsufrsm;rSm Ak'¨0g'tpOftvmwpfckwnf;twGif;rSmyif
½IyfaxG;ykH&onf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf tbd"r®w¬o*F[usrf;ü edAÁmefudk cE¨mig;yg;rS xkwfy,fonf (cE¨0drkwå? cE¨
235
o*F[edó#)/ qdkvdkonfrSm edAÁmefonf 0dnmPu©E¨m? apwodu©E¨mESihf ½lyu©E¨mwdkYü ryg0if[k jzpfonf /
,rut|uxm (tbd"r®t|uxm)ü edAÁmefudk pdwf? apwoduf r[kwfbJ (,if;wdkYrSoD;jcm;) emrfw&m;ü
xnfhoGif;azmfjyonf/ odkY&mwGif edAÁmefudk emrfw&m;wpfrsKd;tjzpf,lqaomaMumihf emrfw&m;tkyfpkü xnfhoGif;
jcif;jzpfonf/ taMumif;rl edAÁmefonf avmukwå&m pdwfapwodufwdkY\ tm½kHtjyKcHw&m;tjzpf yg0ifvsuf
236
,if;wdkYudk rdrd(edAÁmef)odkY ñGwfaponf / odkYjzpfí ,rut|uxmü ]emr"r®mwd emrocFgwm "r®m? aw
tw¬awm pwåma&m t½lydaem cE¨m edAÁmeÍö (emr"r®m [lonf emrfw&m;wdkYwnf;/ ,if;wdkYrSm o½kyftm;jzihf
237
a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmP[laom emrfcE¨mav;yg;ESihf edAÁmefwdkYwnf;)[k azmfjyonf / trSefpifppf ,if;
azmfjycsufrsm;rSm ygVdt|uxmusrf;wdkYü aemufqufwGJ azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ tbd"r®w¬o*F[ü atmufyg
twdkif;azmfjyonf ]ww¬ ½ly"r®m ½lyu©aE¨m0? pdw¬apwoduocFgwm pwåa&m t½lydaem cE¨m edAÁmeaÍöwd
yÍö0d"r®d t½lyEÅd p emrEÅd p y0kpöw}d (xdk½kyfemrfw&m;ESpfyg;wdkYwGif ½lyu©monf ½kyfw&m;rnf\/ pdwfapwoduf
[laom emrfcE¨mav;yg;ESihf emrfw&m;[laom w&m;ig;rsKd;udk ½kyfrJhw&m;[kvnf;aumif; emrfw&m;[kvnf;
238
aumif; ac:onf) /
,if;azmfjycsufonf tbd"r®myd#u uxm0w¬KygVdü awGU&onfh azmfjycsufESifhvnf; nDñGwfonf/ ,if;
azmfjycsufrSm ]tan cE¨m? tnH edAmÁ eH? tanm yk*¾avmwd e a[0H 0wåaAÁ (cE¨mig;yg;? edAÁmef? r*fÓPf
239
zdkvfÓPfudk &NyD;olwdkYonf wpfckESifhwpfck vkH;0jcm;em;\ rqdkoihfacs) / taMumif;rl edAÁmefonf cE¨mudktrSDjyK
í jzpfay:vmaomaMumifhwnf;/ odkYjzpfí edAÁmefESihf cE¨mig;yg;udk wpfoD;wpfjcm;pDr[kwf[k ,lqjcif;jzpf
240
onf / odkY&mwGif cE¨mig;yg;onfyif edAÁmefum;r[kwfacs/ qdkvdkonfrSm t&d,myk*¾Kdvfwpfa,mufonf edAÁmef
udk &onfESihfwpfNydKifeuf aemufqk;H edAÁmef twdtusqdkaomf edAÁme"mwfonf xdkyk*¾Kdvf\y&dedAÁKwtcgwGif
wpfNydKifeufjzpfay:onf/ t&d,myk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf edAÁme"mwftaejzihf omvGefjrihfjrwfaom w&m;tjzpf,lq
aomfvnf; rdef;rjzpfap a,musfm;jzpfap &[EÅmtaejzifh&SdaomaMumifh ¤if;wdkYtwGuf ac:a0:p&m tjcm;trnf
emrrsm; r&Sdawmhacs/ taMumif;rl aemufqkH;edAÁmefodkY a&mufoGm;NyDjzpfaomaMumihfwnf;/
tqkH;pGefeAd ÁmefodkYr0ifrD t&d,myk*¾KdvfwdkYoEÅmefü&Sdaom ,if;ajymif;vJwwfonhfedAÁmefESihf aemufqkH;edAÁmefodkY
0ifa&mufoGm;NyD;aemuf ,if;edAÁmef[laomt&m aysmufoGm;rIrSm zGifhqdk&Sif;jy&mü tvGef½IyfaxG;vSonf/ odkY&m
wGif tbd"r®mA[kokw &Sdolrsm;tzdkYrl edAÁmefü pdwfydkif;tajctaewdkY rnfodkYjzpfay:onfudk em;vnfaumif;em;
vnfEdkif&monf/ edAÁmeftaMumif;udk aqGaEG;cJhMuonfh xif&Sm;aom ynm&SifESpfOD;&Sdonf/ ,if;yk*¾KdvfESpfOD;teuf
a½Tusifq&mawmfonf ]tan cE¨m? tnH edAÁmeH? tanm yk*¾avmwd e a[0H 0wåaAÁ (cE¨mig;yg;? edAÁmef?

235
Ab-S, 128.
236
ygVd t|uxmwdkYü ½kyfr[kwfonhf cE¨mav;yg;udk udpötm;jzihf tm½kHudk todtrSwfjyKjcif;tm;jzihf tm½kHodkYñGwfwwfaomaMumihf
emrfw&m;[k ac:onf/ ,if; (cE¨mav;yg;) onf tm½kHodkY tcsif;csif;ñGwfapwwfaomaMumihfvnf; emrfw&m;[k ac:onf/ ñGwf
apwwfaomaMumihf edAÁmefudk emrf[kac:onf/ edAÁmefESihfywfouf½mü edAÁmefonf avmukwå&m pdwfapwodufwdkY\ tm½kHtjyKcH
g

w&m;tjzpfyg0ifvsuf ,if;wdkYudk rdrd (edAÁmef)odkY ñGwfaponf/

or

237
b'EÅAk'¨aCmoaw¬&? yÍöyu&Pt|uxm (&efuke?f jrefrm? omoema&;OD;pD;Xme? 1992)? 291/
a.

238
as

Ab-S, 325.
239
uxm0w¬KygVd? tbd"r®myd#u (&efuek f? jrefrm? omoema&;OD;pDXme? 1991)? 53/
el

240
G-M-Ni, 220.
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r*fÓPfzdkvfÓPfudk &NyD;olwdkYonf wpfckESifhwpfck vkH;0jcm;em;\ rqdkoihfacs)}[laom udk;um;csufudk tajcjyK

í ¤if;\,lqcsufudk tckdiftrmqdkcJhonf/ trSefaomf t&d,myk*¾KdvfwdkY uG,v f GefNyD;aemufrMumrD wpfcsdefwnf;
avmufeD;yg;wGif edAÁmefjzpfay:onf/ q&mawmfonf edAÁmefjzpfpOfrnfodkY ay:vmonfudk atmuftygtwdkif;
241
azmfjycJhonf -

Z,m; 4

edAÁme0Dxd

aemufqkH;pdwf
tm½kH = edAÁmefodkYudkif;ñGwfaom pdwftm½kH edAÁmef\tqkH;pGefNidrf;csrf;rI
-----
bGif bGif bGif bGif bGif e ' r Z Z Z Z Z pk edAÁmef
b0a[mif; (y#doaE¨pdwfrjzpf)

242
twdkaumuf/ / bGif = b0if? e = b0*Fpve? ' = b0*kFyapä'? r = raem'Gg&m0ZÆe? Z = Z0e? pk = pkwd /

a½Tusifq&mawmfonf ,cifu Ak'¨0g'usrf;*efwdkYü edAÁme0Dxdudk a&S;q&mwdkY rjyqdkjcif;rSm edAÁmef[lonf

cE¨mig;yg;jzpfpOfü wdkuf½kdufryg0ifaomaMumihfjzpfaMumif; axmufjycJhonf/ odkYwap edAÁmefonf t&d,myk*¾KdvfwdkY
uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf csufcsif; jzpfay:vmaomaMumifh txufwGifazmfjyonhftwdkif; edAÁme0Dxdudk azmfjyEdkifonf/
odkY&mwGif q&mawmf\azmfjycsufonf ]edAÁmerÜd cE¨y#dA'¨ar0 = edAÁmefonfvnf; cE¨mig;yg;ütusKH;0ifonfom
243 244
wnf;} ? ]yÍöEéH cE¨meH eda&ma"m edAÁmeH = cE¨mig;yg;wdkY\ csKyfNidr;f jcif;onf edAmÁ efwnf;} [laom ygVdusrf;*ef
rsm;udk tajcjyKíqdkjcif;jzpfonf/
edAÁmefwnf&Sdonhfae&mESihfESihf ywfoufí a½Tusifq&mawmfonf edAÁmefonf cE¨mESihfywfoufpGm wnf&dSae
aomfvnf; cE¨mig;yg;onf edAÁmefr[kwf[k ,kHMunfonf/ ,if;odkY azmfjy&jcif;taMumif;rSm edAÁmefudk avmued
a&m" (avmucsKyf&m)tjzpf ,lqNyD; edAÁmefonf cE¨mig;yg;rSwpfyg; tjcm;ay:vmrnfh ae&mr&SdaomaMumifhjzpf
onf/ qdkvdkonfrSm t&d,myk*¾Kdvfwpfa,muf toufxif&Sm;&SdpOf avmueda&m"tajctaeonf xdkyk*¾Kdvf\
cE¨mig;yg;ü jzpfay:vmonf[k qdkvdkonf/ trSefpifppf edAÁmefonf t&d,myk*¾KdvfwdkYoEÅmefü tjcm;wpfae&mrS
245
jzpfay:vmonfr[kwfacs /
aemufAk'¨bmomynm&Sifwpfa,mufjzpfol bduK© Ak'¨'gorax&fu tjcm;½IaxmihfwpfrsKd;jzihf edAÁmef\tajc
246
taeudk azmfjycJhonf/ edAÁmef\ o½kyfouefudk &Sif;vif;pGmazmfjy&ef xdkt&Sifu ]edAÁmefonf oHo&mü &Sd\ }[k
qddkonf/ ¤if;\&Sif;jycsufrSm ]edAÁmefonf oHo&müwnf&d\ S } qdkaomfvnf; ]edAÁmef[lonf oHo&mjzpf\? oHo&m
[lonf edAÁmefwnf;}[laom t,ltqudkrl ¤if;u jiif;qdkonf/ ,if;odkYazmjfy&jcif;rSm t&d,myk*¾KdvfwdkYonf
edAÁmefukd&onftxd oHo&mü usifvnfMu&aomaMumihfjzpfonf/ ¤if;u þodkYqdkonf ]edAÁmefonf oHo&mü

241
Ka, 53.
g

242
or

Ibid, 187.
243
b'EÅ"r®ygv? 0dok'¨dr*¾#Dum? wGJ 2 (&efukef? jrefrm? omoema&;OD;pD;Xme? 1993)? 70/
a.

244
b'EÅAk'¨aCmoaw¬&? r[m0*¾t|uxm? 'DCedum, (&efukef? jrefrm? omoema&;OD;pD;Xme? 1992)? 147/
as

245
G-M-Ni, 53.
el

246
Bhikkhu Buddhadasa, Nibbana Exists in Samsara, in Me and Mire (New Your: State University of New Your Press, 1989), 141.
.k
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wnf&Sd\? tE¨ykxkZOfonf ,if;edAÁmefudk b,fawmhrS odjrifEdkifvdrfhrnfr[kwf? uvsmPykxkZOfrlum; rdrdcE¨m

247
udkf,ftjyifü &SmazG&efrvdkbJ awGUjrifvdrfhrnf uREkfyf ,lqygonf} / trSefpifppf azmfjyyg xif;&Sm;aom ynm
&SifESpfyg;vkH;onf ¤if;wdkY\,lqcsufudk oH,kwåedum,fvm a&[dwóokwåefudk wlnDpmG udk;um;vsuf rdrdwdkY\
t,ltqudk rdefYqdkMujcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;ygVdawmfrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf –

e acg yem,H tm0kaom tywGm avmuó tEÅH 'kuó © tEÅud&d,H 0'grd/ tyd p cGm[H tm0kaom
£ro®ða,0 Asmrrawå uav0a& oondrSd oreau avmuÍö ynayrd avmuork',Íö avmu
248
eda&m"Íö avmueda&m"*grdedÍö y#dy'EÅd /
tcsif;ewfom;? avmu\tqkH;(edAÁmef)udk ra&mufbJ qif;&J\tqkH;jyKjcif;udk iga[mawmfrl/ tcsif;ewf
om;? pifppftm;jzihf onmvnf;&Sd pdwfvnf;&Sdaom wpfvHrQavmufaom þcE¨mudk,fü avmu('ku©
opöm)? avmujzpfaMumif; (ork',opöm)? avmucsKyf&medAÁmef (eda&m"opöm)ESihf avmucsKyf&medAÁmefoYdk
249
a&mufaMumif;tusifh (r*¾opöm) udk igbk&m;a[mawmfrl\ /

txufygazmfjycsuft& 'ku©Nidrf;jcif; ('ku©eda&m")[lonf wPSmNidrf;jcif;jzpfaMumif; em;vnf&onf/ b0

udk wyfESpfoufrIwPSmonf oDtdk&Dt& edAÁmef\qefYusifbufjzpfonf/ ck'´uedum,f? aewådygVdawmfü azmfjy
xm;csufwpf&yfrSm ]wPSu©,m 'ku©u©a,m? 'ku©u©,m edAÁmeH (wPSmukefjcif;aMumihf 'ku©csKyf\? 'kuc© sKyfjcif;
250
aMumifh edAÁmefjzpfay:\)} [kjzpfonf/ ,if;azmfjycsufü a½Tifusifq&mawmfonf 'ku©ukefjcif;aMumihf edAÁmefjzpf
ay:onfqdkaomfvnf; 'ku©ukefqkH;oGm;jcif;rSm edAÁmefaMumifh r[kwfaMumif; txl;jyKazmfjycJhonf/
xdkYjyif txufygazmfjycsufü bdu©KAk'¨'gorax&fu ¤if;\ rl&if;cH,lcsufudk jyefvnfajz&Sif;cJhonf –

edAÁmefESihf oHo&monf uREkfyfwdkY\ þwpfvHrQavmufaom cE¨mudk,fü wnf&Sd\/ edAÁmefudk NyD;jynfhpkHpGmr

a&mufao;rl wpfcgwpf&H edAÁmefü wpfcgwpf&H oHo&mü pOfqufrjywf wajymif;jyefjyef usifvnf&vdrhf
rnf/ uREkfyfwdkY\ umr*kPftm½kHrsm;udk ,laeoa½GU? ig ighOpöm[k pGJvef;aeoa½GU uREkfyfwdkYonf oHo&m
wGif&SdMu\/ uREkfyfwdkY\ rodrIt0dZmÆ jzihfpGJvrf;rIudk ausmfvGefaomtcg uREkfyfwdkYonf tqkH;rJh rajymif;rvJ
251
xm0&wnf&Sdaom edAÁmefudk od&SdEdkif\ /

xdkt&Sijf rwf\azmfjycsufü ]edAÁmefonf xm0& (edpö) wnfNrJ\ (oów)}[lonf udavomtnpftaMu;

tm;vkH;udk z,fcGmNyD;aemuf xm0&wnfNrJaom edAÁmefudk &&SdEdkifonf[k jzpfonf/ ,if;odkYaom edAÁmef\Nidrf;csrf;rI
onf oHo&modkY vkH;0jyefra&mufEdkifawmhacs/ odkYjzpfí edAÁmef[lonf xm0&wnfNrJNyD; vkH;0Nidrf;csrf;aomt&m
jzpfonf[k ,lqonf/

edAÁmefESihfywfoufí a0zefrIrsm;
edAÁmeftm; vkH;0csKyfaysmufoGm;jcif;taejzihf ,lqjcif;ESihfywfoufí a0zefaqG;aEG;ygrnf/ Ak'¨0g'usrf;*efwdkYü
azmfjycsuEf Sifh edAÁmeft"dymÜ ,fzGifhqdkolwdkY ,lqcsufESpf&yftMum; qufEG,fywfoufrIudk qifjcif&efvdkonf/ Ak'¨
0g'onf ,if;\w&m;"r®udk awG;ac:ajrmfjrifrIqdkif&m a[mMum;csufrsm;tjzpf tokH;jyK&efrBudK;pm;bJ w&m;
"r®udk vufawGUtokH;0ifrItwGuf zGifhqdkonf/ edAÁmef\ tqkH;pGefjywfpJrIqdkif&m a0zefajymqdkcsufESihf ywfoufí
tu,fí edAÁmeftm; jywfpJjcif;[laom a0g[m&udk okH;pGJcJhaomf ,if;t"dyÜm,f zGihq f dkcsufudk bmom&yfqdkif&m
t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufESihf ñSdEdIif;&efvdktyfonf/ tu,fí edAÁmef[lonf jywfpJoGm;jcif;omjzpfonf[kqdkcJhaomf
g

247
or

Ibid, 141.
248
o*gxm0*¾oH,kwåygVd? oH,kwåedum,? (&efukef? jrefrm? omoema&;OD;pD;Xme? 1991)? 61/
a.

249
as

Sa-N NT Vol.1, 158.

250
aewådygVd? ck'´uedum, (&efuek f? jrefrm? omoema&;OD;pD;Xme? 1985)? 172/
el

251
Buddhadasa, 144.
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,if;odkYaomzGifhqdkcsuu f dk ,if;odkYqdkwdkif; [kwfr[kwf okH;oyf&efvdkonf/ trSefpifppf jywfpJoGm;jcif;0g'onf

edAÁmeftaMumif;ESihf rywfoufacs/ edAÁmef[lonf vlom;wdkY\ a0g[m&e,fudk ausmfvGefaom t&momjzpfonf/
þtcef;ü azmfjyNyD;jzpfonhftwdkif; edAÁmef\ t&nftaoG;rsm;ESihf om"ursm;udk tus,fjyqdk&ef enf;vrf;
rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ ygVdynm&Sifrsm;u tpdwftydkif;trsm;pktwGuf edAÁmefonf trSefwu,fwnf&SdaMumif; ,lqMu
onf/ odkY&mwGif txufwGifazmfjycJhonfh taemufwdkif;ynm&Sifrsm;? [dE´Lbmom0ifrsm;? c&pf,efbmom0ifrsm;
url edAÁmef[lonf tvkH;pkHcsKyfjywfoGm;jcif;jzpfonf[k ¤if;wdkY\azmfjycsufudk qkyfudkifxm;Muonf/ Ak'¨0g'Dynm
&Sifrsm;url edAÁmef\t"dyÜm,frSef rnfodkYjzpfonf[laomtcsufudk em;vnf&ef BudK;pm;Muonf/ tvkH;pkHcsKyfjywf
oGm;jcif;[k t"dyÜm,fziG fhqdkcsufudk z,f&Sm;&ef edAÁmef\t"dyÜm,fudk jyefvnfñSdEkdif;&ef vkdtyfonf/ taemufwdkif;
t"dyÜm,faumuf,lolrsm;u &[EÅmyk*¾KdvfwdkYonf uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf b0r&Sdawmh[laom ,lqcsuftm; qGJudkif
xm;jcif;udk ,kHMunfaMumif; jyqdkonfqdkygrl ¤if;wdkY\,lqcsufonf tvkH;pkHcsKyfjywfoGm;jcif;0g'omjzpfonf/
¤if;wdkY\,lqcsufrSm aMumif;usKd;t& rrSm;acs/ taMumif;rl &[EÅmyk*¾KdvfwdkYonf okH;q,fhwpfbkHü rwnf&Sdawmh
aomaMumihfjzpfonf/ odkYwap aemufqkH;edAÁmefonf vkH;0jywfpJoGm;jcif;r[kwfbJ vkH;0Nidrf;csrf;rIomjzpfonf/
trSefpifppf edAÁmef[lonf vufawGUtm;jzihf jyKjyifcHr[kwfonhf y&rw¬w&m;taejzihf wnf&SdaomaMumihf
enf;vrf;t& NyD;jywfcsKyfNidr;f oGm;onhftjrifESihf ywfoufrIr&Sdacs/ vufawGUtm;xkwfjcif;tm;jzihf edAÁmefudk &Edkif
onf/ taMumif;rl edAÁmefonf avmuDvGeftqihfwGif jyKjyifrJh taejzihfwnf&dSaomaMumifhjzpfonf/
edAÁmef\ vkH;0csKyfNird f;oGm;jcif; odkYr[kwf rwnf&Sdjcif;ESihfywfoufí a½Tusifq&mawmfu tu,fí edAÁmef
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edAÁme"mwf? tocFw"mwf[laom y&rw¬w&m;rsm; wnf&SdaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ edAÁmefü yuwdrsufpdjzihf rjrif
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yuwdrsufpdjzihf rjrifEdkifaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf vlomrefwdkYonf ewfa'0gwdkYü&Sdaom ukd,fa&mif
ukd,f0gudkyif rjrifEdkifacs/ ,if;½kyfobm0vGef ta&miftqif;onf vlYavmuü&Sdaom jrifEdkifrjrifEdkifaumif;
aom tvif;a&mifrsm;xuf rsm;pGm odrfarGUonf252/
edAÁmefwnf&SdrIESifhywfoufí v,fwDq&mawmfu tjcm;enf;wpfrsKd;jzihf azmfjycJhonf/ trSefpifppf rqGu
wnf;u wnf&Sdaeaom edAÁmefwpfckwnf;om&Sdonfr[kwfbJ &[EÅmyk*¾KdvftoD;oD;ü uG,fveG fNyD;aemuf ¤if;wdkY
\ udk,fykdifedAÁmefrsm;wnf&dSaeonf/ v,fwDq&mawmfonf ,kwåde,fESihfprf;oyfe,fudk ausmfvGefvsuf obm0
vGef tvGefodrfarGUEl;nhHaom bufwGi&f dSonhf jyKjyifrhJwnf&SdrI (tocFw"mwf) tjzpfwnf&SdaMumif; oabmwl
onf/ y&deAd ÁmefpHNy;D ol yk*¾Kdvfwdkif;ü wnf&SdaomaMumifh edAÁmefonf xm0&wnf&Sdonf/ oEÅdokconf obm0
tm;jzihf y&dedAÁmefpHNyD;olrsm;tm; jyKjyifrhJwnf&SdrI (tocFw"mwf)[laom t&nftcsif;? rtdkjcif; (edpö)? tcsderf Jh
("k0)? wnfNrJjcif; (oów)[laom t&nftcsif;rsm;udk ay;onf/ odkY&mwGif v,fwDq&mawmfu a&S;q&m
(ykAÁmp&d,)\ azmfjycsufudk b0ifrusaMumif;? taMumif;rSm a&S;q&monf tocFw"mwf\ oEÅdokcobm0
onf &[EÅmyk*¾KdvfwdkY uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf wnf&Sdaevdrhfrnf[k ,lqaomaMumifhjzpfaMumif; ñTejf ycJo h nf/ odkw
Y
ap &[EÅmyk*¾KdvfwdkYonf touf&Sifvsuf&SdpOf tocFwedAÁmefrSm wnf&SdaeonfomjzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf/ y&ded
AÁmefpHNyD;aemuf tocFw"mwf\ oEÅdokcobm0onf qufvufíwnf&dSvdrfhrnf/ ,if;odkYjzpfrl &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvf
rsm;taejzihf þb0rSmyif edAÁmefudkod&SdrI odkYr[kwf 'd|"r®duorÜ&m,duedAÁme (þb0udk odjrifjcif;) udk &Edkif
253
rnfjzpfaMumif; q&mawmfu &Sif;jyonf /
aemufygVdynmwpfOD;jzpfol r[m*E¨m½kHq&mawmfurl rdrdenf;vrf;jzihf edAÁmefwnf&dSrIudk t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkvdkcJh
onf/ edAÁmefwGif pdw?f apwodufESihf ½kyfw&m;wdkY r&Sdawmhojzihf edAÁmeftm; pdwftxl; (emr0daoo) ½kyftxl;
g

(½ly0daoo) tjzpfr,lqacs/ edAÁme"mwftm; bmrQr&Sdjcif; (tbm0) udkvnf; vufrcHbJ oEÅdokctjzpfom

or
a.
as

252
G-M-Ni, 133, 128-308. The quotation comes from the commentary, Mulapannasa-atthakatha (310) : Nibbanato hi anno supabhavantataro va
el

sujotivantataro va parisuddhataro va pandarataro va natthi.

