Abdmoin function: 1-breathing -2- protection -3- change pressure( giving birth – pee-…)

Ribs forming abd wall re 12- margin of 11 and xiphoid process

Psterior wall f abd: psoas major- quadratous lumborum- ileacus

Messentry is complete from posterior and partly from anterior

The diaphragm attaches posteriorly to L3 in the right and L2 in the left

The peritoneum lining the abdominal cavity is continuous with the peritoneum in the pelvis.
Consequently, the abdominal cavity is entirely continuous with the pelvic cavity Infections in
one region can therefore freely spread into the other.

Foregut: distal end of esophagus- stomach- roximal art of duodenum :

Suspended by anterior and posterior mesentery  rotate clock wise 

anterior mesentery : liver---- posterior mesentery spleen

Epiploic framen between the duodenum and liver leads to lesser sac

Lesser sac behind the lesser omentum, stomach and a part of greater omentum

Lesser omentum between the liver and stomach

Greater omentum posterior and inferior to stomach and hangs over the transverse colon
after fusing with the trasverse mesocolon

Midgut: distal end of duodenum- jujenum-ileum- ascending colon- proximal 2/3 of

transverse colon.

It herniate through the umbilical cord rotate 90 the rotate 180 counter clockwise back
to abdomen.

Hindgut: distal 1/3 of transverse colon- descending colon – sigmoid colon

Sigmoid fuses with rectum at the level of s3.

Innervation of abd wall: T7T12 , L1 and part of T5-T6

T5-t6 the upper parts of external oblique

T6 skin above xiphoid process T10 umbilicus L1 inguinal and suprapubic

Development of inguinal canal:

Gonads develop in the posterior abd wall gubernaculum attaches the lower lobe of
gonads with the scrotum or labia major through the internal inguinal fossa , the
gubernaculum leads gonads to internal inguinal foramen( trans abd phase).

Process (processus vaginalis) develop from the internal inguinal foramen to scrotum or labia
major around the gubernaculum consist of pertonium and muscels (inguinal canal). In
men: testes with their vessels and ductus deferens migrate through the canal to scrotum
(trans inguinal phase) , the proximal part of pertonium back to the abd and the distal part
form tunica vaginalis around the testes, remain of gubernaculum form ligament of the
scrotum.in women ovarian stay in the pelvic and the gubernaculum form the round ligament
of uterus.

Inferior vena cava lies right to the vertebral column and penetrate the central tendon of
diaphragm at the level of T8.

All venous drainage from the gastrointestinal system passes through the portal vein liver
 hepatic vein which drain into the vena cava just beforethe inferior vena cava penetrate
the diaphragm.

Portocaval anastomosis: 1-around the inferior end of the esophagus -2-around the inferior
part of the rectum -3-Small veins that accompany the degenerate umbilical vein ( round
ligament of the liver ) establish another important portacaval anastomosis -4-where the
liver is in direct contact with the diaphragm (the bare area of the liver) -5-where the wall of
the gastrointestinal tract is in direct contact with the posterior abdominal wall
(retroperitoneal areas of the large and small intestine) -6- the posterior surface of the
pancreas (much of the pancreasis secondarily retroperitoneal).

Innervation: Innervation of the abdominal viscera is derived from a large prevertebral plexus
-sympathetic components originate from spinal cord levels T5 to L2;

-parasympathetic components are from the vagus nerve [ X ] and spinal cord levels S2 to S4;

-visceral sensory fibers generally parallel the motor pathways.

Copoments of abd wall: skin - superfascial layer – muscles – extra peritoneal fascia .

Super fascial layer: made of two components:- 1- superficial part( camper) contain fat
fuses with the deep layer in scrotum forming dartos muscle -2-deep layer(scarpa):
membranous mainly, continues into the thigh , just below the inguinal ligament, it fuses with
the deep fascia of the thigh (the fascia lata), It continues into the anterior part of the
perineum where it is firmly attached to the ischiopubic rami and to the posterior margin of
the perineal membrane forming the superfi cial perineal fascia ( Colles ’ fascia ), in men the
extensions of the scarpa attached to the pubic symphysis pass inferiorly onto the dorsum
and sides of the penis to form the fundiform ligament of penis.