REPORT5

MEMORY&STORAGEDEVI
CES

 PRI
MARYMEMORY:

 Pri
marymemor yiscomputermemor ythatapr ocessoror
computeraccessesfi
rstordir
ectl
y.Itall
owsapr ocessorto
accessrunni
ngexecutionappl
icati
onsandservi
cest hatare
temporar
il
ystored i
n a speci
fic memorylocat
ion.Pr i
mary
memor yi
salsoknownasprimarystorageormai
nmemor y.

 Pri
marymemor yiscomputermemor ythati
saccesseddirect
ly
bytheCPU.Thi sincl
udessev er
alty
pesofmemor y,suchas
thepr
ocessorcacheandsystem ROM.Howev er
,inmostcases,
pri
marymemor yrefer
stosystem RAM.

 RAM,orr andom accessmemor y

,consistsofoneormor e
memor ymodul esthatt empor ari
lystor
edat awhil
eacomput er
i
sr unning.RAM i svolatilememor y,meani
ngitiserasedwhen
thepoweri sturnedoff.Ther efor
e,eacht i
mey oustartupy our
comput er,t he operat ing sy st
em must be l oaded f rom
secondar ymemor y(suchasahar ddrive)int
ot hepr i
mar y
memor y ,
orRAM.Si milarly,
whenev eryoulaunchanappl i
cation
ony ourcomput er,i
tisloadedi nt
oRAM.

 Thepr imarymemor ystoresinstruct

ionsandt hedat ai nbinar
y
machi necode.TheCont r
olUni tdealswiththeinstructi
onsand
the Ar i
thmet i
c and Logi c unit handles calculati
ons and
compar isonswi t
ht hedat a.Dataandi nstructi
onsar emov ed
by buses.I tisi mportantt o understand pr i
mar y memor y
generallyholdscurrent
lyexecut i
ngprocesses( atruntime).You
cant hinkofpr imar ymemor yast hel aststopbef orebeing
actuall
yf et
ched,decoded, executedandst oredbyt heCPU.

1
 RAM &ROM

(
RAM) (
ROM)
r
andom accessmemor
y r
ead-
onl
ymemor
y

 RAM
 RAM -r andom accessmemor y.RAM (pr onouncedr am)isan
acronym f orrandom access memor y,a t ype ofcomputer
memor yt hatcanbeaccessedr andomly ;thatis,anybyteof
memor ycan be accessed wi t
houtt ouching the precedi
ng
bytes.RAM isfoundinserver
s,PCs,tablets,smartphonesand
otherdevices,
suchasprint
ers.

 RAM st ands forr andom-access memor y,which makes i

t
possibl
etof i
ndspecifi
cinformati
onv eryqui
ckl
y.Iti
safor
m of
fast
-access,vol
ati
lestoragethatisusedast hemai nmemory
i
ncomput ersyst
ems.Themostwi delyusedform ofRAM f
or
themainmemor yisdynami cRAM (DRAM) .

 ROM
 Read-onlymemor y(ROM)i sat ypeofstoragemedi um that
permanentlystoresdataonper sonalcomput er
s( PCs)and
otherelect
roni
cdev i
ces.I
tcontai
nsthepr ogrammingneeded
tostartaPC,whi chi
sessenti
alforboot
-up;itperf
ormsmaj or
i
nput/output tasks and hol ds programs or sof t
war e
i
nstructi
ons.

 Shor
tforr ead-
onl
ymemor y,ROM i
sastoragemedium thatis
used with computer
sand otherel
ect
ronicdev
ices.Ast he
namei ndi
cates,datast
oredinROM mayonl yber ead.Itis

2
 ei
thermodi
fi
edwi t
hextr
emedi f
ficul
tyornotatal
l
.ROM i
s
mostl
yusedforf
ir
mwareupdat
es.Feb4,2019

 SECONDARYMEMORY

 Secondarymemor yiswhereprogr
amsanddat aar
ekeptona
l
ong-ter
m basis.Commonsecondar ystor
agedev i
cesarethe
hard di
skand opt i
caldisks.The har
d diskhas enor
mous
stor
agecapacitycomparedt omai
nmemor y.Thehar
ddiskis
usual
lycont
ainedinsi
dethecaseofacomput er.

 Secondarymemor yconsist
sofal lpermanentorpersi
stent
stor
agedevices,
suchasread-onl
ymemor y(
ROM),fl
ashdri
ves,
harddiskdr i
ves(HDD),magnetictapesandothertypesof
i
nternal
/ext
ernalst
oragemedia.

 Secondar
ymemorydev i
cesi ncl
udemagneticdi
sksli
kehar
d
dri
vesandfl
oppydisks;opt i
caldiskssuchasCD'sandCD
ROM s;andmagnet ictapes,whichweret hef
ir
stfor
msof
secondar
ymemory
.