253
Ni-Di, 780-781.
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vufcHcJhonf/ q&mawmfonf edAÁmefü omrefvlwdkY rjrifEdkifaom tvif;a&mif;&Sdonf[al om t,ltqudk

vufcHvdkykH&onf/ ,if;tajctaeonf udavomwdkYrS uif;vGwfaomtcg ta&mift0gawmufyaom pdwf
\rlvtajctaeESihf wlonf/ udavom[lonf pdwfudk npfEGrf;arS;rSdefapaom pdwf\tajctaersm;jzpfonf/
edAÁmefü xl;jcm;xif&Sm;aom ta&mif&SdonfqdkaomaMumifh ¤if;tzdkY edAÁmefonf trSefwu,fwnf&Sdonf[al om
254
t,ltqudk jiif;qdkjcif;r&Sdacs /
ygVdynm&Sifrsm;tMum;ü edAÁmefESihf ywfoufonhf tjiif;yGm;rIwpf&yf&Sdonf/ ,if;xif&Sm;onhf ygVdynm&Sif
rSm r[mpnfq&mawmfjzpfNyD; q&mawmf\ ]oAÁawm ybH (tvkH;pkH awmufy\)}[laom ygVd0gusudk t"dyÜm,f
aumuf,lrIrSm azmfjyNyD;ynm&Sifrsm;\ ,lqcsufESihf jcm;em;onf/ q&mawmfu edAÁmefü tvif;a&mif;&Sdonf[l
aom tqdkudk jiif;y,fonf/ q&mawmftvdkt& edAÁmefü omvGefxl;uJaom tvif;a&mif;r&Sd[kjzpfonf/ odkY&m
255
wGif edAÁmef[lonf tocFw"mwfjzpfNyD; y&rw¬tm;jzihf wnf&SdaMumif; vufcHonf / trSefaomf q&mawmf
onf edAÁmef[lonf jrifomxif&Sm;onhf t&mtaejzifh wnf&SdrIudk tcdkiftrmjiif;qdkonf/ q&mawmf\ t,l
tqudk atmufygazmfjycsufjzihf cdkifrmpGm jyqdkxm;onf –

edAÁmef[lonf Adrmef odkYr[kwf eef;awmfwpfckr[kwf/ NrdKUawmfwpfckvnf; r[kwf/ tvif;a&mif r[kwf/

edAÁmefü tvif;a&mifxGuaf ejcif;r&Sd/ edAÁmefonf jrifomxif&Sm;onfh t&mr[kwf ta&miftqif;r&Sd/
Adrmef eef;awmf NrdKUawmf tvif;a&mif jrifomxif&Sm;onfh t&mwdkYrSm tocFg& odkYr[kwf y&rw¬w&m;
256
rsm; r[kwf /

txufygazmfjycsufudk MunhfvQif r[mpnfq&mawmfonf edAÁmefü toGifoP²mef ta&mif tvif;r&Sdaomf

vnf; oEÅdokc y&rw¬opömw&m;jzpfonf[k t"dyÜm,fzGifhqo dk nf/ trSefpifppf edAÁmef[lonf udavom vTrf;rdk;
rIrS uif;vGwfNyD; twdwfuHwdkY tusKd;ray;bJ b0opfwnfaqmufrIudk vkH;0rjzpfay:apEdkifaom t&mjzpfonf
[k q&mawmfu t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkvdkonf/ odkYjzihf edAmÁ ef[lonf udavomNidrf;jcif;jzihf qdkufa&mufEdkifaom t&d
,molawmfaumif;wdkY\ w&m;jzpfaMumif;qdkonf/
txufazmfjyyg ynm&Sifyk*¾Kdvf\azmfjycsufudk tajccHvsuf edAÁmef[lonf trSefwu,fwnf&Sdaomfvnf;
,if;edAÁmefonf vkH;0jywfpJcsKyfNidr;f oGm;jcif;r[kwf[k tcdktrmqdkEdkifonf/ edAÁmeftm; jywfpJjcif;[k odjcif;rSm
t"dyÜm,fziG fhqdkjcif;rQomjzpfí edAÁmeftm; oEÅdokc[kodjcif;rSm edAÁmefukd xdkxGif;íodjrifjcif;jzpfonf/ oDtkd&Dt&
edAÁmefwGif trnfemrtrsKd;rsKd;&Sdaomfvnf; ,if;\vu©PmrSm oEÅdokcvu©wpfyg;omjzpfonf/ edAÁmef\ txl;
jcm;qkH; jrifhjrwfrIrSm ocFg&avmu owåavmu Moumoavmu[laom avmuokH;yg;rS vGwfajrmufrIyifjzpf
onf/ ,if;okH;rsKd;teuf ocFg&avmu[lonf jyKjyifzefwD;rIatmufwGif&Sdaom cE¨mig;yg;udk &nfñTef;jcif;jzpf
onf/ owåavmu[lonf pMu0VmtwGif;&Sd jrifEdkifrjrifEdkifowå0gtm;vkH;udk &nfñTef;onf/ Moumoavmu
[lonf owå0gwkdYarG;zGm;&m okH;q,fhwpfbkHXmeudk &nfñTef;onf/ &[EÅmyk*¾KdvfwdkYonf y&dedAÁmefpHNyD;aemuf
257
'ku©avmurS vkH;0vGwfajrmufoGm;vdrfhjzpfonf /

&[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfrsm;twGuf edAÁmefonf wnf&Sd\

þavhvmcsufonf aemufqkH;taejzihf edAÁmef[lonf ob0xufvGefuJxl;jrwfaom odkYr[kwf edAÁme"mwf[k
ac:aom t&mwpfrsKd;ESihf qufEG,faeonhf oabmw&m;wpfckjzpfonf[k ed*kH;qGJ,lonf/ ax&0g'Ak'¨bmom
tvdkt& edAÁmef[lonf oEÅdokcobm0\tjyifwGifr[kwfaom y&rw¬opömjzpfonf/ oEÅdokc (edAÁmef)[lonf
g

254
Ab-T, 640-643.
or

255
r[mpnfq&mawmf? 0dyóem½Ienf;usrf; twGJ 2 (&efukef? jrefrm? Ak'¨omoemEk*¾[tzGJU ykHESdyfwkduf? 1999)? 341/
a.

256
Mahasi Sayadwe, Nibbanaptisamyutta-katha: ON the Nature of Nibbana, (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Subang Jaya Buddhist Association,
as

1992),
257
59.
el

Kuala Lumpur Dhammajiti, Asanga Tilakaratne, and Kapila Abhayawansa. Recent Researches in Buddhist Studies (Colombo, Sri LankaL Y.
.k

Karunadasa Felicitation committee, 1997), 23.

w

85
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vkH;0aysmf½Tif Nidrf;csrf;jcif;ESihfom ywfoufonf/ edAÁmefwnf&dSrIonf vkH;0rsufarSmufxif&Sm;jzpfonf/ edAÁmefü
cE¨mig;yg; wnf &SdrIonf tqkH;owfoGm;onf/ þazmfjycsufü edAÁmef[lonf rwnf&SdouJhodkYjzpfaMumif;
qdkMuonf/ odkYwap oEÅdokcESihf trwobm0 (edAÁme"mwk) onf wnf&Sdaeonf/ trSefpifppf edAmÁ efonf
t&d,myk*¾KdvfwdkYtwGuf wnf&Sdaeonf/
txufyg edAÁmeft,ltqudk awGU&jcif;ü oDtdk&D½Iaxmihft&aomf edAÁmeft,ltqwkdif;udk azmfjyEdkifaom
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pdwfydkif;qdkif&m todynmonf 0dyóemynm? r*fÓPfzdkvfÓPfwdkYESihf ywfoufonf/ 0dyóemynm[l
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g

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or

ynmonf todynmjzihfem;vnfrI\ &v'frQomr[kwfbJ ½kyfemrfjzpfpOfESpfrsKd;vkH;yg0ifonfh rdrd\obm0udk

a.
as
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ur®|mef;½IrSwfí wdkuf½kdufapmihfMunhfjcif;jzihf &&SdEdkifonf/ owdy|mef[kvnf;xif&Sm;onhf 0dyóemur®|mef;

258
onf r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPftqifhqDodkY a&mufatmif OD;aqmifoGm;onf /
Ak'¨0g'½Iaxmifht& usrf;*efpmayudk avhvmjcif;onf xdk;xGif;íodjrifjcif;r[kwf? odkYaomf udk,fwdkif
ur®|mef;bm0em½IrSwfjcif;ESihftwl usrf;*efrsm;udk oif,ljcif;jzihf xkd;xGif;íodjrifEdkifaMumif; em;vnf&onf/
Ak'¨0g'DwdkYonf vufawGUavhusifhtm;xkwfjcif;r&SdbJ edAÁmef\oEÅdokcobm0udk rnfolrQr&Edkif[lonfudk trSef
tjzpf,lqMuonf/ þavhvmcsuf\ &nf½G,fcsufudk NyD;jynfhpkHap&ef ur®|mef;½IrSwfykHenf;vrf;udk avhvm&efvdk
tyfonf/ odkYjzpfí a&SUtcef;wGif vufawGU½IaxmifhrS edAÁmeftaMumif;udk ydkrdkem;vnfEdkif&ef Ak'¨bmomqdkif&m
ur®|mef;½IrSwfjcif;ESihf ,if;\enf;vrf;rsm;udk t"duaqG;aEG;rnf;jzpfonf/

000000

tcef; 5

0drkwådudk OD;wnfonhf ur®|mef;bm0em

Ak'¨0g'\vGwfajrmufrI (0drkwåd) t,ltq
þtcef;wGif ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomqdkif&m ur®|mef;½IrSwfjcif;ESifh enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd;udk todynmtqifhtwef;t
vkduf tokH;csvsuf txl;jyKazmfjyrnfjzpfonf/ tcsKdUaom ur®|mef;½Irw S frItawGUtBuKHudk okawoejyKol\
udk,fydkif ur®|mef;½IrSwfrt
I awGUtBuKHESihf qufEG,fazmfjyrnfjzpfonf/ &nf½G,fcsufrSm Ak'¨0g'qdkif&m ur®|mef;½I
rSwfrIonf pdwfydkif;b0vGwfajrmufrIqDodkY OD;wnfykH? ur®|mef;½IrSwfrItawGUtBuKHonf edAÁmeft"dyÜm,fudk em;
vnfatmifrnfodkY ulnDyHkwdkYudk pl;prf;avhvm&efjzpfonf/ Ak'"¨ r®\ t"dur@dKirf Sm vufawGUod&SdrIonf usr;f
*efavhvmrIESihf todynmESifhqdkifaom ESpfoufrIxuf ydkrdkta&;ygaomtcsufjzpfonf/ NcKHíqdk&aomf avhusifh
tm;xkwfrIr&SdbJ rnfolrQ edAÁmefukd r&Edkif[kjzpfonf/ trSefpifppf ur®|mef;bm0em½IrSwfrIudk xnfhoGif;jcif;
onf þavhvmrI\ &nf½G,fcsufudk NyD;jynfhpkHap&ef r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfonf/ þtcef;ü atmufyg azmfjycsufrsm;ukd
t"duavhvmrnfjzpfonf/ yxr pdwfydkif;b0vGwfajrmufrIt,ltqESihf ur®|mef;½IrSwfrI\ tajccH&nf½G,fcsuf
udk aqG;aEG;rnf/ 'kwd, ax&0gAk'¨0g't& ur®|mef;½IrSwfrI enf;pepftrsKd;rsKd;udk avhvm rnf/ wwd, yifr
g
or
a.
as
el

258
BD, 230-231.
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Ak'¨0g'ur®|mef;½IrSwfrI trsKd;tpm;rsm;ESihf 0dyóemynmwdk;wufykHwdkYudkazmfjyrnf/ aemufqkH;taejzihf ur®|mef;

½IrSwfro I nf edAÁmef\oEÅdokcobm0udk em;vnfrIqDokdY aqmif,loGm;ykHwdkYudk avhvmrnfjzpfonf/
Ak'¨0g'DwdkYonf rsm;aomtm;jzihf edAÁmef[lonf rnfodkYt"dyÜm,f&Sdonf[lonfudk em;rvnfaomfvnf;
edAÁmefodkYa&mufvdkaMumif; ajymqdkMuonf/ xdkYjyif ¤if;wdkYtaejzihf ur®|mef;½IrSwfí edAÁmefodkYa&mufEdkifaMumif;
rMumcPazmfjyMuonf/ aorIuif;jcif; trw? 'ku©qkH;jcif;? taESmiftzGJUrS vGwfajrmufjcif;[laom tESpfom&
&Sdonhf edAÁmefonf Ak'¨0g'DwdkY\ tjrifhqkH;yef;wkdifjzpfonf/ edAmÁ ef[lonf vlwdkif;a&mufEdkifaomt&m jzpfonf[k
Ak'¨0g'DwdkY ,lqMuonf/ odkYwap 'óeenf;jzihf edAÁmef\tESpfom&udk&Sif;jy&ef ¤if;wdkYtzdkY cJ,Of;onf/ odkYwap
'óeqdkif&mazmfjycsufudk Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwfonhf avhusifhtm;xkwfolrsm;u azmfjyavh&SdonfrSm tu,fí edAÁmef
onf vkH;0csKyfNidrf;oGm;jcif;r[kwfcJhaomf edAÁmef[lonf rnfodkYaomvGwfajrmufrIudk qdkvdkoenf;[kjzpfonf/
Ak'¨0g'Dtrsm;pku edAÁmef[lonf y&rw¬opömjzpfNyD; edAÁmefudk r&ao;olrsm;tm; edAÁmef\tESpfom&udk &Sif;jy
&efcufcJaMumif; &Sif;jyvdrfhrnfjzpfonf/ ,if;odkYazmfjycsufrSm edAÁmef[o l nfudk pum;vkH;rsm;? bmompum;rsm;
ESihf BuHpnfawG;awmjcif;rsm;jzihf rodEdkifaMumif;? t&d,myk*¾Kdvfrsm;rSwpfyg; rnfolrQ avmuDtodÓPfjzihf edAÁmef
udk rodjrifEdkifaMumif;jyqdkaom tbd"r®musrf;rsm;ESihftnDjzpfonf/ t&d,myk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ 0dyóem
ynmjzihf edAÁmefudkem;vnfEkdifonf/ Ak'0¨ g'DwdkYonf yk*¾KdvftoD;oD;\ 0dyóemynmjzihf&&Sdonfh ur®|mef;½IrSwfrI
\tusKd;w&m;rsm;udk ,kHMunfMuojzihf ¤if;wdkYonf ur®|mef;w&m;udk BudK;pm;tm;xkwfMuonf/ þonfrmS
Ak'¨0g'DwdkY rdrdwdkY\ pdwfydkif;b0vrf;pOfudk csOf;uyfMuykHjzpfonf/ Ak'\
¨ w&m;"r®tay: ,if;odkYaom oabmxm;
aMumifh ¤if;wdkYu 0dyóemur®|mef;onf edAÁmefodkYa&muf&Sd&ef 0ifaygufjzpfaMumif; tcdkiftrm qdkMuonf/
edAÁme"r®ESihfywfoufí 0dyóemynmESihf edAÁmeffwdkYtMum; qufEG,frI&Sdonf/ þ,lqcsufü edAÁmef
odkYr[kwf tocFw"mwf[lonfudk vGwfajrmufrI (0drkwåd) [k jyefqdkEdkifonf/ ur®|mef;½IrSwfykH enf;vrf;rsm;ukd
r*¾if&Spfyg;enf;ESihf owdy|mefav;yg;enf;wdkYESihf qufEG,fEdkifonf/ trSefpifppf Ak'¨a[mMum;awmfrlaom w&m;
awmfudk "r®ESihf avhusifhtm;xkwfrI[k ESpfydkif;cGJjcm;Edkifonf/

"r®\tajccHtkwfjrpfrSm opömav;yg;jzpfNyD; usifhBuHtm;xkwfrI\ tajccHtw k fjrpfrSm r*¾if&Spfyg;jzpf\/

odkYaomf ,if;tajccHESpfrsKd;rSm eD;uyfpGm qufEG,fae\/ taMumif;rl uREkfyfwdkY awGU&onhftwdkif; r*¾if&pS f
yg;[lonf av;ckajrmufopömjzpfvsuf r*¾if&Spfyg;\ yxrqkH;tqifhrSm opömav;yg;udk em;vnfjcif;[l
aom rSefaomtjrif (or®m'd|d) jzpfaomaMumihfwnf;259/

r*¾if&Spfyg;wGif rSefaomtjrifonf vrf;pOf\ yxrqkH;tcsufjzpfNyD; tjcm;vrf;pOfrsm;twGuf vdktyfaom

vrf;ñTefjzpfonf/ rSefaomtjrif\ wlnDaom vkyfaqmifcsufudk udk,f EIwf ESvkH;okH;yg;ü apmihfpnf;rIESihf
pdwfydkif;b0 xl;jcm;aumif;rGefrI EIef;pHjzihf rSefaomudk,fusihfw&m;udk qufpyfxm;onf/ rSefaomowdonf ckepf
ckajrmuf usihfpOfjzpfNyD; ukd,f EIwf pdwfwdkYü cPwdkif;wGif owd&Sdjcif;udk qdkvkdonf/ owd\pGrf;tm;um; 0dyó
emynmjzpfay:ap&efESihf 'ku©rSvGwaf jrmufrIudk &&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/
owdy|mefur®|mef;onf &uf&Snfur®|mef;½IrSwfrIumvtwGif; 0dyóemynmwdk;wufrIudk jzpfay:apEdkif
onf/ 0dyóemÓPfwdk;wuf &ifhusufrIü vGwfajrmufrI (0drkwåd)tqifh trsKd;rsKd;yg0ifonf/ odkY&mwGif ck'´ued
um,f? edAÁme"mwkokwft& t"duvGwfajrmufrItqifh ESpfrsKd;&Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm 1) oOyg'daooedAÁme"mwf
ESihf 2) tEkyg'daooedAÁme"mwfwdkYjzpfonf/ þae&mü oOyg'daooedAÁme"mwf[lonf jyKjyifcH cE¨mig;yg; t
<uif;tusef&Sdaom edAÁme"mwfjzpfNyD; tEkyg'daooedAÁme"mwf[lonf jyKjyifcH cE¨mig;yg; t<uif;tusefr&Sdaom
edAÁme"mwfjzpfonf/
oOyg'daooedAÁmef[lonf wPSm ork',wdkYaMumihfjzpfaom pdwyf dkif;qdkif&mysufpD;rIrS vGwaf jrmufrIudk qdk
g

vdkonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh t0dZÆmESihfwPSmwdkY csKyfNidrf;oGm;aomtcg raysmf½iT fjcif;? pdk;&drfjcif;? ylaqG;jcif;? 0rf;enf;

or
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el

259
Bhikkhu Bodhi, The Buddha and His Dhamma: Two Lectures on Buddhism (Kandy, Sri Lanka, Buddhist Publication Society, 1999), 23.
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260
jcif;ESihf tjcm;pdwfydkif;qdkif&m cHpm;&rIuJhodkYaom udavomw&m;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;Edkifonf / oOyg'daooedAÁmef
onf pdwEf SifhqufEG,faeonhf vGwfajrmufrIudk wdkuf½kduf&nfñTe;f onf/ pdwo f nf &m*? wPSm? t0dZÆmuJh
odkYaom udavomwdkYrS vGwfajrmufaomtcg raysmf½TifrI? pdwfzpd D;rIpaom pdwf\tjctaeESihf qufEG,faeonfh
pdwfydkif;b0qif;&J'ku©rS vGwfajrmufoGm;Edkifonf/
tbd"r®mtvdkt& Nidrf;csr;f rIESihf aysmf½TifrIonf pdwftwGif;Nidrf;csrf;rItajctaeESifh qufEG,o
f nf/ t&d,m
yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tzdkY þb0wGif edAÁmefudkodjrifNyD;aemuf pdwfydkif;b0qif;&J'ku©rS vGwfajrmufrIjzpfonhf oOyg'daoo
edAÁmef[laom Nidrf;csrf;rIESihf aysmf½TifrItxl;udk cHpm;&onf/ r*FvokwfwGif &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf t0dZÆm wPSm
wdkYrS vGwfajrmufNyD;jzpfí pdk;&drfjcif;? aMumuf½GHUjcif;wdkYrS vkH;0uif;a0;aMumif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/ vmb
(atmifjrifjcif;)? tvmb (qkH;½IH;jcif;)? ,o (ta>ct&Haygrsm;jcif;)? t,o (ta>ct&Hqkwf,kwfjcif;)? edE´m
(uJh&JUjcif;)? yoHom (csD;rGrf;jcif;)? okcH (csrf;omjcif;)? 'ku©H (qif;&Jjcif;) [laom avmu"Hw&m; &Spfyg;aMumihf
¤if;wdkY\pdwfrSm vkH;0wkefvIyfjcif;r&Sd/ ¤if;wdkYrSm aomuuif;ol? tnpftaMu;uif;ol? ab;uif;olrsm; jzpfMu
261
onf / Ak'¨0g'ü ,if;odkYaom pdwfydkif;b0vGwfajrmufrIudk ]oOyg'daoo} ac:Edkifonf/
tEkyg'daooedAÁmefonf &[EÅmyk*¾KdvfwdkY y&dedAÁmefpHNyD;aemuf jzpfay:vmaom edAÁmefjzpfonf/ wpfcsdef
wnf;wGif &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvf[kqdkaom ,if;emrf½kyfjzpfpOfonf vkH;0&yfpJoGm;NyD; ,if;jzpf\ ur®pGrf;tifonf qkH;cef;
wdkifoGm;onf/ ,if;aemuf ¤if;wdkY\ b0oHo&monf jywfpJonf/ ,if;tajctaeudk tEkyg'daooedAÁme
"mwf[kac:onf/ &[EÅmyk*¾KdvfwdkY edAmÁ efudk rsufarSmufjyKNyD;aemuf jyKjyifcHb0twGuf "mwfobm0 t<uif;
tusefr&Sdawmhacs[k em;vnf&onf/ emrf½kyfjzpfpOfobm0 rwnf&Sdawmhaomfvnf; aojcif;rJhobm0ESihf oEÅd
okconfom wnf&Sdonf/ ,if;tajctaeudk rarG;zGm;jcif; (tyÜ#doE¨d)? jzpfay:rvmjcif; (tEkyÜwåd)? rjzpfjcif;
262
(tZw)? jyKjyifcJhrJh (tocFw)[k ac:qdkonf /
Ak'¨0g'½IaxmifhrS pdwfydkif;b0vGwfajrmufrIudk 0drkwåd[kvnf; ac:onf/ þae&mü rnfodkYaom pdwfydkif;b0
vGwfajrmufrIudk Ak'¨0g'DwdkY &nf½G,foenf;/ a½SUwGif azmfjyNyD;onhftwdkif; pdwfydkif;b0vGwfajrmufrIü oOyg'd
aooESihf tEkyg'daoo[k tqifhESpfrsKd;yg&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif ur®|mef;bm0em½IrSwfonhf enf;pepfonf pdwfydkif;
b0vGwfajrmufrI\ t"dyÜm,fudk vufawGUem;vnf&ef ulnDonf/ xdkYjyif pdwfydkif;vGwfajrmufrIwGif vGwf
ajrmufrIt&om (0drkwåd&o) vu©Pm&Sdonf/ trSefpifppf "r®udk odem;vnfrIü tm½kHig;jzihf jrnf;prf;Edkifaom
t&omr&Sdacs/ odkYwap "r®onf wifpm;íqkdjcif;jzifh "r®&ot&nftaoG; odkYr[kwf pdwfydkif;b0vGwfajrmufrI
t&om&Sdonf/ t*Fkwå&edum,f? y[mem'okwfwGif þtcsufudk atmufygtwkdif; rdefYqdkonf –

ao,sxmyd y[mem' r[morka'´g {u&aom? {0ar0H acg r[mem' t,H "r®0dea,m {u&aom
0drkwåd&aom/ ,rÜd y[mem' t,H "r®0dea,m {u&aom 0drkwåd&aom/ t,H y[mem' £ro®ð "r®
263
0dea, qa|m tpä&da,m tblawm "ar®m/ ,H 'doGm 'doGm bdu©L £roð "r®0dea, tbd&rEÅd /
y[mem'? Oyrmaomfum; r[mork'´&monf wpfckwnf;aom t&om&SdouJhodkY xdktwl þ"r®0de,
onf 0drkwåd&o[laom wpfckwnf;aom t&om&Sd\/ y[mem'? ,if;onf þ"r®0de,ü ajcmufckajrmuf
aom tHhMozG,f rjzpfzl;NrJxl;uJaom t&nftcsif;jzpf\/ ,if;t&nftcsif;udk odíodí &[ef;wdkYonf
264
þomemawmfü aysmfarGUMuukef\ /

txufygazmfjycsufü pdwfydkif;b0vGwaf jrmufrI[lonf tjccHtm;jzihf b0opfarG;zGm;jcif;? tdkrif;jcif;? emr

usef;jzpfjcif;? aojcif;? pdk;&drfjcif;? ylaqG;jcif;ESihf tvkH;pkHaom udk,fqif;&Jjcif; pdwfqif;&Jjcif;[laom 'ku©tpkt
a0;udk jzpfay:apwwfaom t0dZÆmESifh wPSmrSvGwfajrmufjcif;jzpfonf/ tu,fí avmuDaysmf½TifrIrsm;udk wyf
g
or

