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The filter media used depends on the raw water quality, raw
water variations and chemical treatments used.
Abstract—Mixed Bed Filters form an important part of physical
treatment of effluents from various kinds of industries. Various
adsorbents are used in the system and one peculiar one is rice Husk. It C. PRESSURE FILTERS
can be used as a cheaper and better option as an adsorbent. Pressure filters fall into two categories; Pressure Sand and
Diatomaceous Earth Filters. These are used in mixed bed
Index Terms—Adsorbents , Filtration,Filter medium filters extensively for the removal of Iron and Manganese.
Operated individually, these various types of filtration
I. INTRODUCTION methods are effective upto a point but in the case of drinking
Mixed Bed Filter is used for treatment over a range of flow water and industrial effluents, a higher standard of filtration is
rates. This is due to large surface area and ability to be required.
backwashed. The dirt holding and handling capabilities of a D. EFFLUENT TREATMENT
mixed bed filter is better compared to others. The beds are
made up of different filtering media. Mixed bed filters work on Effluent treatment refers to its purification, i.e the removal
the principle of ion exchange filtration along with physical of undesirable physical contaminants, chemicals, biological
filtration. Various layers present remove impurities, both organisms, and suspended gases from the effluent.
physical and chemical from the effluent. By adsorbents, ions Water may be simply disinfected for human consumption
such as Na+ , K+ and Mg2+ are removed from water along but water purification is also done for various other
with physical impurities. applications such as medical, pharmaceutical, chemical and
industrial requirements.
A.RAPID SAND FILTERS The methods used for this include filtration, sedimentation
Rapid sand filters have filter rates 40 times that of slow sand and distillation. Biological and Chemical processes such as
filters. Its major parts include a filter tank/box, the sand, a floculation, chlorination and slow sand filters are also widely
supported bed, an underdrain system, wash water troughs and used.
filter bed agitators. Purifying the effluent reduces the concentration of particulate
matter including suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae,
viruses, fungi as well as reducing the concentrat
5.1 Backwashing
It involves removal of clogging deposits and maintain
efficient operation. Backwashing of a gravity filter involves
flow reversal to dislodge the deposits. This usually gives
significant expansion and fluidization of the bed. Once
expansion occurs the grains are mobile and deposits can be
detached and flushed out.
A.SAND
Figure 5.2 Dependency of bed height and head loss with Mechanical and biological action, Slow gravity sand filters removes
the water velocity bacteria and small particles.
5
B.ACTIVATED CARBON [3] :"Incineration Processes and Environmental Releases." National
Research Council. 2000. Waste Incineration and Public Health.
Low cost and easy maintenance. It enhances taste and odour of tap Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5803.
water.Filters carbon based chemicals, disinfectants and [4] Knox, Andrew (February 2005). "An Overview of Incineration and EFW
microorganisms. Technology as Applied to the Management of Municipal Solid Waste
(MSW)"(PDF). University of Western Ontario. Archived from the
original(PDF) on 5 December 2008.
-k [5] ^ abcd"Waste to Energy in Denmark". Ramboll. 2006.
1.Its an agricultural waste, costs negligible.Adsorption capacity to [6] ^Kleis, Heron; Dalager, Søren (2004). 100 Years of Waste Incineration
remove metals increases with Increase in pH of solution.Longer [7] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250029951_Study_on_Proper
duration gives high values of adsorption. t
ies_of_Rice_Husk_Ash_and_Its_Use_as_Cement_Replacement_Mater
-Graphene i al
Limitations
-Sand
-Rice husk
Adsorption capacity decreases in order Pb>Zn>Cu.
-Graphene
Though good graphene is available at low cost, it excludes graphene
created by CVD process. (recognized as highest level of graphene of
quality available for bulk graphene).
Future improvements
Rice husk is available at a low cost but Activated rice husk needs
processes which can’t be done at a low scale level. Activated rice husk
removes Mn(II). Removal efficiency of activated rice husk for Pb, Cu,
Zn is 96.45%, 96.31%, 96.64% respectively. Cartridge Filters can
screen out twice as much Dirt and debris as a Sand Filter. Maintenance
is easy, no backwashing required.
Conclusion
Mixed bed filtration is very promising and cheap technology. It can be
used by industry to reduce the suspended solids and reduce the toxicity
of the effluent water before discharging it from the industry. Activated
rice husk can be used as an adsorbent instead of rice husk. It is
successful for removal of Mn(II)
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Vrushali V. Maste would like to thank Dr. Rita Sharma for
encouraging this project to better understand the process of
incineration. Her guidance allowed us to satisfactorily
complete this paper.
REFERENCES
[1] Joseph W. Lenehan (1962) Air Pollution Control in Municipal
Incineration, Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 12:9, 414-
430, DOI: 10.1080/00022470.1962.10468108
[2] https://www.nap.edu/read/5803/chapter/5#43