 You know t hatprocessormemor y,also known aspr i

mar y
memor y,i
sexpensi veaswel laslimit
ed.Thef asterpri
mar y
memor yareal sovol
atile.I
fweneedt ost orelargeamountof
dat
a orpr ograms per manently
,we need a cheaperand
per
manent memor y. Such memor yi s called secondar y
memor y.Herewewi lldiscusssecondarymemor ydevicesthat
canbeusedt ostor
el argeamountofdat a,audio,videoand
mult
imediaf i
les.

3
 MAGNETI
CSTORAGE&OPTI
CALSTORAGE

 MAGNETI
CSTORAGE

(
HARDDI
SK) (
FLOPPYDI
SK) (
MAGNETI
CTAPE)

 HARDDI
SK:
 harddi
skdr i
ve( HDD),harddisk,harddr i
ve,orfi
xeddiski
san
el
ector
-mechani caldatast or
agedev icet hatusesmagneti
c
stor
aget ostoreandr etri
evedigit
alinformationusi
ngoneor
morer igi
d r apidl
yr otati
ng disks ( pl
atter
s) coat
ed wit
h
magneti
cmat erial.

 FLOPPYDI SK
 Afloppydi sk,alsoknownasaf l
oppy,disket
te,orsi
mpl ydisk,
i
sat y
peofdi skst or
agecomposedofadi skofthinand
fl
exibl
e magnet i
c stor
age medi
um,seal ed inar ect
angul ar
pl
ast i
cenclosur eli
nedwit
hfabri
cthatremov esdustparti
cl
es.
Fl
oppydi sksar ereadandwri
tt
enbyaf l
oppydi skdri
ve(FDD) .

 MAGNETICTAPE
 Magnet
ictapeisal ongandnar r
ow str
ipofpl ast
icthatthin
magnet
icmater
iali
scoat edon.Nearl
yallrecordi
ngtapeisof
thi
stype,whetherused f orrecor
ding audio orv ideo or
comput
er data storage. Magneti
c tape r ecordi
ng uses

4
 magnet
ict
apewhi
chmov
esonar
ecor
dinghead.

 OPTI
CALSTORAGE

(
CD) (
DVD) (
BLURAYCD)

 CD
 CDscanholdupt o700MBwor thofdat
a,whi
chisabout80
minut
esofmusi c..
..CDsthathavecomput
eri
nfor
mationon
them ar
e cal
led CD-ROMs,orCompactDi sc -Read Onl
y
Memory.Thediameterofanor
mal CDi
s120mm.

 DVD
 DVD Infor
mation.Thet erm DVD i san acronym forDigit
al
Ver
satil
eDiscorDi gi
talVideoDisc.Itr
efer
stoat ypeofopti
cal
mediausedforst ori
ngdat aandvideocontent...
.Thecapaci
ty
ofaDVDi satl east7t i
mesgr eaterthanacompactdi scand
pr
ovidesenoughr oom forafull
-l
engthfeat
uref i
l
m.

 BLU-RAYCD
 Blu-
rayorBlu-r
ayDisc(BD)isadi gi
talopti
caldiscdatastorage
format.I
twasdesignedt osupersedetheDVDf ormat,andis
capableofstori
ngseveralhour
sofv ideoinhigh-defi
nit
ion
(HDTV720pand1080p)andul tr
ahi gh-def
ini
ti
onr esol
ution
(2160p).

5
 FLASHMEMORY

(
PENDRI
VE) (
MEMORYCARD) (
SSD.
)

`
 PENDRI VE:
 Pendri
veconsi
stofanel
ect
roni
cci
rcui
tboar
dandaUSB connect
or
connect
sthedri
vetothecomput
er.PenDri
vealsoknownasaFlash
memor yi
sanexampl
eofNANDstyl
estor
agedev
ice.I
tisamemor
ychip
whichhol
dst
hedata.
 A pendr i
vebeinginsert
edint
oaUSB por t.Li
censedfrom
i
St ockPhoto.noun.The def
ini
ti
on ofa pen dr i
veis small
storagedev i
ceshapedli
keapenwithbuil
t-
indatastor
agethat
connectst oacomput erbyaUSBpor t.Anexampleofapen
driveisapenwi t
hahiddenUSBportforsavi
ngdata.

 MEMORYCARD
 Amemor ycar
disat ypeofstoragedevi
cethatisusedf or
stor
ing medi
aand dataf i
l
es.I
tpr ov
idesaper manentand
non-vol
ati
l
emedium tostor
edataandfil
esfr
om theattached
devi
ce.Memor ycar
dsarecommonl yusedinsmall,portable
devi
ces,suchascamerasandphones.Amemor ycardisalso
knownasaf l
ashcar
d.

 SSD.

6
 An SSD (sol
id-
stat
edr i
ve)isa typeofnonv ol
ati
l
est or
age
mediathatst
orespersistentdat
aonsoli
d-st
atefl
ashmemor y.
Twokeycomponent smakeupanSSD:af l
ashcontrol
l
erand
NANDf l
ashmemor ychi ps..
..Aspi
nni
ngHDDr eadsandwrit
es
datamagneti
call
y,whichi soneoftheol
deststor
agemediain
conti
nuoususe.