260
Ibid, 9.
a.

261
Kh-N, 319.
as

262
Bhikkhu Bodhi, The Buddha and his Dhamma: Two Lectures on Buddhism (Kandy, Sri Lanka, Buddhist Publication Society, 1999), 23.
263
An-N Vol III, 42-43.
el

264
Nyanaponika-thera and Bhikkhu Bodhi, 204.
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89
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ESpfoufjcif;wPSm? b0wpfzefjzpfjcif;udk pGJvef;rIOyg'gefESihf aeYpOfb0vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk rodjcif;t0dZÆm r&SdcJhaomf

owå0gwdkYtm; 'ku©r&Sdawmhacs/ Ak'¨0g'ü 'ku©tvkH;pkHjywfpJoGm;jcif;udk em;vnfoabmaygufjcif;tm; edAÁmefudk&&Sd
rItjzpf ,lqonf/ odkYwap Ak'¨0g'D ur®|mef;q&mrsm;tm; edAÁmefudk rnfodkY&&Sdoenf;[k rMumcP ar;Muonf/
,if;ar;cGef;twGuf ur®|mef;q&mwdkY\ ½kd;½dk;&Sif;&Sif;tajzrSm pdwfpifMu,f (pdwå0dok'¨djzpf) &rnf[líyif/ avh
usifhrItwGuf rnfonhfenf;vrf;rsm;udk tokH;jyKygoenf;/ wpfzef ½kd;½kd;&Sif;&Sif;tajzrSm avhusifh&ef t*Fg&Spf&yf
265
ygonhf r*¾if&Spfyg;(t|r*¾*F)udk tokH;cs&rnf[kjzpfonf / odkYjzihf wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf edAÁmefESihfywfouf
onhf tqkH;rJh 'óear;cGef;rsm;udk ar;jref;Edkif&monf/ odkYwap wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf ur®|mef;½IrSwfjcif;rSwpf
qihf edAÁmefodkYOD;wnfonhf "r®t&omudk udk,fwkdifrodrcsif; edAÁmef\tESpfom&udk em;vnfEdkifrnf r[kwfacs/

Ak'¨0g'ur®|mef;½IrSwfrI\ &nf½G,fcsuf
a,bk,stm;jzifh ur®|mef;xkdifjcif;\&nf½G,fcsufrSm tpOftvmaemufcHtrsdK;rsKd; odkYr[kwf bmomw&m; o
abmxm;taxGaxGudk tajccHí &nf½G,fcsuf trsm;tjym;&SdEdkifonf/ tcsKdUtpOftvmtzdkY ur®|mef;onf pdwf
Nidrf;csrf;rIudk wdk;wufap&efjzpfNyD; tcsKdUu pdwfpGrf;&nftm;jzihf ½kyfydkif;qdkif&ma&m*grsm;udk uko&ef? tcsKdUrl pdwf
wefcdk;&&Sd&ef? tcsKdUrl tjcm;wpfpkHwpfckudk &&Sd&efjzpfonf/ tpOftvmwdkYonf tcsif;csif; rwljcm;em;aom
aMumihf ¤if;wdkY\ ur®|mefxkdifjcif; &nf½G,fcsufrSm wpfckESihfwpfck jcm;em;Muonf/
odkY&mwGif Ak'¨0g'ur®|mef;½IrSwfrI\ tjccH&nf½G,cf sufrSm pdwfudkpifMu,fap&efESihf edAÁmefodkYa&muf&efjzpf
266
onf / wpfzef orm"dESihf pdwf\Nidrf;csrf;onhf tajctaeudk wdk;wufap&ef orxenf;jzihf ur®|mef;½IrSwf
MuNyD; 0dyóemur®|mef;udkrl b0wGif&Sdaom ½kyfemrfw&m;wdkY\ tNrJr&Sdjcif;tedpö? qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ESifh igaumifol
aumifrJhrI tewåobm0udk xdk;xGif;íodjrifvm&ef tm;xkwfjcif;jzpfonf/ b0wpfck[lonf cE¨mig;yg; tpk
267
taygif;yifjzpfonf /
txl;jyKíazmfjy&aomf ax&0g'Ak'¨0g'DwdkYonf pdwfudkpifMu,fatmifvkyfjcif;jzihf edAÁmefodkYa&muf&ef owd
268
y|mefur®|mef;[kvnf;ac:aom 0dyóemur®|mef;onf r&SdrjzpfvdktyfaMumif; tav;teufqdkMuonf /
pdwfudkpifMu,fatmif jyKvkyfjcif;r&SdbJ edAÁmef[lonf rnfodkYaomt&mjzpfaMumif; em;vnf&ef cufcJonf/ odkY&m
wGif Ak'¨0g'ur®|mef;½IrSwfjcif;ESihf ywfoufí qdkzG,fwpf&yf&Sdonf/ a,m*Donf pdwfpifMu,frItajctaeESihf
edAÁmefudk em;vnfrIwdkYtMum; qufEG,frIudk rnfodkYem;vnfEdkifoenf;/ pdwfudkpifMu,fap&efrSm rdrdudk,fudk
t&Sdudkt&Sdtwdkif; em;vnf&rnfjzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf pdwf apwoduf ½kyf edAÁmef[laom y&rw¬w&m;wdkY\
jzpfpOfobm0udk t&Sdtwdkif; em;vnf&rnfjzpfonf/ a,m*Dyk*¾Kdvftaejzifh ,if;jzpfpOfwkdYonf trSefwu,f
wnf&SdaMumif;odjrifonf/ Ak'¨0g'onf a,m*Dyk*¾Kdvftm; edAÁmef\obm0udk em;vnfapEdkifaom 0dyóemynm
wdk;wufvmapa&;twGuf pdwfpifMu,frI[kvnf;ac:onfh orm"d\ta&;ygykHudk txl;jyKoifMum;onf/ orm"d
okwåefü þtcsufESihf ywfoufí Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu atmufygtwkdif; >rufMum;onf –

orm"ð bdu©a0 bma0x? orm"dawm bdu©a0 bdu©K ,xmblwH yZmemwd/ udÍö ,xmblwH yZmemwd?
½lyó ork',Íö tw¬*FrÍö a0'em, ork',Íö tw¬*FrÍö onm, ork',Íö tw¬*FrÍö ocFg&meH
269
ork',Íö tw¬*FrÍö 0dnmPó ork',Íö tw¬*FrÍö /
&[ef;wdkY? orm"dudk yGm;rsm;Muavmh/ orm"dudk yGm;rsm;jcif;jzihf [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odjrif\/ rnfodkY [kwf
wkdif;rSefpGm odoenf;[lrl ½kyfw&m;\ jzpfjcif;ysufjcif;udk od\/ a0'em\ jzpfjcif;ysufjcif;udk od\/

265
"r®puúy0wåeokwftvdkt& r*¾if&Spfyg;rSm or®m'd|d (rSefaomtjrif)? or®mouFyÜ (rSefaomtBuHtpnf)? or®m0gpm (rSefaom p
um;)? or®mur®EÅ (rSefaom tvkyf)? or®mtmZD0 (rSefaomoufarG;0rf;ausmif;)? or®m0g,mr (rSefaomvkHYv)? or®mowd (rSefaom
g
or

owd)? or®morm"d (rSefaom wnfMunfrI)wdkYjzpfonf/ Bodhi, The Connected Discourses of the Buddha, 1844.
a.

266
Di-N Vol. III, 131.
as

267
BD, 36.
268
Di-N Vol. III, 230.
el

269
Sa-N Vol. II, 12.
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onm\ jzpfjcif;ysufjcif;udk od\/ ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif;ysufjcif;udk od\/ 0dnmPf\ jzpfjcif;

270
ysufjcif;udk od\ /

þygVdawmfü Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf tppftrSef &nf½G,fco Jh nfudk em;vnf&ef owdy|mefav;yg;udk yGm;rsm; vsuf

owdy|mefur®|mef;udk tokH;cs&rnfjzpfonf/ tm;xkwfrItpwGif a,m*Donf ½kyfemrfy&rw¬w&m;rsm;udk
uGJjym;pGm em;vnfvmvdrhfrnf/ emrf[kqdk&mü emrfw&m;\ vkyfaqmifrIESpf&yfjzpfonfh pdwfESihf apwodufwdkYudk
þavhvmrIu todtrSwfjyKvdrfhrnfjzpfonf/ trSefpifppf a,m*Dyk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf y&rw¬w&m;wdkY\ xif&Sm;rI?
,if;wdkY\ xif&Sm;aom udpö (vkyfaqmifcsuf)wdkYudk owdy|mefur®|mef;rSwpfqihf em;vnfEdkifpGrf;&Sdonf/
tbd"r®myd#u yxrqkH;usrf;pm "r®o*FPDygVdawmft& pdwfudk atmufygtwdkif; tkyfpkcGJEdkifonf 1)
ukovpdwå 2) tukovpdwå 3) tAsmuwpdwå (0dygufESifhMud,mpdwf) [k okH;rsKd;cGJjcm;NyD; pkpkaygif; pdwftusOf;
89-yg;&Sdonf/ apwodufwdkYrSm ig;q,fhESpfyg;&Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm 0dwuf? a0'em? onm? apwem? owd?
{u*¾wm? ynm ponfwdkYjzpfonf/ odk&Y mwGif tbd"r®myd#uü y&rw¬w&m;av;yg;udk tkyfpkokH;pkcGJonf/ ygVd
bmomazmfjycsufrSm ]ukovm "r®m? tukovm "r®m? tAsmuwm "r®m} [kjzpfonf/ tbd"r®myd#utvdkt&
ukov"r®[lonf ukodkvfpdwf ESpfq,fhwpfyg;ESihf ,if;ü,SOfonhf apwoduf okH;q,fh&Spfyg;jzpfonf/ tukov
"r®[lonf tukodkvfpdwf q,fhESpfyg;ESihf ,if;ESihf,SOfonfh apwoduf ESpfq,fhckepfyg;wdkYjzpfonf/ tAsmuw
"r®wGif usefy&rw¬w&m;av;yg;wdkY yg0ifonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm 0dygufpdwf okH;q,fhajcmufyg;ESihf apwoduf okH;q,fh
271
okH;yg;? Mud,mpdwf ESpfq,fESihf apwoduf okH;q,fhig;yg;? &kyf ESpfq,fh&Spfyg; ESihf edAÁmefwdkYjzpfonf / odkYwap
a,m*Donf ur®|mef;\ pGrf;&nfjzihf pdwfapwodufwdkY\ udpötm;vkH;udk owdjyKrdvdrhfrnf r[kwfay/ odkY&mwGif
a,m*Donf avmb? a'go? O'´pöuJhodkYaom xif&Sm;onfh pdwf\vkyfaqmifcsuftrsm;pkudk odvdrfhrnfjzpfonf/
qufvufí tm;xkwfoGm;rnfqdkifvQif ur®|mef;bm0emonf pdwfapwodufwdkY\ vkyfaqmifcsufudk ydkrdk
euf½dIif;pGm avhvmrnfjzpfonf/ ,if;ESpfrsKd;teuf pdwfonf t"dutaejzihf vIyf&Sm;NyD; apwodufwdkYu 'kwd,
tcef;u@rS vIyf&Sm;onf/ vufawGYod&dSrIr&SdbJ usr;f pmtodrQjzihf pdwfapwodufwdkY\ obm0jcm;em;csufudk
enf;vnf&ef cJ,Of;onf/ ,if; apwoduf ig;q,hfESpfrsKd;onf obm0tm;jzifh qufoG,rf ItrsKd;rsKd;jzihf rdrd
272
(apwoduf)tcsif;csif;ESihf pdwfwdkYESihf,SOfwGJonf/ apwodufwdkYonf pdwfESihftwljzpfay:NyD; twlcsKyfMuonf /
þazmfjycsufü tu,fí uREkfyfwdkYonf pdwfESifhapwodufwdkY\vkyfaqmifcsufudk cGJjcm;vdkaomf orx
0dyóem[laom enf;pepfrsm;udk tokH;jyKvsuf pwifur®|mef;½IrSwf&rnfjzpfonf/ rdrd\obm0tawGYtBuKHt
wGif; txif&Sm;qkH;tm½kHwpfckjzihf pwiftm;xkwfvQif taumif;qkH;jzpfonf/ ax&0g'Ak'¨0g'DwdkY\ ur®|mef;½I
rSwfrIwGif tokH;rsm;onhf enf;vrf;rSm tmemygeówd (xGufav0ifavudk odaejcif;)ESifh um,*wmowd
(cE¨mudk,fvIyf&Sm;rIrsm; odkYr[kwf 0rf;Akduf\ azmif;jcif;ydefjcif;udk odaejcif;)jzpfonf/ avhusifhtm;xkwfpOf
twGif; ur®|mef;tm½kHudk tjynfht0 odrSwfrt I qifhudk &&Sdap&ef a,m*Dyk*¾Kdvfonf ur®|mef;tm½kHudk teD;uyf
½IrSwf&efvdkNyD; ,if;tm½kHtm; BuHpnfjcif;? awG;awmjcif;? cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif; odkYr[kwf arQmfvihfjcif;rjyKbJ tquf
rjywf ½IrSwf&onf/ a,m*Dyk*¾Kdvf\ orm"dpGrf;tm;onf ur®|mef;tm½kHudk teD;pyfqkH;½IrSwEf dkifpGrf;&Sdaom aMumifh
cPwdkif;cPwdkif;ü jzpfay:aeaom pdwyf dkif; ½kyfydkif;taESmihft,Sufrsm;udk ausmfvTm;Edkifonf/ Ak'0¨ g'wGif
Nidrf;csr;f NyD; xdk;xGif;odjrifaompdwfrSm orm"d[k xif&Sm;onf/ wnfMunfaompdwfonf pdwf"mwfpifMu,frI
273
(pdwå0dok'¨d)qDodkY qdkufa&mufaponf /
t*Fkwå&edum,ftvdkt& pdwfonf obm0tm;jzihf ta&mifawmufyonf/ qdkvkdonfrSm udavomrsm;
taESmihft,Sufrsm;rS uif;a0;aomtcg pdwfonf awmufyonf odkYr[kwf ta&mifxkwfvTwfonf[k jzpfonf/
,if;odkY pdwfawmufyrItajctaeudk pdwfpifMu,frI (pdwå0dok'¨d) [k ac:onf/ odkY&mwGif pdwo f nf wpfcgwpf&Hü
g
or
a.

270
Sa-N-NT 863.
as

271
Ab, Vol. I, 1-3, 17-144; Ab-S, 2-38, 95-98,113.
272
Ibid, 104.
el

273
Mahasi Sayadaw, The Progress of Insight (Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, 1978), 4-7.
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rSdefNyD; npfnL;\/ þtcsufESihfywfoufí ygVdawmfü ,if;odkYjzpf&jcif;\ taMumif;w&m;rsm;udk azmfjyonf/

,if;azmfjycsufonf t*Fkwåedum,f? tpä&moCFw0*fü vmonf –

ybó&rd'H bdu©a0 pdwåH/ wÍö acg tm*EÅKau[d Oyuúdavao[d Oyuúdvd|H/ wH tókwGm ykxkZÆaem
,xmblwH eyÜZmemwd/ wo®m tókw0awm ykxkZÆeó pdwåbm0em ew¬Dwd 0'grd/ ybó&rd'H bdu©a0
pdwåH/ wÍö acg tm*EÅKau[d Oyuúdavao[d 0dyÜrkwåH/ wH okwGm t&d,om0aum ,xmblwH yZmemwd/
274
wo®m ok0awm t&d,om0uó pdwåbm0em tw¬Dwd 0'grd /
&[ef;wdkY? þ (b0if)pdwfonf NydK;NydK;jyufjyuf awmufy\/ xdkpdwfonfyif (tukodkvfaZmcPü) {nfhonf
ozG,fjzpfukefaom npfnL;aMumif; udavomwdkYaMumihf npfnL;&\/ xdk (tjcif;t&m)udk tMum;tjrif
r&Sdaom ykxkZOfyk*¾Kdvfonf [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm rod? xdkYaMumifh tMum;tjrifrJhaom ykxkZOfyk*¾Kdvftm; pdwfudk
yGm;rsm;jcif;r&Sd[k igqdk\/ &[ef;wdkY? þ (b0if)pdwfonf NydK;NydK;jyufjyuf awmufy\/ xdkpdwfonfyif
(ukodkvfaZmcPü) {nfhonf ozG,fjzpfukefaom npfnL;aMumif; udavomwdkYrS uif;vGwf\/ xdk (tjcif;
t&m)udk tMum;tjrif&Sdaom t&d,mom0uonf [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm od\? xdkYaMumifh tMum;tjrif&Sdaom
275
t&d,mo0utm; pdwfudk yGm;rsm;jcif;&Sd\[k igqdk\ /

þenf;jzihf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf pdwo f nf obm0tm;jzifh ta&mifxGufaomfvnf; ,if;odkYta&mifxGuf

jcif;rSm udavomwdkYaMumihf tNrw J rf;r[kwfaMumif; odjrifawmfrlcJhonf/ txufygazmfjycsufü awGY&onhf
twdkif; pdwfydkif;b0wdk;wuf&ef pdwfonf tprSwfjzpfNyD; ur®|mef;enf;udk t"dutokH;jyK&rnfjzpfonf/ onf
omru edAÁmefudk vkdvm;olrsm;\ vGwfajrmufpifMu,faompdwf txGwftxdyfodkY a&mufonhf t"dutcsuf
vnf;jzpfonf/ Ak'¨0g'ygVdawmfrsm;ü aumif;aomt&mtm;vkH;onf pdwfwGifjzpfay:NyD; qdk;aomt&mtm;vkH;
vnf; pdwfüyif jzpfay:onf? aumif;aomt&mrsm;&Sdaeoa½GY aumif;jcif;onf pdwfESihfquf EG,faernfjzpfNyD;
276
raumif;aomt&mrsm;&Sdaeoa½GU raumif;jcif;onf pdwfESihfqufEG,faevdhrfrnf [kazmfjyonf / pdwf\rlv
tajctaeESihf trSefpifppf ½kyfemrfwdkY\obm0tygt0if tppftrSeftm;vkH;udkod&ef pdwfonf udavom
tnpftaMu;tm;vkH;rS pifMu,f&rnfjzpfonf/ pdwfpifMu,fa&;twGuf pdw\ f tzsuft&nftcsif;rsm;ESihf npf
EGrf;aeaom pdwfxm;trSefudk od&rnf[k qdk&ef&Sdonf/ taESmiftzGJUwGif &Sdaeaompdwfudk vGwfajrmufap&ef
wPSm? &m*ESihf t0dZÆmwdkYudk z,f&Sm;ypf&rnf/

tajccH Ak'¨0g'ur®|mef; xkdifenf;rsm;

277
azmfjyNyD;onhftwdkif; tajccHtm;jzihf ur®|mef;xdkifenf; ESpfrsKd;&Sdonf/ 1) orx ESihf 2) 0dyóemwdkYjzpfonf /
ur®|mef;\ pmvdkt"dymÜ ,frSm ]tvkyfvkyfonfh ae&m}[kjzpfonf/ rnfonhftvkyfvkyfonhfae&mudk &nfñTef;yg
oenf;/ yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfrIe,fy,fü pdwfydkif;b0wdk;wufrIudk tvdk&Sdol a,m*Dyk*¾Kdvf\pdwfudk &nfñTef;onf/
pdwfonf a,m*Dyk*¾KdvftzdkY w&m;½IrSwfrIaMumihfjzpfaom tusKd;xl;rsm;udk wdk;wufa&;twGuf tvkyfvkyfonhf
ae&mjzpfonf/ odkYwap Ak'¨0g'avhusifhtm;xkwfrIü bm0em[laoma0g[m&udk rMumcPtokH;jyKMuonf/
bm0em[lonf pmtvdk pdwfydkif;qdkif&m yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfrIjzpfonf/ Ak'¨0g'qdkif&m ,lqrItwGif; ur®|mef;[l
aom a0g[m&onf bm0emrSqif;oufvmonf/ bm0emESpfrsKd;&Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm 1) orxbm0emESihf 2)
0dyóembm0emwdkYjzpfonf/ ,if;onf ur®|meESpfrsKd;[lonfESihf twlwlyifjzpfonf/ ,if;ESpfrsKd;teuf 0dyó
emur®|mef;onfom Ak'¨0g'ur®|mef;xkdifenf; twdtusjzpfonf/ tjcm;ur®|mef;xkdifenf;rsm;udk Ak'¨0g'r[kwf
g
or
a.

274
An-N Vol. I, 9.
as

275
Nyanaponkka thera and Bhikkhu Bodhi, Numerical Discourses fo the Buddha, 36.
276
Dhammapada, Kh-N, 13.
el

277
Ab-S, 146.
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onhf ur®|mef;*dkPf;rsm;üvnf; awGU&onf/ tjcm;ur®|mef;xkdifenf;[l&mü orxur®|mef;udk &nfñTef;jcif;jzpf

278
onf/ orxur®|mef;ü pkpkaygif; trsKd;tpm;av;q,f&Sdonf /
orxur®|mef;[l&mü orx[lonf pdwf\wnfNidrfrI? pdwf\taESmihft,Sufrsm;udk z,fcGmjcif;[kt"dyÜm,f
&Sdonf/ orm"dESihf orx[laom a0g[m&onf t"dyÜm,fwlonf/ enf;ynmt& orm"d[laomyk'fudk Ak'¨0g'
usrf;*efwdkYü {u*¾wm[k t"dyÜm,fziG fhqdkonf/ ,if;onf trsm;qkH; psmeur®|mef;ü awGU&onf/ tqifhjrifhpGm
wdk;wufNyD;aom ,if;orm"dü ormywf&SpfrsKd;&Sdonf/ ½lypsmefav;yg;ESihf t½lypsmefav;yg; wdkYjzpfonf/
0dyóem[laoma0g[m&udk xdk;xGif;íodjrifrIynm[k bmomjyefMuonf/ enf;ynmt& ,if; a0g[m&udk
ygVdbmomjzihf ]tedpöm'd0aoe 0d0d"muma&e yówDwd 0dyóem/ tedpömEkyóem'dum bm0em ynm/
(tedpöpaom tjcif;t&mtrsKd;rsKd;jzihf ½IjrifwwfaomaMumihf 0dyóemrnf\/ tedpöponfjzihf ½Ijrifwwfaom
279
bm0emynmudk qdkvdk\/)} 0dyóemur®|mef;onf tedpö 'ku© tewå[laom vu©Pma&;okH;yg;ESihf wdkuf ½kduf
ywfoufaom obm0w&m;wdkYudk wdkuf½kduf½IrSwfí csOf;uyfjcif;jzpfonf/ tbd"r®mtvdkt& xkd;xGif;íod
jrifjcif;onf apwoduf ig;q,hfESpfyg;üyg0ifaom ynmapwoduf\ udpöjzpfonf/ ,if;\ta&;tBuD;qkH;udpö
rSm obm0rSefudkodjcif;qDodkY pdwfudk vrf;ñTefay;onf/
orxur®|mef;ESifh 0dyóemur®|mef;wdkY\ xl;jcm;csufum; tb,fenf;/ ygVdusrf;*efwdkYü orxur®|mef;
tm; t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrSm þodkYjzpfonf ]umrpäE´m'a,m ypöeDu"ar® oarwd 0demaowDwd oraxm? orm
"daówH emrH/ umrpäE´paom qefYusifbufw&m;wdkYudk ysupf D;apwwfaomaMumihf orxrnf\/ ,if;onf
orm"d\ trnfjzpfonf}/ þae&mü orx[lonf ur®|mef;½IrSwfí&&Sdonhf orm"dudk &nfñTef;onf/ umrt
vdkqE´rsm;? raumif;pdwfxm;rsm;? 0dpdudpämpaom eD0Pw&m;rsm;uJhodkYaom pdwf\oGifjyifyHkpHrsKd;pkHwdkYonf avh
usifhtm;xkwfaepOftwGif; Nidrf;at;oGm;Muonf/ þazmfjycsufü orxonf orm"d\ y&d,m,fwlyk'fjzpf
onf/ 0dyóem\ t"dyÜm,fzGifhrSm ]tedpöm'd0aoe 0d0da"[d tmuma&[d "ar® yóEÅDwd 0dyóem? ynm,
aówH emrH/ tedpöponf\tpGrf;jzihf txl;xl;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzihf w&m;wdkYudk ½IwwfaomaMumihf
0dyóem rnf\/ ,if;onf ynm\trnfwnf;}[k jzpfonf/ odkYjzihf tbd"r®mtvdkt& 0dyóemÓPf[lonf
280
ynmtaejzihf jzpfay:vmaom xdk;xGif;odjrifrI\ vkyfaqmifcsufjzpfonf /
orm"dwdk;wufa&;twGuf tajccHur®|mef;enf;wpfckrSm xGuaf v0ifavudk ½IrSwfrjI zpfonf/ ,if;enf;ü
xGufav0ifavonf owd\tm½kHjzpfonf/ tm;xkwfpOftwGif; a,m*Donf xGufav0ifavxdonhf txif&Sm;
qkH;ae&m EIwfcrf;txufem;rSmjzpfap? ESmodDzsm;0ef;usifrSmjzpfap xGufav0ifavudk ½IrSwfae&onf/ ,if;
enf;jzihf xGufav0ifavudk *½kpdkufaeojzihf a,m*Donf rdr\ d orm"dudk wdk;wufatmif aqmif½GufEdkifonf/
ueOD;wGif a,m*Donf ur®|mef;tm½kHü wnfMunfrrI &EkdifcJhaomf xGufav0ifavudk a&wGuf&ef 0dok'¨dr*fusrf;
u tMuHjyKonf/ a&wGufonhfenf;onf a,m*Dyk*¾Kdvftm; oufaomihfoufomjzihf orm"dudk wdk;wuf aponf/
,if;enf;udk ygVdbmjzihf *Peme,[kac:onf/ a,m*Donf 0ifav xGufav wpf? 0ifav xGufav ESpf -
ponfjzihf a&wGufí ,if;enf;udk tokH;jyKEdkifonf/ 0dok'¨dr*fusrf;ü t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmorax&fu atmufyg
twdkif; &Sif;vif;csufjyKonf –

þae&mü ur®|mef;tm;xkwfp trsKd;aumif;om;onf þur®|mef;tm½kHudka&wGufí ESvkH;oGif; ½IrSwf

oifh\/ ,if;odkYa&wGu&f mü ig;BudrfatmufravsmhapbJ q,fckxufrydkapbJ tMum;ü rusKd;ysufapbJ
a&wGuf&rnf/ ig;Budrfatmuf,kwfía&wGufaomf NcHusOf;üodkavSmifxm;aom EGm;tkyfuJhodkY pdwfonf
usOf;ajrmif;ojzihf wkefvIyf\/ q,fBudrfxufvGefí a&wGufaomf ¤if;\pdwfonf (xGufav 0ifavudk
ausmfvGefí)a&wGuf&maemufodkY vdkufoGm;\/ a&wGufpOf &yfem;rIjyKaomf ig\ur®|mef;onf NyD;qkH;NyD
281
avm rNyD;qkH;ao;bl;vm;[k awG;awmí ysHUvGifh\/ odkYjzpfí ,if;tjypfudk a&Sif&Sm;NyD; a&wGuf&rnf /
g
or
a.

278
Ibid, 329.
as

279
Ab-T, 267.
280
Pat-A, Vol. I, 116.
el

281
Vi-M-TS, 271.
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tmemygeur®|mef;jzihf psmefw&m;udk &&Sdjcif;

ygVdbmomtm;jzihf psme ouúwbmomtm;jzihf "smeonf orm"d\ydkrdkeuf½Idif;aom tqihfjzpfonhf ]pdwftm½kH
epfjrKyfjcif; (absorption)}twGuf tokH;jyKaom ur®|mef;a0g[m&jzpfonf/ psme[laoma0g[m&onf tyÜem
orm"d[laom a0g[m&ESihf y&d,m,fwljzpfonf/ ur®|mef;avhusifhpOftwGif; o'¨g? ynm? 0D&d,? orm"dESihf
282
owd[laom £a`E´ig;yg;nDñGwfrI&&Sdjcif;jzihf orm"dwdk;wufatmifvkyf&onf / ,if;aemuf a,m*Dyk*¾Kdvf\
orm"dtqifhonf Oyrmpm&orm"dtqihfudk vGefNyD; tyÜemorm"dtqihfodkY qdkufa&mufonf/ 0dok'¨dr*fü psmef
jzpfpOftwGif; ay:vmaom orm"dESpfrsKd;&Sdonf/ trSefpifppf a,m*Donf ur®|mef;enf;rsm;pGmudk tokH;jyKvsuf
psmefrsm;udk &&SdEdkifonf/ atmufygazmfjycsufrsm;u Ak'¨0g'psmeur®|mef;\ vrf;ñTefcsuftcsKdUudk azmfjyonf/
azmfjycsurf Sm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf –

orm"Dwd Oypm&tyÜem0aoe 'k0da"m/ 'k0d"aum|mao qEéH tEkówd|memeH r&Pówd,m Oyorm

Ekówd,m tm[ma& y#dulvonm, pwk"mwk00w¬meómwd £aroH 0aoe v'¨pdawåu*¾wm? ,m
p tyÜemorm"DeH ykAÁbma* {u*¾wm? t,H Oypm&orm"d/ yXró psmeó y&dur®H yXró psmeó
teEÅ &ypöa,e ypöa,mwdtm'd0peawm ye ,m y&dur®meEÅ&m {u*¾wm? t,H tyÜemorm"Dwd {0H
283
OypmyÜem 0aoe 'k0da"m /
orm"donf Oypm&orm"dESihf tyÜemorm"d[k ESpfrsKd;&Sd\/ ,if;ESpfrsKd;teuf tEkówdajcmufyg;rS r&P-
ówd OyormEkówd? tm[ma& y#dulvonm pwk"mwk00w¬mefwdkY\tpGrf;jzihf &tyfaom pdwf\
wnfMunfrI? tyÜemorm"d\ a&SUtzdkYü&&Sdtyfaom orm"dwdkYudk Oypm&orm"d[kac:\/ yXrpsmef\
y&duHonf yXrpsmeftm; teEÅ&owådjzifh aus;Zl;jyK\[k a[mawmfrlaomaMumihf y&duH\ tjcm;rJhüjzpf
284
aom pdwf\wnfrIudk tyÜemorm"d[kac:\/ ,if;odkY Oypm&ESihf tyÜem[k orm"dESpfrsKd;&Sd\ /

,if;enf;jzihf a,m*Donf psmefudk&oGm;aomtcg y#dbm*edrdwf (tvm;wloGifjyif)udk &yfpJjcif;r&SdbJodEdkif

onf/ edrdwfonf 1) y&dur®edrdwf (a&S;OD;oGifjyif) 2) O*¾[edrdwf (oif,lqJoGifjyif) ESihf 3) y#dbm*edrdwf
(tvm;wloGifjyif) [kokH;rsKd;&SdaMumif; tbd"r®w¬o*F[usrf;üazmfjyonf/

edrdawåok ye y&dur®edrdwåH O*¾[edrdwåÍö oAÁw¬myd ,xm&[H y&d,ma,e vAÇaEÅ0/ y#dbm*edrdwåH ye

uodPmokbaum|motmemygaeaoG0 vAÇwd/ ww¬yd y#dbm*edrdwårm&AÇ Oypm&orm"d tyÜem
285
orm"d p y0wåwd /
edrdwfokH;yg;wGif y&dur®edrdwfESihf O*¾[edrdwfwdkYudk ur®|mef;tm½kHtm;vkH;ü xdkufonftm;avsmfpGm &tyf
onfomjzpf\/ y#dbm*edrdwfudkrl uodkPf;? tokb? aum|mo? tmemygewdkYüom &tyf\/ xdk
(edrdwfokH;rsKd;)ü y#dbm*edrdwfudk tm½kHjyKí Oypm&orm"dESihf tyÜemorm"dwdkYjzpf\/ ur®|mef;tm;xkwfcg
pyk*¾Kdvfonf ajr0dkif; (yx0Dr@v) edrdwfponfudk odoGm;aomtcg ,if;edrdwfudk y&dur®edrdwf[kac:NyD;
286
,if;ur®|mef;udk y&dur®bm0em[kac:\ /

zm;atmufq&mawmf\tvdkt& psmeftcdkuwGif a,m*Donf &yfpJjcif;r&SdbJ y&dur®edrdwfodkY a&mufoGm;

287
onf/ ],if;onf em&Daygif;rsm;pGmMumonfxd wpfnvkH; wpfaeYvkH; qufvufíwnf&SdEdkifonf} / a,m*D\
g

282
Di-N-A, Vol. II, 377.
or

283
Vi-M, Vol. I, 82.
a.

284
Vi-M-TS, 86.
as

285
Ab, 152. Ac-Ab, 340.
286
Ac-Ab, 340.
el

287
Pa-Auk Sayadaw. Mindfulness of Breathing and Four Elements Meditation (Malayasia: W.A.V. E. Publication, 2002), 13.
.k
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94
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pdwfonf y&dur®edrdwfü pOfqufrjywfwnfaeaomtcg wpfcsdefwGif psmeft*Fgig;yg;udk odjrifoGm;onf/ psmef

t*Fg ig;yg;rSm 0dwuf? 0dpm&? yDwd? okc? {u*¾wmwdkYjzpfonf/ qufvufítm;xkwfoGm;jcif;jzihf aemufqkH;wGif
,if; ig;rsKd;vkH;udk wpfNydKifeuf odprG f;Edkifrnfonf/ psmefw&m;tm;xkwfolonf atmufygtwkdif; psmeft*Fgrsm;udk
tao;pdwf odpGrf;oGm;vdrfhrnfjzpfonf –
1) 0dwuf - pdwfudk y#dbm*edrdwfodkY aqmif,lNyD; ,if;ü pdwfudkxm;onf
2) 0dpm& - pdwfudk y#dbm*edrdwfü xdef;odrf;xm;onf
3) yDwd - y#dbm*edrdwfudk ESpfoufaeonf
4) okc - y#dbm*edrdwfudk od&Sdjcif;jzihf epf0ifaeonhf okca0'emudk cHpm;aeonf
288
5) {u*¾wm - y#dbm*edrdwftm½kHwpfckü pdwfwnfMunfaeonf
psmeur®|mef;ü psmef\tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk psme*F[ak c:onf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;psmef\tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk wpf
ckwnf;taejzihf ,laomtcg psmef[kac:onf/ psmeftqifh &Spfqihf&Sdonf/ tu,fí a,m*Donf psmefw&m;udk
tm;xkwfcgpjzpfbdrl MumjrihfpGm psmefudk 0ifpm;&aomfvnf; psmefüvdr®muRrf;usifonftxd psmeft*Fgrsm;udk y,f
cGm&ef BudK;pm;jcif;ü tcsdefrsm;pGm tokH;rjyK&ay/ 0dok'¨dr*ftvdkt& yXrpsmefü uRrf;usifvdr®mrIudk tpjyKvsuf
enf;ig;rsKd;jzihf psmefüuRrf;usifonf/ psmefüvdktyfaom uRrf;usifrI (0oDabmf) ig;rsKd;&Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm –
1) tm0ZÆe0oD (tm½kHpl;pdkufrIü uRrf;usifjcif;) – psmefw&m;rSxNyD;aemuf psmeft*Fgrsm;udk tvsiftjref
odEdkifaom pGrf;&nf
2) ormyZÆe0oD (0ifpm;rIü uRrf;usifjcif;) – psmef0ifpm;vdkaomtcg 0ifpm;Edkifaom pGrf;&nf
3) t"d|me0oD (qkH;jzwfjcif;ü uRrf;usifjcif;) – psmeformywfü rdrd0ifpm;vdkonfhtcsdefxd aexdkifEdkifaom
pGrf;&nf
4) 0k|me0oD (psmefrSxjcif;ü uRrf;usifjcif;) – t"d|mefxm;onhftcsdef odkYr[kwf xvdkonhftcsdefü psmefrS
xEdkifaom pGrf;&nfESihf
5) ypöa0u©Pm0oD (qifjcifrIü uRrf;usifjcif;) – psmefw&m;udk xyfrH0ifpm;&ef psmeft*Fgrsm;udk tvsift
289
jrefodEdkifaom pGrf;&nfwdkYjzpfonf /
t*Fkwå&edum,f? yAÁaw,s*g0Dokwfü Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu yXrpsmefü vdr®muRrf;usifrIr&SdbJ 'kwd,psmefudk
0ifpm;&ef BudK;pm;rl yXrpsmefudkvnf;r& 'kwd,psmefudkvnf; rydkifaMumif; &Sif;jyawmfrlonf/ tusKd;qufum;
psmefESpfrsKd;vkH;udk qkH;½IH;rnfjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí a,m*Dyk*¾Kdvfonf txufpsmefrsm;udk r0ifpm;rD azmfjyyg 0oD
abmfig;rsKd;udk ydkifqdkif&rnfjzpfonf/ a,m*Donf xGufav0ifavudk owdjzihf½IrSwfrIrSwpfqifh pwkw¬psmefukd &
&SdNyD;aomtcg 0oDabmfig;rsKd;vkH;udk yGm;rsm;NyD;jzpfonf/ ,if;psmeur®|mef;tqifhwGif a,m*Dyk*¾Kdvf\ orm"d
onf r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfudk &&Sda&;twGuf 0dyóemur®|mef;qDodkY ul;ajymif;Edkifavmufatmif euf½Idif;wnfNidrf
290
oGm;NyDjzpfonf/ r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPftqifhwGif a,m*Dyk*¾Kdvfonf edAÁmef\Nidrf;csr;f jrihfjrwfrIudk odEdkifonf /
odkY&mwGif a,m*Dyk*¾Kdvfonf xdktqifhü 0dyóemur®|mef;udk tm;rxkwfvdkcJhaomf ½lypsmef t½lypsmef[laom
txufpsmefrsm;udk yGm;rsm;&ef orxur®|mef;udk qufvufítm;xkwfEdkifonf/

0dyóemur®|mef;jzihf ÓPftjrifudk&Sdjcif;
txufwGif azmfjyNyD;onhftwkdif; ,medu[kvnf;ac:onhf tajccHur®|mef;xkdifenf; ESpfrsKd;&Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm
orx,medu (orxudk ,mOftaejzihf,o l l)ESihf 0dyóem,medu (0dyóemudk ,mOftaejzihf,lol) wdkYjzpf
onf/ orxpsmeftqihfudkr&bJ 0dyóemoufoufudk tm;xkwfolrsm;tm; oku©0dyóem,medu odkYr[kwf
291
ok'¨0dyóem,medu(0dyóemur®|mef;oufoufudk tm;xkwfol)[k ac:onf / orx,meduenf;udk oif
g
or
a.

288
Ibid, 13.
as

289
Vi-M, 149-150.
290
Ab-B-T, 664.
el

291
BD, 204-205.
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Mum;olrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\oifMum;csufrsm;udk atmufygt|uxmazmfjycsufudk tajccHMuonf/ ,if;azmfjy

csufrSm azmfjyygtwdkif;jzpfonf –

wmed 0g ye psmemed ormyZÆdwGm 0k|m, psmeor®,kwåH pdwåH c,awm 0,awm or®Zmeawm 0dyó-
292
emu©aP vu©Py#da0a"e OyÜZÆwd cPdupdawåu*¾wm /
tpOftwkdif; ,if;psmefrsm;udk 0ifpm;NyD;aemuf ,if;psmefwdkYrSxvsuf psmefESihf,SOfaompdwftm; jzpfjcif;
ysufjcif;udk 0dyóemynmjzihfod\/ ,if;aemuf 0dyóem½IrSwfcdkufwGif tckduftwhHjzpfaom pdwf\wnf
293
MunfrIonf (tedpö 'ku© tewå)[laom vu©Pma&;okH;yg;udk xdk;xGif;íodjrifrI jzpfay:vm\ /

odkY&mwGif oku©0dyóu,meduenf;udk oifMum;vdkolrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\oifMum;rIudk #DumñTefMum;csufudk

tajccHMuonf/ ,if;ñTefMum;csufrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf –

cPdupd awå u*¾wmwd cPrwå|dwdaum orm"d/ aomyd [d tm&r®aP ed&EÅ&H {umuma&e y0wå-
294
rmaem y#dyau©e tebdblawm tyÜdawm 0d, pdwåH edpövH Xaywd /
cPduorm"d[lonf cPwdkif;cPwdkif; ur®|mef;tm½kHü wnfaeaom orm"dwnf;/ ,if;orm"donf
ur®|mef;tm½kHü cPwdkif;rjywfrvyf wpfckwnf;aom tjcif;t&mjzifhjzpfvsuf (umrpäE´ Asmyg'paom)
295
eD0&w&m;wdkY\ vTrf;rdkjcif;rcH&bJ wkyfzGJUxm;ouJhodkY pdwfudk rwkefrvIyf wnfaeap\ /

0dyóemur®|mef;tm;xkwfjcif;jzihf r*fÓPfzdkvfÓPfudk odjrifonf/ ax&0g'Ak'¨0g'ü 0dyóemur®|mef;

jzihf r*fÓPfzdkvf ÓPfxl;udk jynfhpkHpGm&&SdNy;D ol trsKd;om;trsKd;orD;ukd t&d,myk*¾Kdvf[kqdkonf/ rsufarSmufacwf
jrefrmEkdifiHrS Ak'¨0g'DwdkYonf orxpsmefudk ryGm;rsm;bJ rsm;aomtm;jzihf 0dyóemudk tm;xkwfMuonf/ odkY&m
wGif tcsKdUa,m*Drsm;rSm 0dyóemodkYrul;ajymif;rD psmefudkyGm;rsm;jcif;jzihf ¤if;wdkY\ tm;xkwfrIudk pwifMuonf/
jrefrmur®|mef;q&mtrsm;pkonf cPduorm"dtm; ½IrSwfpOfcPwdkif;ü pdwf\taESmifht,Sufrsm;udk z,f
&Sm;NyD; eD0&Pw&m;[kac:aom wm;qDydwfyifwwfonhf w&m;rsm;udk cGmxkwfjcif;udpö&SdaMumif; azmjfyMuonf/
eD0&Pw&m;wdkYudk pdwfxJrScPtm;jzihf z,f&Sm;Edkifaom ,if;pdwf\tajctaersKd;onf 0dyóemÓPfESihf r*f
ÓPf zdkvfÓPfwdkYudkvnf; &&SdapEkdifonf/ odkYwap jrefrmEdkifiHrS xif&Sm;ausmfMum;onhf zm;atmufq&mawmf
url ¤if;\oifMum;csufrsm;udk psmeur®|mef;yGm;rsm;rIjzihf pwifru I kd ydkESpfoufonf/
,if;azmfjycsufü orm"d\udpöonf pdwfudkpifMu,fap&ef pdwfxJrS eD0&Pw&m;wdkYudk avQmhypfjcif;jzpf
onf/ eD0&Pw&m;rsm;ü a,m*D\pdwfudk aemufusKapNyD; todÓPfudk uef;apaom w&m;ig;rsKd;yg0ifonf/
,if;eD0&Pw&m;ig;rsKd;rSm 1) umrpäE´eD0&P(umr*kPftvdkqE´) 2) Asmyg'eD0&P (a'go) 3) xderd'¨eD0&P
(xkHxkdif; ikdufrsOf;jcif;) 4) O'¨pöukuúKpöeD0&P (pdwfysHUvGifhjcif;ESihf aemifwylyefjzpfjcif;) 5) 0dpdudpämeD0&P(rqkH;
296
jzwfEdkifjcif;)wdkYjzpfonf / orx (psme)ur®|mef;usifhMuHolrsm;u eD0&Pw&m;rsm;xif&Sm;&Sdaerl a,m*Donf
Oypm&orm"dESihf tyÜemorm"dtqihfodkY ra&mufEdkif[k qdkonf/ 0dyóemur®|mef;usihfMuHolrsm;u eD0&Pw
&m;rsm; xif&Sm;&Sdaerl a,m*Donf trSefw&m;rsm;udk &Sif;vif;pGmrodjrifEdkif[k qdkonf/ ,if;trSefw&m;rsm;ü
tedpö(tNrJr&Sdjcif;) 'ku©(qif;&Jjcif;) ESihf tewå (½kyftpk emrftpkw&m;rsm;\ ig olwpfyg; r[kwfjcif;)[laom
297
vu©Pma&;okH;yg;ESihf qufEG,faeonhf ½kyfemrfw&m;rsm;yg0ifonf /

292
Vi-M, Vol. I, 281.
g
or

293
Vi-M-Tran, 282.
294
a.

Vi-M-T, 342.
295
t*FvdyfbmomjyefrSm usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvf\ vuf&mjzpfonf/
as

296
Di-N Vol. I, 67-68.
el

297
BD, 230.
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Ak'¨0g'usihfpOfü 0dyóemur®|mef;onf owdy|mefav;yg;ESihfvnf; qufEG,fonf/ owdy|mefur®|mef;udk

298
avhusifhtm;xkwfoltm; 0dyóemur®|mef;tm;xkwfol[kvnf; qdk&onf / owdy|mefur®|mef;yGm;rsm;tm;
xkwfolonf tusKd;ckepfyg;udk &&Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm 1) owå0gwdkY\ pifMu,fjcif; (owåmeH 0dok'd̈,m) 2) ESihf 3)
aomuESihf y&da'0wdkYudk ausmfvTm;&ef (aomuy&da'0geH orwduúrm,) 4) ESihf 5) ukd,fqif;&Jjcif;ESihf pdwf
qif;&Jjcif;wdkYudk y,fazsmuf&ef ('ku©a'greómeH tw¬*Frm,) 6) vrf;pOfrSefudk &&Sd&ef (Ó,ó t"d*rm,) 7)
edAÁmefudk xdk;xGif;odjrif&ef (edAÁmeó opädud&d,m,) wdkYjzpfonf/ aomuy&da'0wdkYudk y,f&Sm;&efESihf udk,f
qif;&Jjcif; pdwfqif;&Jjcif;wdkYudk y,f&Sm;&efwdkYrSm rnfrQESpfoufzG,faumif;rnf[lonfudk qifjcifMunfhaomtcg
azmfjyygtusKd;w&m;rsm;onf vGwfajrmufrIedAÁmefudk &SmazGMuola,m*DolawmfwdkYtm; tvGefyif tm;wufap
onf/ r[mowdy|meokwfü Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu atmufygtwkdif; a[mMum;awmfrlonf –

{um,aem t,H bdu©a0 ra*¾g owåmeH 0dok'¨d,m aomuy&da'0geH orwduúrm, 'ku©a'greómeH

299
tw¬*Frm, Ó,ót"d*rm, edAÁmeó opädud&d,m, ,'d'H pwåma&m owdy|mem /
&[ef;wdkY? þvrf;onf owå0gwdkYpifMu,f&ef pdk;&drfylyefjcif; ikda<ujcif;wdkYudk vGefajrmuf&ef ukd,fqif&J
pdwfqif;&JwdkYcsKyfNidrf;&ef t&d,r*fudk&&Sd&ef edAÁmefudk rsufarSmufjyK&ef wpfaMumif;wnf;aom vrf;jzpf\/
300
,if;onhfvrf;um; þowdy|mefav;yg;wdkYyifwnf; /

Ak'¨0g'pmaywdkYü 0dyóemynm[laompum;vkH;onf ur®|mef;avhusifhtm;xkwfrIESihfywfofí rMucP

awGU&onf/ odkYjzpfí 0dyóemynm[lonf tb,fenf;[k ar;Edkif&monf/ 0dyóemynm[lonf tvdkt
avsmufjzpfay:vmaomtod odkYr[kwf tedpö 'ku© tewåtrSefw&m;udk em;vnfpGrf;&Sdaom tawGUtBuKHjzpf
onf/ Ak'¨0g'½Iaxmifht&aomf 0dyóemynmonf BuHpnfawG;awm avhvmqnf;yl;í em;vnf½kHrQjzihf &&Sdonfh
t&mr[kwf? a,m*Dyk*¾Kdvf\ ½kyfemrfjzpfpOfudk ½IrSwaf pmifhMunfhrIESihf wdkuf½kdufywfoufaom em;vnfrIwpfrsKd;jzpf
onf/ 0dyóemynmjzihf ½kyfemrfjzpfpOfudk a&S;OD;pGmapmifhMunfhjcif;onf a,m*Dyk*¾Kdvftm; edAÁmefodkY a&mufapEdkif
301
onf / azmjfyygtqdkjyKazmfjycsufü Ak'¨0g'DwdkYonf edAÁmefudkod&SdrIonf ur®|mef;½IrSwfrIüyg0ifojzihf pmayod
t&awG;MuH½kHjzihf edAÁmef\obm0udk em;vnf&ef rjzpfEdkif[laomtcsufudk axmufjyMuonf/ edAmÁ efudk oabm
aygufjcif;[lonf r*fÓPfzdkvfÓPfudk xdk;xGif;íodjcif;udk &nfñTef;onf/ ,if;jzpfpOfonf aAm"dÓPfudk &&SdrI
wGif&Sdaom avmukwå&mynmjzihf NyD;ajrmufEdkifonf/ edAÁmefudkod&SdrIonf ½SmazGawGU&Sdjcif;udpö&Sdonf/ edAÁmef\
tESpfom&tppftrSefonf oEÅdokcudk&&SdrIjzihf ay:vmonf/ xdktcsdefü a,m*Donf ½kyef mrfjzpfpOftm;vkH; vkH;0
jywfpJrIudk odjrifNyD; oEÅdokcjzpfwnfvmonfudk od&Sdonf/
ur®|mef;½IrSwfyGm;rsm;jcif;r&Sdolrsm;tzdkY edAÁmef\obm0trSefudk em;vnf&ef rjzpfEdkifacs/ oDtkd&D½Iaxmihfudk
tajccHvsuf edAÁmef[laom a0g[m&onf trSefyif rIef0g;0g;jzpfNyD; em;vnf&efcufcJaMumif; jiif;qdkMuonf/
odkYjzpfí a&mbwf t,fvf qvmwm (Robert L. Slater) uJhodkYaom ur®|mef;rxkdifoltcsKdUu edAÁmefudk jcm;em;
pGm t"dyÜm,faumuf,lMuonf - ]edAÁmef[laom a0g[m&udk ,kHMunfrIbmompum;u ydkifqdkif\/ tokH;jyKonhf
jzpfEdkifajcrJha0g[m&rsm;rSm ydkrdktxift&Sm;jzpfzG,f&Sdaom qufEG,fa0g[m&cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmrI oGifjyiftjzpf ,if;
302
,kHMunfrI [kwfrSefaMumif;qdkjcif;wpf&yfrQomjzpfonf / odkY&mwGif Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu todÓPfjzihf MuHpnf
awG;awmjcif;rQjzihf edAÁmef\tESpfom&udk em;vnf&efrjzpfEdkifaMumif; Budrfzefrsm;pGma[mMum;cJhonf/ edAÁmeftm;
t&[wår*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfudk&rSom odjrifem;vnfEkdifonf/
Ak'¨0g'onf vufawGUa&mpmawGUyg ,if;\ pepfwuscsOf;uyfrIudk azmfjyonf/ atmufygtqihfrSm
0dyóemynmtwGuf a&S;OD;tqifhjzpfonf/ tu,fí wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf þb0wGif 0dyóemynmudk
g
or

298
Di-N-A Vol II, 348-349.
a.

299
Di-N- Vol II, 231.
as

300
Di-N-NT, 335.
301
BD, 230-231.
el

302
Pa-Ni, 82.
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trSefwu,fwdk;wufvdkvQif ur®|mef;avhusihftm;xkwfpOftwGif avmuDtMuHtpnf tjyKtrlrsm;udk pGefYvTwf&

rnfjzpfonf/ ,if;avhusihfrIonf udk,fusifhoDvpifMu,frI (oDv0dok'¨d) twGufjzpfojzihf a&S;OD;pGm ig;yg;
303 304
oDv udkjzpfap odkYr[kwf &Spfyg;oDvudkjzpfap apmifhxdef;&efvdkonf / aemufxyftydk pnf;rsOf;rsm;rSm a,m
*Dwpfa,mufonf ur®|mef;avhusihftm;xkwfaepOftwGif; tjcm;a,m*Drsm;ESihf tvnfvmolrsm;tm; pum;
rajym&acs/ ,if;odkYaom Ak'¨0g'DwdkY\ tjyKtrIudk ]jrihfjrwfaom EIwfqdwfrI (wkPSdbm0)[kac:onf/ Ak'¨0g'Drsm;
tzdkY tjcm;aom yPmrtjyKtrIrsm; &SdMuao;onf/ ,if;wdkYrSm ur®|mef;avhusifhrIrwdkifrDwGif tu,fí t&d
,myk*¾Kdvfrsm;ESihf q&mt&Sifrsm;tm; jypfrSm;cJhaomf cGifhvTwf&efawmif;yefrIrsKd; jzpfonf/ xdkYjyif pwk&m&u©bm0
em (pdwfydkif;wdk;wufa&; tumtuG,fav;rsKd;) udkvnf; yGm;rsm;&onf/ ,if;wdkYrSm 1) Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ *kPf
awmfrsm;udk atmufaryjcif; (Ak'¨gEkówdbm0em) 2) arwåmyGm;rsm;jcif; (arwåmbm0em) 3) tokbur®|mef;
305
yGm;rsm;jcif; (tokbbm0em) ESihf 4) aojcif;w&m;udk qifjcifjcif; (r&Pówd)wdkYjzpfonf /
r[mpnfq&mawmf\tvdkt& 0dyóemur®|mef;udk oihfwifhavsmufywfaomenf;jzihf pwiftm;xkwf&ef
oifhaomifhoufom&Sdaom £&d,mykxfjzihf xdkifur®|mef;udk pwifoihfonf/ a,m*Donf avmuDa&;&m tawG;
tBuHtm;vkH;udk pGefYvTwfNyD; ypöyÜefrsufarSmuftcdkuftwHhüaevsuf 0rf;Akduf\vIyf&Sm;rI azmif;jcif;ydefjcif; odkYr
[kwf xGufav0ifav (tmemyge) paomur®|meftm½kHü pdwfudk wnfatmifBudK;pm;&onf/ aeY&uftwefMum
NyD;aemuf owdjzihf½IrSwfrIrSwpfqifh 0rf;Akduf\ azmifjcif;ydefjcif;udk xif&Sm;pGm odjrifvmvdrfhrnfjzpfonf/ 0rf;
Adkuf\vIy&f Sm;rIwdkif;udk pdwfjzihfodrSwfaejcif;onf emrf½kyfwdkY\jzpfpOf qdkvdkonfrSm tm;xkwfpOftwGif; a,m*D
\pdwfpGrf;&nf jrifhrm;a&twGuf ur®|mef;tm½kHudk udk,fpdwfwdkYjzihfcHpm;od&SdrIudk em;vnfaponf/ 0dyóem
ur®|mef;udk NyD;jynfhpkHpGm tm;xkwfNyD;aomtcg a,m*Donf yom'½kyfajcmufyg;ü ½kyfemrfwdkY pOfqufrjywfjzpf
ay:vmrIudk odpGrf;Ekdifonf/ owdy|mefur®|mef;½IrSwfrI wdk;wufvmaomtcg emrf½kyfwdkY\obm0rSef? okcESihf
'ku©a0'em? avmb a'go arm[tygt0if ukodkvftukodkvfapodufrsm;udk cGJjcm;odjrifonf/ ,if;odkYjzihf
a,m*Donf vlom;wdkY\ raumif;rItvkH;pkHESihf 'ku©\&if;jrpfjzpfaom tvdk&r®uf? a'go? rodrdkufrJjcif;rS pdwu f dk
306
vGwfajrmufap&ef[laom 0dyóemur®|mef;tm;xkwfrI\ &nf½G,fcsufudk oabmaygufrnfjzpfonf /
azmfjyNyD;onhftwdkif; a,m*Donf avhusifhtm;xkwfrI tpdwftydkif;wdkif;ü orm"dokH;rsKd;udk tokH;jyKonf/
Oyrmtm;jzihf 1) Oypm&orm"d (teD;tem;üjzpfaom orm"d)onf orxur®|mef;twGif;jzpfNyD; psmefpdwf
rjzpfrD ay:vmaom orm"dwpfrsKd;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif 2) tyÜemorm"d (epfjrKyform"d odkYr[kwf jynfhpkHaomo
rm"d) onf psmef0ifpm;cdkufwGif wnf&Sdaom orm"dwpfrsKd;jzpfonf/ 0dyóemur®|mef;tm;xkwfolrsm;onf t"d
utm;jzihf cPduorm"d (tcdkuftwhHorm"d)udk 0dyóemtwGuf tokH;jyKMuonf/ cPduorm"denf;onf
avmb a'gom arm[wdkYudk cPwdkif; ausmfvTm;jcif;jzihf pdwpf ifMu,frIodkYoGm;onfh ajcwpfvSrf;,ljcif;jzpfonf/
307
,if;odkYaom ur®|mef;enf;udk edAmÁ efudkxdk;xGif;odjrifrIudk &&Sd&eftokH;jyKonf /
0dyóemur®|mef;tm;xkwfrIü 0dyóemynmwdk;wufrIESihfywfoufí Ak'¨0g'qdkif&mtzGifhusrf;rsm;ü azmfjy
aom uGJjym;jcm;em;onhf ,lqcsuftcsKdU&Sdonf/ 0dok'¨dr*fusrf;ü t|uxmq&mrsm;u 0dyóemynmwdk;wufrI
udk emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPf (½kyfemrfudk cGJjcm;odonhfÓPf)? ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPf (taMumif;tusKd;udkodaomÓPf)ESihf
or®oeÓPf (qifjcifokH;oyfonfhÓPf)ponfjzihf pwifaMumif;azmfjyNyD; tbd"r®w¬o*Fusrf;ürl t|uxmq
308
&mu or®oeÓPfjzihf pwifaMumif; jyqdkonf /
303
Ak'¨0g'DolawmfpifwdkY apmihfxdef;onhf ig;yg;oDvrSm 1) olYtouf rowfjcif; 2) rckd;jcif; 3) olYtdrf&mrjypfrSm;jcif; 4) rvdrfnm
jcif; 5) t&ufaopmrl;,Zfaq;0g; rokH;pGJjcif;wdkYjzpfonf/ Mahasi Sayadaw, The Prpgress of Insight. 34.
304
OykofoDv[kvnf;ac:onhf &Spfyg;oDvrSm 1) olYtouf rowfjcif; 2) rckd;jcif; 3) arxkefrSa&SmifMuOfjcif; 4) rvdrfnmjcif; 5)
t&ufaopmrl;,Zfaq;0g;rokH;pGJjcif; 6) aevGJnpmrpm;jcif; 7u) ujcif; oDqdkjcif; *DwESihf jyyGJrsm; rMunfh½Ijcif; 7c) tarT;eHUom
tqifwefqmrsm;rokH;jcif; 8) ZdrfcHtdyf&mae&m rokH;jcif;wdkYjzpfonf/ azmfjyyg&Spfyg;oDvudk Ak'¨0g'DolawmfpifwdkY vjynfhaeYrsm;ESihf
g
or

tjcm;aeY&ufBuD;rsm;ü apmifhokH;Muonf/ Ibid, 34.

a.

305
Mahasi Sayadaw, Practical Insight Meditation: Basic and Progressive Stages (Kandy, Sri LankaaL Buddhist Publication Society: 1991), 6-7.
as

306
U Pandita Sayadaw, On the Path to Fredom (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Buddhist Wisdom Center, 1995), 152.
307
Ibid, 152.
el

308
Ab-S, 157.
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r[mpnfq&mawmftvdkt& þb0ü edAÁmefudkrsufarSmufjyKvdkolonf rdr\ d usifhMuHtm;xkwfrIudk "r®

puúyÜ0wåeokwf? r[mowdy|meokwfESihf tjcm;okwåeftcsKdUü Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf a[mMum;awmfrlaom r*¾if&Spfyg;
udk tajccHoihfonf/ ,if;usifhpOfü yg0ifonhf w&m;&Spfyg;rSm 1) rSefaom tjrif 2) rSefaom tBuH 3) rSefaom
pum; 4) rSefaom tvkyf 5) rSefaom oufarG;0rf;ausmif; 6) rSefaom vkHUvtm;xkwfrI 7) rSefaom owd ESihf
8) rSefaom orm"dwdkYjzpfonf/ ,if;&SpfrsKd;onf 'ku©Nidrf;csKyfjcif; edAÁmefudk em;vnfjcif;odkY a&muf&Sdapaom vrf;
pOfjzpfonf/
0dok'¨dr*fusrf;ü 0dyóemÓPfwdk;wufykHtpOfudk azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;jzpfpOfrSm þodkYjzpfonf – 1) emr
½lyy&dapä'ÓP (½kyfemrfudk cGJjcm;odonhfÓPf) 2) ypö,y&d*¾[ÓP (taMumif;tusKd;udk odaomÓPf) 3)
or®eÓP (qifjcifokH;oyfonhfÓPf) 4) O',AÁ,ÓP (ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfysuu f dkodaomÓPf) 5)
b*FÓP (ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ysufjcif;udkodaomÓPf) 6) b,ÓP (ocF&w&m;wdkYudk aMumufzG,ftjzpfod
aomÓPf) 7) tm'De0ÓP (aMumufzG,fw&m;udk tEÅ&m,ftjzpfodaomÓPf) 8) edAÁdE´ÓP (ocFg&w&m;
wdkYdudk NiD;aiGUaomÓPf) 9) rkÍödwkurswmÓP (vGwfajrmufrIudk vdkvm;onfhÓPf) 10) y#docFgÓP (yGm;
rsm;tm;xkwfrIudk qifjcifonhfÓPf) 11) ocFg½kayu©mÓP (ocFgw&m;wdkYudk Oayu©mtjzpf½IonhfÓPf) 12)
tEkavmrÓP (vdkufavsmnDaxGtjzpf½IonfhÓPf) 13) 0k|me*grdeD0dyóemÓP (xajrmufjcif;odkY oGm;
aomÓPf) 14) a*gMwblÓP (&ifhusufonhfÓPf) 15) r*¾ÓP (r*fÓPf) 16) zvÓP (zdkvfÓPf) wdkY
309
jzpfonf /
þ0dyóemynmwdk;wufrIazmfjycsuffü r[mpnfq&mawmfu pdwfydkif;jzpfpOfESihf r*fÓPfrSwpfqihf edAmÁ ef
udk oabmaygufoGm;ykHudk ñTefjycJhonf/ q&mawmf\ azmfjycsufrSm atmuftwdkif;jzpfonf –

0dok'¨dr*ftvdkt& 0k|me*grdeD0yd óemynmonf 0dyóemynm\ txGwftxdyfjzpfNyD; ,if;onf ocFg

½kayu©mÓPf? rkÍödwkurswmÓPfESifh y#docFgÓPf[laom ÓPfpOfokH;ckESihf nDrQonf/ ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk
qifjcifokH;oyfjcif;rS edAÁmefudktm½kHjyKaom avmukwå&mr*fodkY x(jzpfay:)jcif;aMumifh 0k|me*grdeD0dyó
emÓPf[k ac:onf/ qdkvdkonfrSm xdktcsdefü edAÁmefonf wdkuf½dkuftm½kHw&m;jzpfvmNyD; pdwfxJwiG f
310
pdwful;pOf;pm;jcif; vkH;0r&Sdawmhacs /
,if;0dyóemÓPfpOfrsm;onf txGwftxdyfodkY a&muf&SdoGm;aom 0dyóemur®|mef;enf; vkH;0 jzpfaomf
vnf; wdk;wufrItwGuf txl;jyKjcif;rSm 0dyóemÓPfpifMu,fjcif;ü a,m*Dyk*¾Kdvf\ oGijf yifuGJjym;rI&Sdonhf wdk;
wufaom r*ftqihfay:wGif jzpfonf/ avhusifhtm;xkwfrIwGif ukd,fwdkifryg0ifz;l olonf 0dyóemynm\ xl;
jcm;eufeJrI tqifhrsm;udk em;vnfEdkifrnfr[kwfacs/ trSefpifppf azmfjyNyD;tawGUtBuKHrsm;udk udk,fwdkifvufawGU
ur®|mef;tm;xkwfrIjzihf azmjfyjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí 0dyóemynmESihfywfoufí awG;ac:ajrmfjrifrIonf þ
t"dyÜm,ftm; rsm;pGm &Sif;vif;rIay;Edkifr[kwfacs/ 0dyóemynmudk 'óe½IaxmihfrS awG;ac:pOf;pm;jcif;rSm
aumif;aomfrSefaomfvnf; 0dyóemÓPfudk udk,fwdkifwkduf½dkuf odEdkifa&;twGuf vufawGUtm;xkwf&ef BudK;yrf;
jcif;onfom taumif;qkH;enf;vrf;jzpfonf/ avhusihftm;xkwfjcif;onf Ak'¨0g'yef;wdkif edAÁmefodkYa&mufjcif;
odkYr[kwf edAÁmefudk &jcif;twGuf wpfckwnf;aom enf;vrf;jzpfonf/

0dyóemur®|mef;ü 0dok'¨dckepfyg;
ax&0g'ur®|mef;½IrSwfenf;wGif 0dyóemynmudk yGm;rsm;jcif;ESihf 0dok'¨dudk yGm;rsm;jcif;wdkYrSm avhusifhtm;xkwf
&mü wpfcsdefwnf; csOf;uyf&ef,lqMuonf/ enf;vrf;wpfckwnf;udk tokH;jyKjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; tjcm;a0g[m&
wpfrsKd;jzihf tokH;jyKjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;ESpfrsKd;rSm vufawGUwdk;wufrIvrf;pOfü tcsif;csif;qufoG,faeonf/ þ
tcsufü 0dok'¨dckepfrsKd;udk wdk;wufatmifvkyf&ef a,m*Donf a&S;OD;pGm oDv0dok'¨dudk yGm;rsm;&onf/ xdkYaMumihf
g

a,m*Dyk*¾Kdvfonf &Spyf g;oDvudkjzpfap ig;yg;oDvudkjzpfap apmihfokH;&rnfjzpfaMumif; wdkuf½kdufñTefMum;jcif;jzpf

or
a.
as

309
Vi-M Vol. II, 222-311.
el

310
Mahasi Sayadaw, The Progress of Insight, 38-39.
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onf/ wpfcsdefwnf;wGif a,m*Donf ½IrSwfykHav;rsKd;yg0ifonfh owdy|mefav;yg;tpOfodkY vdkuf&rnfjzpfonf/

,if;wdkYrSm 1) cE¨mudk,fudk cE¨mudk,ftaejzihf ½IrSwfjcif; (um,mEkyóem) 2) a0'emudk a0'emtaejzihf ½I
rSwfjcif; (a0'emEkyóem) 3) pdwfudkpdwftaejzihf ½IrSwfjcif; (pdwåmEkyóem) ESihf 4) "r®tm½kHudk "r®tm½kH
311
taejzihf ½IrSwfjcif; ("r®mEkyóem) wdkYjzpfonf / tusKd;quftaejzihf a,m*Donf eD0&Pw&m;ig;yg;udk
z,f&Sm;vsuf pdwå0dok'¨dudk &&Sdrnfjzpfonf/
odkY&mwGif &[ef;awmfrsm;tzdkY oDvpifMu,fjcif;twGuf av;rsKd;&Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm 1) 0denf;awmfESihftnD
ukd,fEIwftjyKtrlqdk;rsm;udk apmihfxdef;onhf oDv (ygwdarmu©o0H &oDv) 2) £a`E´wdkYudk apmihfpnf;onhf oDv
(£`Ed´,oH0&oDv) 3) oufarG;0rf;ausmif;pifMu,fonfh oDv (tmZD0yg&dok'¨doDv) ESifh 4) ypönf;av;yg;okH;pGJrI
312
ESihfywfoufaom oDv (ypö,oEédódwoDv)wkdYjzpfonf / ,if;oDvav;rsKd;udk txl;ojzifh &[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf
ywfoufí azmfjyNyD; ,if;udk pwkyg&dok'¨doDv[kac:onf/
,if;azmfjycsufü tjyKtrltrsK;drsKd;ESihf ywfoufaom &[ef;odu©myk'f ESpf&mhESpfq,fckepf (227) ckyg&Sdonf/
,if;odu©myk'frsm;udk Ak'¨&iS fawmfjrwf ynwfawmfrlcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ £`E´d,oH0&oDvudk wdk;jrifhap&ef &[ef;awmf
onf pu©K aomw Cme Zd0Sg um,[laom £a`E´wdkYü xdawGUvmonhf tm½kHrsm;udk owdjzihf od&rnfjzpfonf/
,if;odkYjzifh &[ef;awmfonf pdwfudkpifMu,fapvsuf £`E´d,oH0&oDvudk jznhfqnf;Edkifonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;\
oufarG;0rf;ausmif;pifMu,frIonf 0denf;ESihftnD &[eff;wpfyg;taejzifh b0twGufvdktyfcsufrsm;udk &&Sd&mü
oifhwihfawmfaom tjcif;t&mESihfqdkifonf/ (qGrf;? ouFef;? ausmif;? aq;[laom) ypönf;av;yg; okH;pGJrIESihf
qdkifaomoDvrSm &[ef;wdkYtzdkY avsmufywfaom½nf½G,fcsufudk qifjcifNyD;aemufrS okH;pGJ&efjzpfonf/ Oyrmaomf
]igonf þypönf;av;yg;udk y&d,wåd y#dywåd y#da0"[laom omoemhwm0efrsm;udk aqmif½Guf&mü pdwfydkif;
313
ESihf½kyfydkif; usef;rma&;twGuf okHpGJygrnf} [kjzpfonf / &[ef;awmfrsm;onf omoemhwm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmif
&mü owdjzihfaqmif½GufMu&onf/ tusKd;taejzihf &[ef;onf eD0&Pw&m; ig;yg;udk z,fcGmvsuf pdwå0o d k'd̈udk
&EdkifpGrf;&Sdonf/
0dok'¨dvrf;pOfwdk;wuf&mü yxrpifMu,frIESpfrsKd;onf qufvufwdk;wufatmif yGm;rsm;&mwGif tvGefta&;
ygonf/ ,if;ESpfrsKd;udk wdk;wufatmifrvkyfbJ pifMu,frIwdk;wufjcif; jzpfEdkifykHr&acs/ pifMu,frIwwd,tqifh
rSm 'd|d0dok'¨d(t,ltqpifMu,frI)jzpfonf/ a,m*Donf 'd|0d dok'd̈tqifhodkY a&mufaomtcg rdrd\t,lrSm; tm;
vkH;udk ausmfvTm;vsuf pdwfapwodufwdkY\ y&rw¬obm0udk em;vnfEdkifonf/ 'd|d0dok'¨dudkr&rD a,m*Dtrsm;
pkonf rdrdcE¨mudk,ftwGif;ü twåvdyfjymaumifonf igolwpfyg;taejzihf xm0&wnf&Sd[kxifrSwfMuonf/ 'd|d
0dok'¨dudk &&SdNyD;aomtcg a,m*Donf cE¨mig;yg;taygif;ü ½kyEf Sihfemrfom&Sd\[k odjrifEdkifaomynmudk wdk;wuf
atmif tm;xkwfEdkifonf/ ,if;tppftrSefw&m;udk odjcif;ü þae&mwGif obm0o½kyfoP²mefudk ½kyfemrf
taejzihf½I&mü a,m*Drsm;onf [dE´Lt,ltq twåref (r[m0dnmOfaumif)ESihf ywfoufaom twåESihf twåt
,ltqudk jiif;qdkonf/ þtcsufü Ak'¨0g'tzdkY twårJh½IjrifrIonf rSefaomtjrifjzpfNyD; pifMu,frItwGuf tvGef
vdktyfaom tpdwftydkif;jzpfonf/ trSefpifppf pdwå0do'k ¨donf pdwf\taESmihft,Surf sm;ESihf tnpftaMu;rsm;
udk ausmfvTm;jcif;[laom orm"d\udpö (vkyfaqmifrI)ESihf wlno D nf/ odkYjzpfí pdwå0dok'¨d odkYr[kwf orm"donf
tvkH;pkHpifMu,frIwdk;wufa&;udk &&Sdjcif;twGuf r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfonf/ azmjfyNyD;onhftwdkif; orm"dokwåefü Ak'¨&Sif
awmfjrwfu ]orm"ð bdu©a0 bma0x? orm[dawm bdu©a0 bdu©L ,xmblwH yZmeEÅd (&[ef;wdkY? orm"dudk
yGm;rsm;Muavmh? pdwfwnfbdrl &[ef;wdkYonf t&Sdudkt&Sdtwdkif;odjrifMu\)} [ka[mawmfrlonf/ Ak'¨0g'ur®|mef;
½IrSwfjcif;ü azmufjyefpmG ½Ijrifjcif; (0dyv’mo)wdkY\ vTr;f rdk;rcH&bJ t&Sdudkt&Sdtwkdif; rlvblwtwdkif; odjrifjcif;
314
tm; ,xmblwÓPf (obm0twkdif;odjrifonhfÓPf)[k ac:onf / tqihfjrifh0dok'¨dwdkY wdk;wufykHtpDtpOf
udk 0do'k ¨dr*fü þodkYazmfjyonf 1) oDv0dok'¨d (oDvpifMu,fjcif;) 2) pdwå0dok'¨d (pdwfpifMu,fjcif;) 3) 'd|d0dok'¨d
(t,lpifMu,fjcif;) 4) ucFg0dw&P0dok'¨d (oHo,udkausmfvTm;ípifMu,fjcif;) 5) r*¾gr*¾ÓP'óe0dok'¨d
g
or
a.

311
Di-N Vol. II, 231.
as

312
Ab-Ac, 347.
313
Ibid, 348.
el

314
Sa-N Vol. II, 12.
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(r*f[kwfonfr[kwfonfESihfywfoufí ÓPftjrifpifMu,fjcif;) 6) y#dy'gÓP'óe0dok'¨d (vrf;pOfÓPf

315
tjrif pifMu,fjcif;) ESifh 7) ÓP'ó0dok'¨d (ÓPftjrifpifMu,fjcif;) wdkYjzpfonf / 0dyóemur®|mef;ü
0dok'¨dckepfqifh&Sdaomfvnf; ,if;wdkYonf aemufqkH;ü oDv orm"d ynm [laomtrnfemokH;rsKd;üyif tusKH;0if
Muonf/ ,if;ykHrSefur®|mef;xdkifenf;udk odjrifjcif;ü Ak'¨0g'DwdkYonf ,if;ur®|mef;xdkifenf;onf edAÁmefodkYa&muf
aMumif; enf;vrf;jzpfaMumif; qdkMuonf/ ]vG,f&Sif;tbd"r®w¬o*F[ (A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma)
usrf;udk wnf;jzwfol Ak'¨0g'DygVdynm&Sif bdu©KaAm"dt&Sifjrwfu þodkYaxmufjyonf ],if;0dok'¨dckepfyg;udk
vkdufemusihfokH;ol\ taxmuftyHh toD;oD;jzpfvsuf tpOftwdkif;&&Sdonf/ yxrqkH;0dok'¨donf oDvudk
udk,fpm;jyKNyD; 'kwd,0dok'¨donf orm"dudk aemufqkH;ig;ckonf ynmudk ukd,fpm;jyKonf/ yxr0dok'¨dajcmufrsKd;
316
onf avmuDjzpfNyD; aemufqkH;0dok'¨donf avmukwå&mr*fjzpfonf /

Z,m; 5

0dok'¨dckepfyg;ESihf ÓPfpOfq,fhajcmufcsuf

0dok'¨d ÓPfpOf

1) oDv0dok'¨d tm;rxkwfrD a&S;OD;pGm ig;yg; odkYr[kwf &Spfyg;oDvapmifxdef;jcif;

2) pdwå0dok'¨d Oypm&orm"d tyÜemorm"d cPduorm"d
3) 'd|d0dok'¨d 1) emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPf
4) ucFg0dw&0dok'¨d 2) ypö,y&d*¾[ÓP
5) r*¾gr*¾ÓP'óe0dok'¨d 3) or®eÓP
6) y#dy'gÓP'óe0dok'¨d 4) O',AÁ,ÓP
4) O',AÁ,ÓP
5) b*FÓP
6) b,ÓP
g

7) tm'De0ÓP
or
a.
as

315
Vi-M, Vol. II, 222-311.
el

316
Ab-Ac, 345-346.
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101
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8) edAÁdE´ÓP
9) rkÍödwkurswmÓP
10) y#docFgÓP
11) ocFg½kayu©mÓP
12) tEkavmrÓP
13) 0k|me*grdeD0dyóemÓP
14) a*gMwblÓP
7) ÓP'ó0dok'¨d 15) r*¾ÓP
16) zvÓP

rSwfcsuf/ / 0dok'¨dckepfyg;ESihf ÓPfpOfq,fhajcmufcsufazmfjyrIonf r[mpnfq&mawmfa&;om;awmfrlaom

The Progress of Insight usrf;pmudk tajccHonf/ Z,m;yg yxrqkH; 0dok'¨dESpfyg;rSm 0dyóemÓPf&ifhoef&ef
317
tajccH avhusifhrIjzpfonf /

r*fÓPfzdkvfÓPfrsm;tygt0if 0dok'¨dESihfÓPfpOfwdkY pepfwus wdk;wufrIudkMunfhvsuf ur®|mef;q&mwdkY

onf jrwfAk'¨a[mMum;onfudk tajccHonhf udk,fydkift"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;jzihf ,if;ur®|mef;enf;udk tokH;jyKMu
onf/ jrefrmEdkifiHrS r[mur®|memp&d,jzpfawmfrlaom r[mpnfq&mawmfonf edAÁmefudo k djrifEdkif&ef 0dyóem
ynmtqifhrsm;udk wdk;wufatmif cPduorm"djzihf vkHavmufaMumif; azmfjyawmfrlonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHrSyif xif
&Sm;ausmfMum;onfh tjcm;ur®|mef;enf;jyjzpfawmfrlaom zm;atmufq&mawmfurl a,m*Dwpfa,mufonf Oy
pm&orm"d tyÜemorm"dwdkYESihftwl orxpsmefudk a&S;OD;pGmtm;xkwfNyD;aemuf edAÁmefudkodjrif&ef 0dyóemynm
318
udk yGm;rsm;&rnf[k txl;jyKa[mMum;onf /

aemufqkH; edAÁmefudkodjrifjcif;
edAÁmefudk odjrifjcif;ESihfywfoufí Ak'¨0g'DwdkYonf usihfBuHtm;xkwfrItajccHjzihf edAÁmefudk&&Sdonhft,ltqudk
axmufcHonhf jzpfEdkifajc&Sd wdkuf½kduf oabmwlnrD Itrsm;tjym;udk wnfaqmufMuonf/ odkYwap ¤if;wdkY
okH;EIef;onfh tmoa0gw&m;ukefqkH;jcif; (tmo0u©,)? y#doaE¨rJh (tZmw)ESihf aojcif;rJh (trw)uJhodkYaom
txl;jyKa0g[m&wdkYrSm rjynfhpkHao;bJ&Sdonf/ odkYjzpfí Ak'¨&iS fawmfjrwfonf or®m'd|d (rSefaomtjrif)[lonfukd
tav;ay;rdefYMum;awmfrljcif;jzpfonf/ or®m'd|donf r*¾ifvrf;pOfü ta&;BuD;aom ae&mü&Sdonf/ rSefaomt
jrifonf t&Sdudkt&Sdtwkdif;odjrifaom 0dyóemÓPfESihf qufEG,fonf/ odkYr[kwfrl a,m*D\pdwfonf 0dyv’m
oav;yg;odkY oufqif;oGm;Ekdifonf/ onm\azmufjyefjcif;? pdwf\azmufjyefjcif;? t,l\azmufjyefjcif;wdkY
aMumifh ,if;azmufjyefrIav;yg;onf a,m*D\pdwfxJü xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmonf/ ,if;w&m;av;yg;vkH;onf a,m
*D\ ur®|mef;tusifhwdk;wufrIudk wm;qD;EdkifpGrf;&Sdonf/ ,if;0dyv’mow&m; av;yg;wdkYrSm 1) tedpö tNrrJ &SdrIudk
edpö tNrJ[k xifrSwfonf 2) 'ku©udk okc[kxifrSwfonf 3) tewåudk twå[kxifrSwfonf 4) tokbudk ok
319
b[kxifrSwfonf - wdkYjzpfonf / ,if;azmufjyefrIav;rsKd;onf tppftrSefy&rw¬w&m;ü tjrifrSefr&Sdaom
aMumihf wpfpkHwpfa,muf\pdwfü ay:vm&jcif;jzpfonf/ tcsKdUu oDtdk&Drsm; tawG;tjrifrsm;udk em;vnfjcif;udk
rSefaomtjrif odkYr[kwf NyD;jynfhpkHaom em;vnfr[ I kxifrSwfMuaomfvnf; ,if;onf rrSefacs/ tjynfhtpkH
oabmaygufjcif;onf rnfonhftawG;tac:ykHpH odkYr[kwf pnfrsOf;Oya'wGifrS tajcrcHbJ wpfpkHwpfa,muf\
udk,fwdkifavhusifhtm;xkwfrIaMumihf &&Sdonhf todw&m;tay:wGifom tajccHonf/ odkYjzpfí rSefaomtjrif
g
or
a.
as

317
Mahasi Sayadaw, he Progress of Insight, 1-26.
318
Pa-Auk Sayadaw, 82.
el

319
An-N, Vol. 361.
.k
w

102
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(or®m'd|d)twGuf avhusifhtm;xkwfrI r&SdrjzpfvdktyfNyD; NyD;jynfhpkHpGm em;vnfrI[lonf Ak'¨0g'ü aAm"dÓPfudk

320
wdkuf½dkuf ½nf½G,fonf / NyD;jynfhpkHpGm xdk;xGif;odjrifrI ,lqcsufESifhywfoufí awmifykvk urÇmat;q&mawmf
u atmufygtwdkif; rdefYMum;awmfonf –

½kyfemrfudkodaom todynmokH;rsKd;&Sd\/ ,if;wdkYrSm 1) okwr,ÓP (Mu;emoif,ljzihf&&Sdaom tod

ynm) 2) pdEÅmr,ÓP (BuHpnfawG;awmí &&Sdaom todynm) 3) bm0emr,ÓP (0dyóemw&m;
yGm;rsm;í&&Sdaom todynm) wdkYjzpf\/ ,if;okH;rsKd;teuf okwr, pdEÅmr,ÓPfwkdYjzihf emrf½kyfudkodjcif;
rSm rjynfhpkH odkYr[kwf xdwfvefYzG,faumif;\/ bm0emr,ÓPfjzifh ½kyfemrfwdkYudkodjcif;onfom NyD;jynfh
321
pkHpGm em;vnfoabmaygufjcif;rnf\ /

r*¾if&Spfyg;½Iaxmifht&aomf a&S;OD;oabmaygufjcif;[lonf or®m'd|dudk &nfñTef;onf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf

onf or®m'd|dta&;ygykHudk txl;jyKa[mMum;awmfrlcJhonf/ yXr'g½ku©aE¨myrokwåefü þtcsufudk atmufyg
azmfjycsufwGif **Fgjrpfa&tvsOfü arsmygoGm;aom opfwkH;BuD;Oyrmjzihf >ruf[cJhonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf a[m
awmfrlcJhonfrSm azmfjyygtwdkif;jzpfonf –

&[ef;wdkY? tu,fí opfwkH;onf þrSmzufurf;odkY ra&mufcJhygvQif xdkrSmzufurf;odkY ra&mufcJhygvQif

tv,fü repfjrKyfcJhygvQif Munfukef;ü rwifcJhygvQif vlwdkYrq,f,lcJhygvQif ewfwdkYrq,f,lcJhygvQif
0Jrpkyf ,lcJhygvQif twGif;ü raqG;rykyfcJhygvQif xdkopfwkH;onf orkj'modkYñGwfonf orkj'modkY udkif;onf
orkj'modkY ½Idif;onf jzpfvdrfhrnf/ tb,ftaMumif;aMumihfenf;/ **Fgjrpfa&t,Ofonf orkj'modkYñGwfonf
orkj'modkY udkif;onf orkj'modkY ½Idif;onf jzpfaomaMumihfwnf;/ &[ef;wdkY? þtwl oifwdkYonfvnf;
þrSmzufurf;odkY ruyfa&mufMuygvQif(twGif;jzpfaomwnf&m tZÑwådum,weajcmufyg;udk &nf½G,f
onf) xdkrSmzufurf;odkY ruyfa&mufMuygvQif(tjyifjzpfaomwnf&m Am[d&m,weajcmufyg;udk &nf½G,f
onf) tv,fü repfjrKyfMuygvQif (ESpfoufpGJrufrI eE´D&m*udk &nf½G,fonf) Munfukef;ü rwifMuyg
vQif(ig[laomrmef to®drmeudk &nf½G,fonf) vlwdkYrq,f,lMuygvQif(vltrsm;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqHrIudk
&nf½G,fonf) ewfwdkY rq,f,lMu ygvQif(ewfbkHwdkYü arG;zGm;vdkjcif;udk &nf½G,fonf) 0Jrpkyf,lMuygvQif
(umr*kPfig;yg;udk &nf½G,fonf) twGif;ü raqG;rykyfMuygvQif(udk,fusifhw&m;ysufjcif;udk &nf½G,fonf)
oifwdkYonf edAÁmefodkYñGwfonf edAÁmefodkY udkif;onf edAÁmefodkY ½Idif;onf jzpfvdrfhrnf/ tb,ftaMumif;
aMumihfenf;/ rSefaomtjrifonf edAmÁ efodkYñGwfonf edAÁmefodkY udkif;onf edAÁmefodkY ½Idif;onf jzpfaom
322
aMumihfwnf; /

trSefpifppf or®m'd|dESihf or®orm"donf edAÁmefudkxkd;xGif;í odjrif&ef r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfonf/ tajccHtm;jzihf

xdkw&m;ESpfyg;onf a,m*Dyk*¾Kdvf\ 0dyóemÓPfudk &ihfusufaponf/ r[mpnfq&mawmfu þodkYrSwfcsufjyK
íwkHYjyefcJhonf - ]a,m*Dyk*¾Kdvfonf emrf½kyftm½kHü owdjzihfqufvufí ½IrSwfoGm;aomtcg ¤if;\0dyóem
ÓPfonf wjznf;jznf; wdk;wufvmNyD; tppftrSefobm0udk &Si;f vif;pGmazmfjyonf/ a,m*Donf emrf½kyfjzpf
pOf\ jzpfjcif;ysufjcif;udk ydkrdkxif&mS ;pGm odjrifvmonf/ xdkcPü jzpfay:vmNyD; vsifjrefpGm aysmufoGm;aom
tm½kHwkdif;udkodNyD; yxrjzpfay:NyD;aomw&m;onf wpfck? aemufjzpfay:vmaomw&m;onf tjcm;wpfck[k
oabmaygufoGm;onf/ þodkYjzihf a,m*D\rSefaomtjrifonf edAmÁ efudkxdk;xGi;f odjrifEdkifaom 0dyóemynmudk
323
&&Sd Edkifonf} /
g
or

320
Rina Sircar. The Psycho-Ethical Aspects fo Abhidhamma (New YorkL University Press of America, Inc., 1999), 124-125.
a.

321
Taungpulu Tawy Kaba0Aye Sayadaw. Maha Satipatthana Vipassana: Insight Meditation (Yangon, Myanmare: Department of Religious
as

Affairs,
322
1979), 33-34.
Sa-N-NT, 1242.
el

323
Mahasi Sayadaw, Practical Insight Meditation, 34.
.k
w

103
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þavhvmcsufü a0zefaqG;aEG;zG,f ar;cGef;wpfck ay:vmonf/ xdkur®|mef;½IrSwfolonf þb0ü edAÁmefudk

&&SdEdkifygoavm/ þü Ak'¨0g'onf azmfjyygar;cGef;twGuf xl;jcm;aom tajzwpf&yfudk ay;onf/ xdkyk*¾Kdvfonf
0dyóemur®|mef;avhusifhtm;xkwfrIü vkHYvBuD;pGm jyK&rnf/ odkYr[kwfrl ,if;usihfBuHrIonf a,m*Dtm; pdwftm;
avsmhapEdkifNyD; txl;ojzifh usihfBuHjcif;ü wdk;wufrrI awGU&bJ&Sdonf/ ur®|mef;tusihfü oHo,ay:vmrnf/ xdkY
aMumihf tm;xkwfol\yg&rD (pdwfydkif;b0NyD;jynfhpkHjcif;) &ihfusufovm; r&ifhusufovm;[lonfudk em;vnf&efvdk
tyfonf/ ,if;tcsufvnf; ta&;ygonf/ xdkYjyif yg&rDtvkHtavmuf&ifhusufonhfwdkif vkHYvtm;xkwfjcif;rjyK
vQifvnf; edAÁmefudk &&SdEkdifrnfr[kwfacs/ odkYjzpfí ur®|mef;udk tm;wufoa&mtm;xkwf&efESihf yg&rDtvkH
tavmuf &ifhoefrI&Sdr&Sdodatmif tm;xkwfrIwpf&yf jyK&rnfjzpfonf/ ,if;aemuf þb0ü aAm"dÓPfudk &Edkif
oavm odkYr[kwf aemufb0wGifavm[lonfudk odEdkifonf/
xdkYjyif ax&0g'usrf;*efwdkYü aAm"dÓPfudk xdk;xGif;íodjrifrItm; udavomwdkYudk z,f&Sm;okwfoifjcif;ESihf
oHo&m'ku©rS vGwfajrmufjcif;tjzpf txl;jyKzGifhqdkonf/ ur®|mef;tm;xkwfjcif;jzihf 0dyóemynmudk r&ao;o
a½GU t0dZÆmtaMumif;cHjzihf obm0"r®wdkYudk rSm;,Gif;pGm odjrifonf/ 0dyóemur®|mef;onf trSefyif a,m*D
yk*¾Kdvftm; 0dyóemynmudk &&Sdonftxd t0dZÆmudk wpfvTmNyD;wpfvTm cGmEdkifpGrf;&Sdonf/ xdktcsdefü a,m*Drsm;
onf y&rw¬obm0udk oabmaygufvsuf edAÁmefodkY 0ifvrf;jzpfonhf aAm"dÓPfudk &&SdoGm;onf/ 'DCedum,f
r[mvdokwåeft& aAm"dÓPftqifh avhqifh&Sdonf/ aAm"dÓPftqifhonf ,if;ÓPfudk &&Sdolt&d,myk*¾Kdvf
toD;oD;ay:wGif tajccHonf/ t&d,myk*¾Kdvfrsm;teuf yxrqkH;tqihf t&d,myk*¾KdvfrSm aomwmyefjzpfonf/
aomwmyefyk*¾Kdvfonf 'd|doHa,mZOf? 0dpdudpämoHa,mOfESihf oDvAÁwy&mrmooHa,mZOfwdkYudk jzwfNyD;jzpf
324
onf / t|uxmusrf;rsm;tvdkt& aomwmyefonf £ómESihf rpä&d,oHa,mZOfESpfyg;udv k nf; jzwfNyD;jzpf
onf/ aomwmyefonf tyg,fbkHwdkYü arG;zGm;apEdkifavmufatmif jyif;jyaom udavomt&Sdeftm;vkH;rS vGwf
325
ajrmufNyD;jzpfonf / wpfzef aomwmyefyk*¾Kdvfonf Ak'¨ "r® oHCtm; rwkefrvIyfouf0if,kHMunfNyD; ukd,fusihf
oDvü wdusaomoabmxm;jzihf ig;yg;oDvESihf jynhfpkHonf/ tyg,fav;bkHrS uif;vGwfNyD; vlYjynf ewfjynfwdkYü
326
ckepfBudrfxufydkí y#doaE¨raeawmhacs /
t&d,myk*¾Kdvf 'kwd,tqihfrSm ou'g*grfjzpfonf/ ou'g*grfyk*¾Kdvfonf ¤if;\ avmb a'go arm[wdkY
327
udk avsmhyg;atmifvkyfNyD; umrbkHodkY wpfBudrfom jyefvmawmhrnfjzpfonf /
t&d,myk*¾Kdvf wwd,tqifhrSm tem*grf jzpfonf/ tem*grfyk*¾Kdvfonf umr&m*oHa,mZOfESifh y#dCoH
a,mZOfESpyf g;udk t<uif;rJh y,fvsuf vlYbkHESihf ewfjynfajcmufxyfwdkYü jyefvnfarG;zGm;awmhrnfr[kwfacs/ þt
qifh t&d,myk*¾KdvfESihf pyfvsOf;í 'DCedum,f twGJ 1? r[mvdokwfuJhodkYaom ygVdawmfusrf;*efrsm;ü tem*grf
yk*¾Kdvfonf tqihfedrfhoHa,mZOf (Mo&rÇm*d,)ig;yg;udk y,fpGefYvsuf uG,v f GefonfESihf (ok'¨g0go)jA[®mbkHü arG;
zGm;NyD; xdkbkHü aAm"dÓPfudk &vdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif;azmfjyonf/ þtcsufü Mo&rÇm*d,oHa,mZOf[lonf azmfjy
vwHhaom oHa,mZOfig;yg;udk &nfñTef;onf/ ,if;oHa,mZOfig;yg;\pGrf;&nfum; tyg,fbkH vlYbkHESihf ewfbkH
[laomumrbkHESihf edrfhaomjA[®mhbkHwdkYü owå0gwdkYudk csnfaESmifEdkifpGrf;&Sdonf/ ,if;ig;yg;rSm 1) umr&m*
oHa,mZOf 2) y#dCoHa,mZOf 3) oDvAÁwy&mrmooHa,mZOf 4) 'd|oHa,mZOf 5) 0dpdudpämoHa,mZOfwdkY
jzpfonf/ odkYjzihf tem*grfyk*¾Kdvfonf umrbkHüjyefvnfrarG;zGm;awmhbJ <uif;usefaeao;aom oHa,mZOf ig;yg;
udk ry,f&ao;aomaMumifh O'¨rmÇ *d,oHa,mZe[kac:aom txuffjA[®mhbkHü jyefvnfarG;zGm;vdrfhrnfjzpfonf/

324
ygVdusrf;*efwdkYü oHa,mZOfq,fyg;udk enf;ESpfrsKd;jzihfa&wGufonf/ wpfenf;rSmokwåefenf;t&jzpfNyD; aemufwpfenf;rSm tbd
"r®menf;t&jzpfonf/ okwåefenf;t& oHa,mZOfq,fyg;rSm 1) umr&m*oHa,mZOf 2) ½lyg&m*oHa,mZOf 3) t½ly&m* oHa,m
ZOf 4) y#dCoHa,mZOf 5) rmeoHa,mZOf 6) 'd|oHa,mZOf 7) oDvAÁwy&mrmooHa,mZOf 8) 0dpdudpämoHa,mZOf 9)
O'¨pöoHa,mZOf 10) t0dZÆmoHa,mZOfwdkYjzpfonf/ 'kwd, tbd"r®menf;t& oHa,mZOfq,fyg;rSm 1) umr&m*oHa,mZOf 2)
g
or

b0&m*oHa,mZOf 3) y#dCoHa,mZOf 4) rmeoHa,mZOf 5) 'd|doHa,mZOf 6) oDvAÁwy&mrmooHa,mZOf 7) 0dpdudpäm

a.

oHa,mZOf 8) £ómoHa,mZOf 9) rpä&d,oHa,mZOf 10) t0dZÆmoHa,mZOf wdkYjzpfonf/ Ab-S, 117-118; Ab-As, 268-269.
as

325
Ac-Ab, 359.
326
Di-N Vol. I, 148-149; Ac-Ab, 358-362; Ab-B-T, 563-564, 718-723.
el

327
Ibid, 148-149, 352-362, 563-564.
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104
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,if;O'¨rÇm*d,oHa,mZOfig;yg;rSm 1) ½lyg&m*oHa,mZOf 2) t½ly&m*oHa,mZOf 3) rmeoHa,mZOf 4) O'¨pö

328
oHa,mZOf 5) t0dZÆmoHa,mZOfwdkYjzpfonf /
aemufqkH;tqifhf t&d,myk*¾KdvfrSm &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfjzpfonf/ &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfonf pdwftnpftaMu;tm;vkH; csKyf
Nidrf;jcif;jzihf oHa,mZOftm;vkH;? udavomig;vkH;ESihf tmo0tm;vkH;udk vkH;0y,fcGmonf/ &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfonf ¤if;
\ 0dyóemñPf? r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfwdkYjzihf xdk;xGif;odjrifoGm;NyDjzpfvsuf okH;q,hfwpfbkHü jyefvnfarG;zGm;awmh
rnfr[kwfacs/ &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfonf edAÁmef\oEÅdokobm0udk &&SdoGm;NyDjzpfonf/ odkYjzihf &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvftm; aAm"d
329
ÓPfudk tjynfhtpkH &&SdNyD;ol[k ac:onf /
þazmfjycsufü oHa,mZOfq,fyg;a&wGufykH ESpfrsKd;&SdaomaMumifh þavhvmcsufü jrifomxifom&Sdap&ef
oHa,mZOfESihfywfoufaom azmfjycsuftwGuf Z,m;wpfckay;xm;onf/ udavomtjym;ESihf oHa,mZOftjym;
wdkYrSm Ak'0¨ g'usrf;*efwdkYü tenf;ESihftrsm; wlnDaom tajccH&SdMuaomfvnf; tcgtm;avsmfpGm jcm;em;onhf
tokH;tEIef;rsm;jzihf awGU&aMumif; owdjyKoifhonf/ tcsKdUaom apwodufrsm;rSm tcsKdUtkyfpkrsm;ü jcm;em;pGm
qufEG,fEkdifaomfvnf; ,if;wdkYtm;vkH\ rlv&if;jrpfrSm tukodkvfapwoduf q,fhav;ckxJrSomjzpfMuonf/
Ormtm;jzihf xdeonf rd'¨ ESihf tajccHwlnDNyD; ukukpöonf a'goESihf tajccHwlnDonf/ þenf;jzihf udavom
rsm;ESihf oHa,mZOfrsm;onf tukodkvfapwoduf q,fhav;yg;ESihf rnfodkYqufEG,fonfudk em;vnfoifhonf/
330
atmufygZ,m;rSm tbd"r®w¬o*Fusrf;ESihftnD oHa,mZOfESihfywfoufaom azmfjycsufZ,m;jzpfonf /

Z,m; 6

r*fÓPfjzihf oHa,mZOfwdkYudk y,fjcif;

okwåefenfoHa,mZOf aom o em & = & em o aom tbd"r®menf;oHa,mZOf

umr&m*oHa,mZOf Ä = Ä umr&m* oHa,mZOf
½lyg&m*oHa,mZOf Ä + Ä b0&m*oHa,mZOf
t½ly&m*oHa,mZOf Ä + Ä £ómoHa,mZOf
y#dCoHa,mZOf Ä = Ä y#dCoHa,mZOf
rmeoHa,mZOf Ä = Ä rmeoHa,mZOf
'd|doHa,mZOf Ä = Ä 'd|oHa,mZOf
oDvAÁwy&mrmooHa,mZOf Ä = Ä oDvAÁwy&mrmooHa,mZOf
g
or
a.
as

328
Ibid, 148-149, 352-362, 563-564.
329
Ibid, 148-149, 352-362, 563-564.
el

330
Ab-S, 117-118, 164-165; Ab-Ac, 358-362.
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0dpdudpämoHa,mZOf Ä = Ä 0dpdudpämoHa,mZOf
O'¨pöoHa,mZOf Ä + Ä rpä&d,oHa,mZOf
t0dZÆmoHa,mZOf Ä = Ä t0dZÆmoHa,mZOf
pkpkaygif; 3 0 2 5 + 3 2 0 5 pkpkaygif;
5
2
0
5

rSwfcsuf/ / aom = aomwmyef/ o = ou'g*grf/ em = tem*grf/ & = &[EÅm/

edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;vrf;pOfazmfjycsufudk jyefquf&aomf r[mpnfq&mawmf\tvdkt& r*fÓPfESihf zdkvf

ÓPfwdkYonf avmukwå&mÓPfjzpfpOftm;jzifh tcsif;csif;qufoG,faeNyD;jzpfonf/ q&mawmfu þodkYqdkonf –

zdkvfÓPfonf aomwmywådr*fpaom avmukwå&mr*fÓPfav;yg;ESihf qufpyfae\/ þazmfjycsufü

aomwmywådr*fÓPfudkom &nf½G,f\/ r*fÓPfonf pdwåuP © wpfcsufrQomMumNyD; ,if;r*fÓPfudk
taMumif;jyKí zdkvfÓPfjzpfay:vm\/ zdkvfÓPfonf tBudrfrsm;pGmjzpfEdkifNyD; zvormywftm;jzihfvnf;
(,if;zdkvfÓPfudk) wrifoufouf 0if;pm;Edkif\331/
ynm\vkyfaqmifcsufrSm avmukwå&mr*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfjzihf edAÁmefudktm½kHjyKonftxd toD;oD; xdk;xGif;
íodjrifjcif;jzpfonf/ edAÁmef[lonf aemufqkH;ü ocFg&w&m;tm;vkH;\ jzpfysuftpOfü yg0ifvsuf&Sdaom avmuD
e,f\ wpfzufwGif&Sdaomt&mrSwpfyg; tjcm;r[kwf[k qdk&rnfjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif edAmÁ eftqifhü ,if;jzpfpOf
rsKd;vkH;0&yfpJNyD; oEÅdoktajctaeodkY a&mufoGm;onf/ ,if;jzpfpOfwdkY jywfpJoGm;jcif;jzifh a,m*Donf avmukwå&
"r®ESihf edAÁmef\oEÅdokcudk cHpm;&onf/ odkYjzifh þavhvmrI\ ed*kH;rSm rSefuefpGm vufawGUtm;xkwfjcif;onf
uREkfyfwdkY\ udk,fykdifpdwfykdif;b0 vkyfief;pOfjzpfvsuf ynmaMumihf edAÁmefudkodjrifrI jzpfay:vmvdrhfrnf[k jzpf
onf/ t&Sifem*aoet&Sifjrwfu þtcsufudk atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyonf –

rif;BuD;? Nidrf;csrf;vsuf aysmf½GifzG,faumif;NyD; omvGefjrifhjrwfaom edAÁme"mwfonf&Sdyg\/ rSefuefpGm vuf

awGY tm;xkwfvsuf jrwfAk'¨a[mawmfrltyfaom enf;ESihftnD ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk okH;oyfaom yk*¾Kdvfonf
332
ynmjzihf ,if;edAÁmefukd rsufarSmufjyKyg\ /

ed*kH;rSwfcsufrsm;
edAÁmefudk t"dyÜm,faumuf,lMu&mü þokawoejyKcsufonf jyefvnfñSdEIdif;NyD; tqdkjyKcsuft&a&m awG;ac:rI
t&yg edAÁmef\t"dyÜm,frSefudk em;vnf&ef rvkHavmufaom ,cifynm&Sifrsm;\ t"dyÜm,fziG fhqdkcsufrsm;udk wdk;
g
or
a.

331
Mahasi Saydaw, Practical Insight Meditation, 39.
as

332
Q-Mi, 134. taw¬om r[m&mZ edAÁme"mwk oEÅm okcg yPDwm? wH or®my#dyaEém ZdemEkod|d,m ocFga& or®oaEÅm ynm,
el

opädua&mwd/ rdvdE´? 309/

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`rSifhcJhonf/ taMumif;rSm ¤if;wdkYtokH;jyKonhf bmompum;\ uefYowfcsufaMumihfjzpfonf/ pdwfpifMu,frI

twGuf tvkHtavmuf vufawGUtm;xkwfrIr&Sdaom usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf edAÁmef[lonf rnfodkYaom t&m
jzpfaMumif; oabmaygufrEdkifojzihf edAÁmef\t"dyÜm,fudk &Sif;jyEdkifpGrf;&SdykHr&acs/ trSefpifppf edAÁmef[lonfudk
jzpfEdkifajc&Sd azmfjycsufjzihfjzpfap jzpfEdkifajcrJh azmfjycsufjzihfjzpfap rdrdawG;xifrIudk tajccHNyD; azmfjyEdkifonf/
usrf;jyKol\ ,lqcsufrSm edAÁmefudk jzpfEdkifajc&Sd a0g[m&rsm;jzihfom azmfjy&onfr[kwfacs/ rsm;aomtm;jzihf
vkH;0jywfpJjcif;? rjzpfjcif;? jyefvnfrarG;zGm;jcif;[laom jzpfEdkifajcrJha0g[m&rsm;jzihf azmjfyMuaomfvnf; edAÁmef[l
333
onfr&Sd[k qdkvdkonfr[kwfacs / ,if;ed*kH;onf trSefaomf jzpfEdkifacs&Sd azmfjycsufwpf&yfjzpfonf/
odkY&mwGif t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkolrsm;onf ,if;edAÁmeft"dyÜm,faumuf,lcsuftm; jzpfEdkifajcrJh azmfjycsut f jzpf
½IjrifEdkifNyD; tqkH;pGefaysmf½TifrI? Nidrf;csrf;rI? avmuvGefwnfNidrfrI? aumif;jrwfrIuJhodkYaom azmfjycsufrsm;udk tokH;
jyK odkYr[kwf txl;jyKajymqdkNyD; jzpfEdkifajc&Sda0g[m&rsm;jzpfykH&onfwdkYESihf wkHYjyefEdkifonf/ a&S;ut"dyÜm,fzGifh
qdkolrsm;onf avmuDa0g[m&tm;jzihf odkYr[kwf awG;ac:ajrmfjrifonhfenf;vrf;rsm;jzihf avmuDvGefedAÁmeftqihf
udk ra&mufEdkifaomaMumifhf edAÁmeftm; omvGefxl;uJonhftvif;a&mifESihf AdrmefwpfckuJhodkY Nidrf;csrf;jrihfjrwfonhf
tajctaetjzpf zGifhqdk&efBudK;yrf;cJhMuonf/ odkY&mwGif avmuD½Iaxmifhjzihf edAmÁ ef\obm0rSefudk em;rvnfEdkif
bJ "r®obm0wGif&Sdaom xl;uJomvGefaomtajctaetjzpf ,lqEdkifonf/ þae&mü "r®[lonf t&d,m
yk*¾KdvfwdkYodtyfaom xl;uJaomtajctaejzihfwnf&Sdonhf "r®"mwf[laom avmukwå&mpdwfudk qdkvdkonf/
edAÁmef[lonf jzpfEdkifajcrJhvnf;r[kwf jzpfEdkifajc&Sdvnf;r[kwf[k qdkEkdifonf/ taMumif;rl "r®\obm0
udk,fu jzpfEkdifajcrJhvnf;r[kwf jzpfEdkifajc&Sdvnf;r[kwfaomaMumihfwnf;/ jzpfEdkifajcrJh jzpfEdkifajc&Sd tjrifonf
avmuDtjrifrQomjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí ajymqdkqufoG,fjcif; odkYr[kwf 'óeqdkif&mem;vnfrI &nf½G,fcsufwdkY
twGuf avmuDa0g[mjzihf edAÁmefukd azmfjy&efBudK;pm;rl edAÁmef\ tESpfom&rSefodkY a&mufEdkifrnfr[kwfacs/ t
aMumif;rl edAÁmef\ tESpfom&rSefonf avmuDa0g[m&e,fudk ausmfvGefaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ wpfzef edAÁmef\
tESpfom&rSefudk azmfjyEdkifaom wdusonhfpum;vkH; odkYr[kwf bmompum;r&Sdaomfvnf; oifhrSefaom enf;
vrf;jzihf ur®|mef;w&m;½IrSwfjcif;onfom ,if;jyóemudk ajz&Sif;ay;onf/ þavhvmcsufonf trSefpifppf
edAÁmeft,ltqudk bmompum;jzifh ajz&Sif;&ef vkH;0rBudK;pm;acs/ xkdYjyif þavhvmcsufonf ynm&Sifrsm;
t"dyÜm,faumuf,lcsufrsm;udk tajccHonfh edAmÁ ef[lonf xm0&wnfNrJjcif;avm odkYr[kwf jywfpJjcif;avm [l
onfudkqkH;jzwf&ef rBudK;pm;acs/ þavhvmcsuf\ tajccH&nf½G,fcsufrSm oDtdk&Dt& edAÁmef[lonf rnfodkYaom
t&mjzpfaMumif; em;vnfEkdifaomenf;vrf;rsm;udk &SmazG&ef? 0dyóemynmESihf vufawGUtajccHjzihf edAÁmefudk
xdk;xGif;odjrifaom r*fÓPfzdkvfÓPfudk &&Sd&efjzpfonf/
txufwGifazmfjyNyD;jzpfonfhtwdkif; ygVdawmfusrf;*efrsm;onf a,m*Dyk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; pepfwus vufawGU
enf;vrf;rsm;jzihf edAÁmef\t"dyÜm,fudk em;vnfaponf/ ygVdusrf;*efvm enf;vrf;rsm;\ pepfwuscsOf;uyfrI
onf ur®|mef;½IrSwfr\ I aumif;rGefykHudk &Sif;jyaomaMumihf a,m*Dyk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf Ak'¨0g'ur®|mef;½IrSwfenf;\
tajccH&nf½G,fcsufrSm pdwfudkpifMu,fap&efjzpfaMumif; em;vnfvmMuonf/ wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf 1)y&d,wåd
2) y#dywåd 3) y#da0'[laom ygVdusrf;*efvmenf;vrf;rsm;udk tokH;jyKjcif;jzihf edAÁmef\t"dyÜm,fudk udk,fwdkifem;
vnfEdkifonf/ y&d,wådenf;jzihf edAÁmefudkem;vnfjcif;onf tNrJwrf;rjynfhpkHay/ odkYjzpf&um; edAÁmeft"dyÜm,fudk
oifhwifhpGm em;vnf&ef pdwfydkif;qdkif&m xdk;xGif;odjrifrIvrf;pOfudk tm;xkwf&vdrfhrnfjzpfonf/ pdwfydkif;qdkif&m
xdk;xGif;odjrifrIvrf;pOf wdk;wufjcif;jzihf oDtdk&DESihf 'óeqdkif&m ,lqcsufrsm; &Sif;vif;oGm;onf/ þae&mü
pdwfydkif;b0vGwfajrmufrI[lonf eD0&Pw&m;rsm;ESihf t,lrSm;jcif;'d|dwdkYrS vGwfajrmufjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/
þazmfjycsufü oDtdk&Dt&em;vnfrIESihf vufawGYxdk;xGif;odjrifrIwdkY\ jcm;em;csufudk vufawGYtm;xkwf
jcif;jzihfom odEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ oDtdk&Dt&em;vnfrIü trSeftwdkif;rodrI (arm[)? azmufjyefaomtjrif
(0dyv’mo)? pdwf\tnpftaMu; (udavom) ESihf oHa,mZOfwdkYESihf ywfoufonhf ]ig}[laom tjrif&Sdaeonf/
g

rdrdudk,fudk wG,fwmjcif;? rdrdudk,fudk aysmf½Tifvdkjcif;? ightwGuf wpfpkHwpfa,mufudk rkef;wD;jcif;? ightwGuf wpf

or

pkHwpfa,mufudk cspfjcif;wdkY &Sdvdrfhrnfjzpfonf/ ]ig}[laom tjrifudk pGefYy,fjcif;r&dSbJ pdwf\pifMu,fru I kd &Edkif

a.
as
el

333
U Silananda Sayadaw, The Four Foundations of Mindfulness (Boston: Wisdom Publications, 1990), 156.
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rnfr[kwfonfomru edAÁmef\tESpfom&rSefudkvnf; oabmaygufrnfr[kwfacs/ taMumif;rl ,if; ]ig}qdk

aomt&monfyif rm,mvSnfhywfjcif;jzpfNyD; edAÁmefudk odjrifjcif;twGuf ql;ajimihfcvkwfjzpfonf/ Ak'¨\w&m;
a'oemrsm;wGif tewåoDtdk&Donf wpfpkHwpfa,mufxHrS ]ig}[laom tjrifudk z,f&Sm;ypf&ef twdtus azmfjy
NyD;jzpfonf/ pdwfudkpifMu,fapNyD; "r®rSefudkod&Sdem;vnfvdkvQif rdrdxHrS ]ig}udk cGmypfNyD; ]ig}ESihf ywfoufjcif;r&SdbJ
rdrd\obmtawGUtBuKHudk owdxm;rdatmif BudK;yrf;&rnfjzpfonf/ wpfpkHwpfa,muf\ oEÅmefü ]ig}[lonf
r&Sdaomaomtcg pdwfonf oHa,mZOfw&m;rsm;rS vGwfajrmuf&ef tcGifhtvrf;aumif;rsm;&SdoGm;onf/ rdrd\
oEÅmefü trSefwu,fxif&Sm;&Sdaeaom ½kyfESihfemrfw&m;wdkY\ obm0jzpfpOfudk oabmaygufoGm;aomtcg ]ig}
[k,lq&ef taMumif;r&Sdawmhacs/ xdktcsdefü ]ig}qdkaomt&m rdrdoEÅmefü xif&Sm;r&SdawmhaMumif; qdkvdk jcif;jzpf
onf/ tusKd;qufum; ,ciftcgu emusifccH ufrIwdkYudk cHpm;cJhaom ]ig}[laomt&m r&Sdawmhacs/ odkYjzpfbdrl
rnfolonf qif;&J'ku©udk cHpm;oenf; -

'ku©&Sdom&Sd\/ 'ku©udk cHpm;ol r&Sd/ jyKjyifrI&Sd\/ jyKvkyfolum; r&Sd/ csKyfNird f;rI &Sd\/ csKyfNidr;f oGm;ol r&Sd/ oGm;
&mvrf;&Sd\/ oGm;wwfolum; r&Sd/ Vi.M.Tran. 622.
'ku©ar0 [d? e aumpd 'ku©dawm/
um&aum e? ud&d,m0 0dZÆwd/
tw¬d edAÁKwd? e edAÁKawm ykrm/
r*¾rw¬d? *raum e 0dZÆwd/ (0dok'¨d 2? 143/)
]ighudk,f} ]igh[m} [k xif&Sm;aom ]ig}[lonf r&SdbJ ,if;odkY r&Sdonfudk ur®|mef;½IrSwfjcif;jzihf odjrifNyD;jzpf
jcif;aMumihf 'ku©udkcHpm;olr&Sdacs/ tu,fí ]ig}r&Sdaomf 'ku©udkrnfolcHpm;rnfenf;/ ,if;aemuf pdwfydkif;b0
vGwfajrmufrI[kxif&Sm;aom udk,fqif;&JESihf pdwq f if;&JrSvGwaf jrmufNyD; Nidrf;csrf;rIudk em;vnfEdkifonf/ xdkYjyif
edAÁmeftm; 'ku©tqkH; oHo&mtqkH;[k ,lqonf/ trSefaomf edAÁmef\ udpöwpf&yfrSm pkwdpw d frS y#doaE¨pwd fodkY
ul;ajymif;rIudk &yfpJypfjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;jyefvnfarG;zGm;jcif;onf taMumif;w&m;rsm;ESihf tajctaersm;aMumihf
jzpf&onf/ þazmfjycsufü ]rjyKrjyiftyfaom (tocFw)} uJhodkYaom a0g[m&onf edAÁmefa0g[m&twGuf bm
omjyefwpfckjzpfykH&onf/ odkYjzihf ur®|mef;½IrSwfjcif;onf pdwfapwodufwdkY twlwljzpfNyD; &yfpJykH? "r®udkoabm
aygufjcif;jzihf tZÑwåjzpfpOfonf rdru d kd,fudkrdrd zsufq;D oGm;EdkifykHESihf pdwfudkpifMu,fatmifjyKjcif;jzifh tvdk&r®uf
334
ESihf rodrIt0dZÆmwdkY aysmufuG,foGm;ykHwdkYudk odjrif&ef tvGefta&;ygaMumif; ,lq&onf /
cPwdkif; t0dZÆmaMumihfjzpfaom pdwfqif;&JrI odkYr[kwf raysmf½TifrIrS vGwfajrmufaom pdwfpifMu,fr\ I
aumufjrwfykHukd cHpm;Ekdifaomtcg ¤if;\pdwfonf pifMu,f&efpwifNyD; cPwdkif;cPwdkif; Nidrf;csrf;aysmf½TifrI&Sd
aom pdwfydkif;b0vGwfajrmufrI\ aumif;jrwfykHudk od&SdEdkifvmonf/ Nidrf;csrf;rIESihf aysmf½TifrIonf pdwfxJrS ]ig} udk
z,f&Sm;ypfrI\tusKd;jzpfonf/ a,m*DwdkY\pdwfonf pdwfydkif;b0Nidrf;csr;f om,mrI vTr;f rdk;xm;ojzifh aemuf
qkH;vGwfajrmufrIonf ra0;awmhbJ oEÅdokcedAÁmefonf xdkae&mwGif&Sd\[k arQmfvihfpjyKvmonf/ odkYjzihf Ak'¨0g'D
a,m*DwdkYonf edAÁmefudk&&Sd&ef azmfjyygenf;vrf;rsm;udk vufawGUtokH;csMuNyD; avmuDbmompum;rsm;jzihf
'óeenf;vrf;rQudkom tokH;csjcif; rjyKMuacs/
odkYwap þavhvmcsufonf t|uxmq&mrsm;? Ak'¨0g'DESihf Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwfonhf t"dyÜm,fziG fhqdkolrsm;tm;
aus;Zl;wif&rnfjzpfonf/ txl;ojzihf ur®|mef;½IrSwfrIudk taMumif;jyKí ygVdawmfenf;vrf;rsm;udk pepfwus
azmfjycJhonhf tav;pm;tyfqkH;aom t|uxmq&mBuD; t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmotm; txl;*kPfjyKazmfjy&rnf
jzpfonf/ 0dok'¨dr*fESihf tjcm;t|uxmusrf;rsm;uJhodkYaom t&Sifjrwf\vuf&mrGefrsm;onf ax&0g'Ak'¨0g'
twGuf acwfopfwpfckudk pwifEdkifonftxd t&Sifjrwf\ Ak'¨0g'todynmESihf vufawGUuRrf;usifrIudk azmfjy
onf/ t&Sifjrwf\usrf;pmrsm;r&SdbJ ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomonf ,aeYwdkif wnf&SdEdkifvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ t&Sifjrwf
g
or
a.
as
el

334
Rune E. A Johansson. The Psychology of Nirvana. (1969. Repring, New Your: Anchor Books Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1970), 100.
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þavhvmcsufonf ,if;Ak'¨0g'DESihf Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwfol ynm&SifwdkY\ edAÁmeft"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkrIrsm;udk rSm;onf[k jzpf
ap rSefonf[kjzpfap azmfjy&efrBudK;yrf;acs/ wpfzefvnf; ygVdusrf;*efrsm;rSm rsm;jym;vSonhfjyif Ak'¨0g'pmay
&if;jrpfrsm; aygrsm;<u,f0vSojzihf þavhvmcsufü ygVdawmf? t|uxm? #Dum usrf;pmtm;vkH; jynfhjynhfpkHpkH
yg0ifEdkifjcif; r&Sdyg/
þavhvmcsufonf Ak'¨0g'avhvmrIü tjcm;aom txufwef;usus okawoejyKrIrsm;udk ulnDrnhfjyif
aemufxyfAk'¨0g'avhvmrI wdk;wufa&;twGuf ygVdawmfenf;vrf;rsm;udk tokH;csonhfenf;jzihf avhvmolrsm;
tm; ulnDvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvihfygonf/ Ak'¨0g'ur®|mef;½IrSwfrIudk pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;twGuf ur®|mef;½IrSwfrI\
tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;ojzihf ¤if;wdkYtaejzihf tenf;qkH;awmh tajccHpum;vkH;rsm;jzihf edAÁmef[laom
a0g[m&\ oDtdk&D vufawGYESihf 'óeqdkif&m tawG;tjrifrsm;udk pdw0f ifpm;Edkif&monf/ aemufqkH;taejzihf
usrf;jyKol\ oabmxm;rSm wpfpdwfwpfa'otm;jzihf em;vnfrIonf 'óe½Iaxmifrh S csOf;uyfjcif;jzihf
jzpfEdkifaomfvnf; ur®|mef;w&m; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfjcif;jzihf udk,fwdkifawGUBuKHod&SdrIr&SdbJ edAÁmef[laoma0g[m&\
t"dyÜm,frSefudk em;vnfvdrhfrnfr[kwf[kjzpfonf/

000000

aemufqufwGJ (u)

pdwf 89 yg;
tukodkvfpdwf 12
avmbrlpdwf 8
1/ avmb[dwf&Sdaom yxrpdwf
2/ avmb[dwf&Sdaom 'kwd,pdwf
3/ avmb[dwf&Sdaom wwd,pdwf
4/ avmb[dwf&Sdaom pwkw¬pdwf
5/ avmb[dwf&Sdaom yÍörpdwf
6/ avmb[dwf&Sdaom q|rpdwf
7/ avmb[dwf&Sdaom owårpdwf
8/ avmb[dwf&Sdaom t|rpdwf
g

a'gorl pdwf 2
or

9/ a'go[dwf&Sdaom yxrpdwf
a.
as

10/ a'go[dwf&Sdaom 'kwd,pdwf

el

arm[rlpdwf 2
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11/ arm[[dwf&Sdaom yxrpdwf

12/ arm[[dwf&Sdaom 'kwd,pdwf

t[dwfpdwf 18
tukov0dygufpdwf 7
13/ pu©K0dnmPfpdwf
14/ aomw 0dnPfpdwf
15/ Cme0dnPfpdwf
16/ Zd0Sg0dnPfpdwf
17/ um,0dnPfpdwf
18/ or®#dpäepdwf
19/ oEÅD&Ppdwf
t[dwfukov0dygufpdwf 8
20/ pu©K0dnmPfpdwf
21/ aomw 0dnPfpdwf
22/ Cme0dnPfpdwf
23/ Zd0Sg0dnPfpdwf
24/ um,0dnPfpdwf
25/ or®#dpäepdwf
26/ aomreóoEÅD&Ppdwf
27/ Oayu©moEÅD&Ppdwf
t[dwfBud,mpdwf 3
28/ yÍö'Gm&m0ZÆepdwf
29/ raem'Gm&m0ZÆepdwf
30/ [odwkyÜg'pdwf

umrm0p&aombepd wf 24
r[mukodkvfpdwf 8
31/ r[mukodkvf yxrpdwf
32/ r[mukodkvf 'kwd,pdwf
33/ r[mukodkvf wwd,pdwf
34/ r[mukodkvf pwkw¬pdwf
35/ r[mukodkvf yÍörpdwf
36/ r[mukodkvf q|rpdwf
37/ r[mukodkvf owårpdwf
38/ r[mukodkvf t|rpdwf
r[m0dygufpdwf 8
39/ r[m0dyguf yxrpdwf
40/ r[m0dyguf 'kwd,pdwf
g

41/ r[m0dyguf wwd,pdwf

or

42/ r[m0dyguf pwkw¬pdwf

a.
as

43/ r[m0dyguf yÍörpdwf

el

44/ r[m0dyguf q|rpdwf

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45/ r[m0dyguf owårpdwf

46/ r[m0dyguf t|rpdwf
r[mBud,mpd wf 8
47/ r[mBud,m yxrpdwf
48/ r[mBud,m 'kwd,pdwf
49/ r[mBud,m wwd,pdwf
50/ r[mBud,m pwkw¬pdwf
51/ r[mBud,m yÍörpdwf
52/ r[mBud,m q|rpdwf
53/ r[mBud,m owårpdwf
54/ r[mBud,m t|rpdwf

½lyg0p&pd wf 15
½lyukodkvf 5
55/ ukodkvf yxrpsmef
56/ ukodkvf 'kwd,psmef
57/ ukodkvf wwd,psmef
58/ ukodkvf pwkw¬psmef
59/ ukodkvf yÍörpsmef
½ly0dyguf 5
60/ 0dyguf yxrpsmef
61/ 0dyguf 'kwd,psmef
62/ 0dyguf wwd,psmef
63/ 0dyguf pwkw¬psmef
64/ 0dyguf yÍörpsmef

½lyBud,m 5
65/ Bud,m yxrpsmef
66/ Bud,m 'kwd,psmef
67/ Bud,m wwd,psmef
68/ Bud,m pwkw¬psmef
69/ Bud,m yÍörpsmef

t½lypdwf 12
ukodkvfpdwf 4
70/ ukodkvf yxrpsmef
71/ ukodkvf 'kwd,psmef
72/ ukodkvf wwd,psmef
73/ ukodkvf pwkw¬psmef
g

0dygufpdwf 4
or

74/ 0dyguf yxrpsmef

a.
as

75/ 0dyguf 'kwd,psmef

el

76/ 0dyguf wwd,psmef

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77/ 0dyguf pwkw¬psmef

Bud,mpdwf 4
78/ Bud,m yxrpsmef
79/ Bud,m 'kwd,psmef
80/ Bud,m wwd,psmef
81/ Bud,m pwkw¬psmef
avmukwå&mpdwf 8
r*fpdwf 4
82/ aomwmywåd r*fpdwf
83/ ou'g*grd r*fpdwf
84/ tem*grd r*fpdwf
85/ t&wå r*fpdwf
zdkvfpdwf 4
86/ aomwmywåd zdkvfpdwf
87/ ou'g*grd zdkvfpdwf
88/ tem*grd zdkvfpdwf
89/ t&wå zdkvfpdwf

txufygazmfjycsufrSm tbd"r®w¬o*F[usrf; (Ab-S, 2-14)ESihf ,if;\ bdu©KaAm"d t*Fvdyfbmomjyef (Ac-Ab,

376-378)udk &nfñTef;onf/

aemufqufwGJ (c)

apwoduf 52
tnormeapwoduf 13
oAÁpdwåom"m&P 7
1/ zó
2/ a0'em
3/ onm
4/ apwem
5/ {u*¾wm
6/ ZD0dw`E´d,
7/ reodum&
g

yudPÖuapwoduf 6
or

8/ 0dwuú
a.
as

9/ 0dpm&
el

10/ t"darmu©
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11/ 0D&d,
12/ yDwd
13/ qE´

tukodkvfapwouf 14
tukovom"m&P 4
14/ arm[
15/ t[d&du
16/ taemwåyÜ
17/ O'´pö
tukodkvfapwoduf 10
18/ avmb
19/ 'd|d
20/ rme
21/ a'go
22/ £óm
23/ rpä&d,
24/ ukukpö
25/ xde
26/ rd'¨
27/ 0dpdudpäm

aombeapwouf 25
aombeom"m&Papwoduf 19
28/ o'¨g
29/ owd
30/ [d&D
31/ MowyÜ
32/ tavmb
33/ ta'go
34/ wMwrZÑwåwm
35/ um,yó'¨d
36/ pdwåyó'¨d
37/ um,v[kwm
38/ pdwåv[kwm
39/ um,rk'kwm
40/ pdwårk'kwm
41/ um,ur®nwm
42/ pdwåur®nwm
g

43/ um,yg*knwm
or

44/ pdwåyg*knwm
a.
as

45/ um,kZkuwm
el

46/ pdwåKZkuwm
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0d&wDapwoduf 3
47/ or®m0gpm
48/ or®mur®EÅ
49/ or®tmZD0
tyÜrnm apwoduf 2
50/ u½kPm
51/ rk'dwm
ynd`E´d,apwoduf 1
52/ ynm

txufygazmfjycsufrSm tbd"r®w¬o*F[usrf; (Ab-S, 2-14)ESihf ,if;\ bdu©KaAm"d t*Fvdyfbmomjyef (Ac-Ab,

376-378)udk &nfñTef;onf/

ygVdtbd"mefi,f

tbm0 r&Sdjcif; (nothingness)

tbd"r®myd#u tbd"r®myd#uwf (Basket of Philosophy)
t'd|owå rjriftyfaom owå0g (invisible living being)
t"d|me t"d|mefjyKjcif; (resolution)
t"d|me0oD t"d|mefjcif;ü uRif;usifjcif; (mastery in resolving)
tm[m& tpm;tpm (food)
tukovpdwå tukodkvfpdwf (unwholesome-consciousness)
trw raojcif; (deathless)
tEkyg'daooedAÁme cE¨mt<uif;tusefr&SdaomedAÁmef (Biological liberation after cessation of aggregates)
tem'duavmu tprxifaom avmu (endless beginning of ghe world)
tem*grd tem*grfyk*¾Kdvf (Non-returner, noble being at third stage of the Novle Path)
g

temv, wG,fwmrIr&Sdjcif; (detachment)

or
a.

tewå igaumifudk,faumifr&Sdjcif; (insubstantiality of phenomena, non-self)

as

t@Z Oüjzpfaomowå0g (egg-born beings)

el

tedpö rNrJjcif; (impermanence)

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tedrdwå toGifoP²mefrJh (signless)

tEÅ&uyÜ tMum;umvuyfurÇm (interim aeon)
tyg, csrf;omrJhjcif; (misery, woeful state, devoid of happiness)
tyÜemorm"d tyÜemodkYa&mufaomorm"d (absorption, full concentration)
tyÜPd[dw awmihfwrIuif;jcif; (desireless)
t&[EÅ &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvf (enlightened being, noble being at fouth stage of the Noble Path)
t&[wår*¾zvÓP t&[wår*fÓPf zkdvfÓPf (supramundane wisdom, enlightenment)
t½lyb0 t½lybkHü jzpfaom b0 (existence of the formless)
t½lyblrd t½lybkH (the formless sphere)
tocFw rjyKjyiftyfaom (unconditioned, non-conditioned)
toacsF,suyÜ toacsF,suyf (one incalculable aeon)
taoo0d&m* wPSmt<uif;rJhcsKyfjcif; (complete cessation of craving)
taomu rpdk;&drfjcif; (sorroless )
tokb cE¨mudk\rwihfw,fjcif; (impure, not beautiful)
tok&m tok&mewfwpfrsKd; (demon, titan)
twuúm0p& rBuHpnfEdkifaomt&m (inaccessible to discursive thought)
twå udk,faumif 0dnmOfaumif (self, soul)
t0dZÆm rodjcif; (ignorance)
tmpdPÖur® tavhtusihfjyKtyfaomuH(habitual Kamma)
tmemygeówd xGufav0ifavudk owdjzifh ½IrSwfjcif; (awareness of inhaling and exhaling)
tm&r®P tm½kH (object)
tm0ZÆe0oD qifjcifrIüuRrf;usifjcif; (mastery in adverting)
tmo0 tmoa0gow&m; (taint, canker)
tmo0u©, tmoa0gow&m;wdkY\ukefjcif; (cessation of canker or taint)
tmoEéuur® aocgeD;üjyKtyfaomuH (death-proximate kamma)
£óm remvdkjcif; (envy, jealousy)
Oapä''d|d jywfpJ\[laomt,lrSm; (annihilationism)
O'´pö pdwfysHUvGifhjcif; (restlessness)
O*¾[edrdwå O*¾[edrdwf (learning sign)
Oypm&orm"d teD;jzpfaom orm"d (neighborhood concentration)
Oyg'ge pGJvrf;rI (clinging)
Oyg, enf;vrf; (methods)
Oyg,mo jyif;pGmylaqG;jcif; (despair)
OyÜm' jzpfqJcP (arising)
Owk &moDOwk (temperature, weather)
{u*¾wm pdwfwnfMunfjcif; (concentration, one-pointedness of mind)
Moyygwdu Oyygwfy#doaE¨jzihfarG;zGm;ol (accidental, spontaneously born)
umrb0 umrbkHüjzpfjcif; (existence of desire)
umrblrd umrbkH (sphere of desire)
g

umrpäE´ umr*kPftvdkqE´ (sensuous desire, sensory desire)

or

ur® apwemjzihfvkyfaqmifrI (action, volitional energy)

a.
as

ur®edrdwå ur®edrdwf (sign of kamma)

el

ur®ed,mr ur®xkH;pH (law of kamma)

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ur®|me ur®|mef; (meditation, workplace)

ucFg0dw&P0dok'¨d ,kHrSm;oHo,rSpifMu,fjcif;(prrification by overcomign doubt)
uyÜ urÇm (aeon)
u#wåmur® u#wåmuH (reserve kamma)
um,*wmowd udk,fcE¨mü owdjzihf½IrSwfjcif; (awareness of the bodily actions)
udavom pdwf\tnpftaMu; (defilement)
ukukpö rwnfNidrfaompdwf (remorse, worry )
ukov ukodkvf (wholesome)
Bud,pdwå Bud,mpdwf (funtional consciousness)
cE¨m udk,fcE¨m (aggregate, group)
cPduorm"d cPwdkif;jzpfaomwnfMunfrI (momentary concentration)
c, ukefjcif; (deatruction, absoulte extinction)
*rÇD& eufeJaom (profound)
*½kuur® BuD;av;aomuH (weighty kamma)
*wd oGm;a&mufrnfhb0 (going, transmigration)
*wdedrdwå oGm;a&mufrnfhb0t&dyt f a&mif (sign of destiny)
p&dw p½kduf (personal nature, temperament)
pdwå pdwf (consciousness)
pdwå0dok'¨d pdwfpifMu,fjcif; (purification of mind)
pkwdpdwå pkwdpdwf (death consciousness)
apwem apwem (volition)
apwodu apwoduf (mental factor, mental state)
ZvmAkZ trd0rf;üudef;aom owå0g (womb-born beings)
Z&m tdkjcif; (decay, aing, old age )
Zmwd y#doaE¨aejcif; (birth)
psme psmefw&m; (absorption, highly developed state of concentration)
Xdwd wnfqJcP (presence)
wPSm vdkcsifwyfrufrI (desire)
wdyd#u yd#uwfokH;ykH (Three Baskets)
wd&dpäme wd&dpämef (animals)
wkpä tcsnf;ESD; (emptiness)
xde xdkif;rIdif;jcif; (sloth)
ax&0g' rax&fBuD;wdkY\ t,l (Way of the Elders, Doctrine of the Elders)
'ge vª'gef;jcif; (generosity)
a'0 ewf (heavenly being, god)
a'0avmu ewfavmu (heavenly world)
'd|owå jriftyfowå0g (visible living being)
'd|d0dok'¨d t,lpifMu,fjcif; (purification of view)
a'greó pdwfqif;&Jjcif; (grief, unpleasant mental feeling)
g

a'go trkef;tw&m; (hate)

or

a'gop&dw a'gop½kduf (hating temperament)

a.
as

'k'´o jrifEdkifcJaom (hard to see)

el

'k*¾wdb0 raumif;aom bkHXme (bad existence, suffering world)

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'ku© qif;&Jjcif; (suffering, unpleasant bodily or mentally feeling)

'ku©eda&m"opöm 'ku©csKyfaMumif; trSefw&m; (Truth of Cessation of Suffering)
"r®0daoo w&m;xl; (essence of dhamma)
"kw*F "kwiftusihf (ascetic, austere, shaking of defilements)
emr emrfw&m; (mind)
ae,sw¬ aqmifíodtyfaomteuf (implicit meaning, inferred meaning)
edAÁme edAÁmef (absolute peace, extinction of, cessation fo )
edpö wnfNrJjcif; (permanent, ageless)
ed&, i&J (hell)
eda&m"ormywåd eda&m"ormywf (attainment of cessation)
eDww¬ wdkuf½kduft"dyÜm,f (explicit meaning or derect menaing)
eD0&P ydwfyifwm;qD;wwfaom w&m; (hindrance)
ypöa0u©Pm0oD qifjcifjcif;ü uRrf;usifjcif; (mastery in reviewing)
ypöKy|me ypöKy|mef (manifestation)
y'|me eD;aomtaMumif;w&m; (proximate cause)
yÍömeEÅd&d,ur® aoonf\tjcm;rJhü tusKd;ay;aomuH (five heinous actions, or crimes)
yPd[dw qkH;jzwfjcif; (determination)
ynm odjrifjcif; (wisdom)
y&rw¬opöm razmufjyefaomtrSefw&m; (ultimate truth)
yg&rD jynfhpkHjcif; (perfection)
y&da'0 ylaqG;jcif; (lamentation)
y&dur®edrdwå y&dur®edrdwf (preliminary sign)
y&d,wåd oifMum;avhvmrI (theoretical aspects, leaning the doctrine)
y#dpö taMumif;jyKí (dependent on)
y#dpöorkyÜm' taMumif;aMumihfjzpfaomw&m; (Dependent Origination)
y#dC raumif;pdwf (ill will)
y#dywåd tusihf (practical aspects, practice of meditation)
y#doE¨dpdwå y#doaE¨pdwf (rebirth-linking consciousness)
y#da0" xdk;xGif;íodjrifjcif; (spiritual wisdom, realizing its goal)
ykxkZÆe ykxkZOf (worldling, ordinary person)
ayw Nydwåm (hungry ghost)
zv tusKd;w&m; (fruition)
zó awGUxdjcif; (contact)
aAm"dowå bk&m;avmif; (Buddha-to-be)
jA[®m jA[®m (mighty God, supreme Soul)
Ak'¨dp&dw ynmp½kduf (intelligent temperament)
Asmyg' raumif;pdwf (ill will)
b*F ysufjcif; (dissolution)
b0 wnf&Sdjcif; (lfige, existence)
g

bm0em yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfjcif; (mental development)

or

b0*Fpdwå b0ifpdwf (life-continuum consciousness)

a.
as

b, ab;? aMumufjcif; (danger, fear)

el

bdu©K &[ef; (monk)

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blrd bkHXme (sphere)

rpä&d, 0efwdkpdwf (avarice)
r*¾ vrf;pOf (path)
r*¾zvÓP r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPf (path and fruition knowledge)
r[muyÜ r[muyf (treat aeon)
r[my&dedAÁme Ak'¨y&dedAÁmefpHjcif; (final Nibbana of the Buddha)
r[m,me ,mOfBuD; (Great Vehicle)
rme axmifvTm;jcif; (conceit)
rEkó vlom; (human beings)
r&P aojcif; (death)
rdpäm'd|d t,lrSm; (wrong view)
rd'¨ idkufrsOf;jcif; (torpor)
arm[ rodjcif; (delusion)
arm[p&dw arm[p½kduf (deluded temperament)
rkwåd vGwfajrmufjcif; (liberation)
,medu ,mOf&Sdol (vehicle)
&o vkyfaqmifrI (function, taste)
&m* tvdk&r®uf (lust)
&m*p&dw &m*p½kduf (greedy temperament)
½ly ½kyfw&m; (matter)
½lyb0 ½kyf&Sdb0 (existence of form)
½lyblrd ½kyf&SdbkHXme (sphere of form)
vu©P vu©Pm (chareacter, characteristic)
avmb tvdk&r®uf (greed)
avmukwåpdwå avmukwå&mpdwf (supramundane consciousness, transecndental state)
avmukwå&r*¾pdwå avmukwå&mr*fpdwf (Noble Path consciousness )
0¥ b0oHo&m (round of existence)
a0'em cHpm;rI (feeling, sensation)
a0',dwokc cHpm;rI&Sdcsrf;om (happiness with feeling)
0dpm& tm½kHodkYa&SU½Iwifjcif; (sustained application of mind, discursive thinking)
0dpdudpmä odkYavmodkYavm awG;awmjcif; (doubt, skepticism)
0drkwåd vGwfajrmufrI (liberation)
0de,yd#u 0denf;yd#uwf (Basket of Discipline)
0dnmP pdwf0dnmPf (consciousness)
0dygu tusKd; (effect, result)
0dyv’mo azmufjyefaomtjrif (hallucination, perversion)
0dyóem txl;xl;tjym;jym;½IrSwfjcif; (insight meditation)
0dyóemynm 0dyóemtm;xkwfí&&Sdaom todÓPf (insight wisdom)
0D&d, vkHYvtm;xkwfrI (effort)
g

0dok'¨dr*¾ pifMu,faomvrf;pOf (path of purification)

or

0dwuú MuHpnfawG;awmjcif; (thought, initial application of mind)

a.
as

0dwuúp&dw 0dwufp½kduf (speculative temperament)

el

0Dxd jzpfpOf (process)

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0k|me0oD ormywfrSxjcif;ü uRrf;usifjcif; (mastery in emerging)

oOyg'daooedAÁme cE¨mt<uif;tusef&SdedAÁmef (psychological liberation from defilement)
obm0 wnfNrJaom oabmw&m; (intrinsic nature)
opö trSefw&m; (truth)
o'¨g ,kHMunfrI (faith)
o'¨gp&dw o'¨gp½kduf (faithful temperament)
ou'g*grd ou'g&*grfyk*¾Kdvf (Once-returner, noble person at second stage of Noble Path six wense basses)
oVm,we tm,weajcmufyg; (six sense bases)
orm"d wnfMunfrI (concentration)
ormyZÆe0oD 0ifpm;rIüuRrf;usifjcif; (mastery in attaining)
orx orxur®|mef; (trnquility meditation)
or®mtmZD0 rSefaomtoufarG;rI (Right Livelihood)
or®m'd|d rSefaomtjrif (Right View)
or®mur®EÅ rSefaomtvkyf (Right Action)
or®mrom"d rSefaom wnfMunfrI (Right Concentration)
or®mouFyÜ rSefaomtMuH (Right Intention, Right Thought)
or®mowd rSefaom owd (Right Mindfulness)
or®m0gpm rSefaompum; (Right Speech)
or®m0g,mr rSefaomtm;xkwfrI (Right Effort)
or®Kwdopöm aeYpOfb0trSefw&m; (conventional truth)
oHom& b0Budrfzefjzpf&jcif; (the cycle of birth and death ro endless cycle of existences)
oHao'Z pGwfpdkae&mwGif arG;zGm;jcif; (moisture-born beings)
ork', wG,faESmifjcif; (desire)
orkyÜm' jzpfay:vmjcif; (arising, origination)
oHa,mZe oHa,mZOf (fetter)
ocFg& emrfcE¨mrsm; (menatal formation)
ocFw jyKjyifcHoabmw&m; (conditioned, compounded)
onm rSwfom;jcif; (perception)
oEÅd Nidrf;at;jcif; (peace)
oEÅdokc cHpm;rIrJhcsrf;omrI (happiness without feeling)
oów xm0wnfNrJjcif; (eternal)
oów'd|d xm0wnfNrJjcif;t,lrSm; (eternity view)
owd tzefzefatmufarhjcif; (mindfulness)
owdy|me owdtjccHw&m; (four foundations of mindfulness)
owå owå0g (living being)
oDv udk,fusihfw&m; (morality, virtue)
oDv0dok'¨d udk,fusihfw&m;pifMu,fjcif; (purification of virtue)
oDvAÁwy&mrmo t,lrSm;udk pGJvrf;jcif; (adherence to rules and rituals)
aomu pdk;&drfjcif; (worrow)
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aomwmyEé aomwmyefyk*¾Kdvf (Stream-winner, noble person at first stage of the Noble Path)
or

ok*wdb0 aumif;aomb0 (good existence, happy world)

a.
as

okc csrf;om (happiness)

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oknw qdwfokH;jcif; (void, emptiness)

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okwåEÅyd#u okwåEÅyd#uwf (Basket fo Doctrines)

a[wk taMumif;w&m; (root, cause )

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