CONTROLLING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
LAVUDYA PAVAN KUMAR | 116EE0313 | DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING |N.I.T. ROURKELA
1. ABSTRACT
 The global electrical energy consumption
is still rising and there is a demand to
double the power capacity within 20
years.
 The production, distribution and use of
energy should be as technological efficient
as possible and incentives to save energy
at the end-user should also be set up.
 Deregulation of energy has in the past
lowered the investment in larger power
plants, which means the need for new
electrical power sources may be very high
in the near future.
 Two major technologies will play
important roles to solve the future
problems.
 One is to change the electrical power
production sources from the conventional,
fossil (and short term) based energy
sources to renewable energy resources.
 Another is to use high efficient power
electronics in power generation, power
transmission/distribution and end-user
application.
 This work discuss some of the most
emerging renewable energy sources, wind
energy and photovoltaics, which by means
of power electronics are changing from
being minor energy sources to be acting
as important power sources in the energy
system.
2. INTRODUCTION
 Renewable energy is defined as energy derived from
resources that are regenerative, such as sunlight,
wind.
 Renewable energy systems often provides energy in
electricity generation and transportation services.
 Renewable energy systems are projected to equal
coal and natural gas electricity generation.
 Main stream Technologies to generate electricity
from renewable energy resources are Solar Energy,
Wind Power and Hydro Power.
 This work will first discuss the basic development in
power electronics and power electronic conversion.
Then different wind turbine configurations will be
explained both aerodynamically and electrically.
Also different control methods will be shown for a
wind turbine. They are now also installed in remote
areas with good wind conditions (off-shore, on-
shore) and different possible configurations are
shown and compared. Next the PV-technology is
discussed including the necessary basic power
electronic conversion. Power converters are given
and more advanced control features described.
Finally, a general technology status of the wind
power and the PV technology is presented
demonstrating still more efficient and attractive
power sources for the future.
3. PHOTO VOLTAIC SYSTEM
 A Photovoltaic(PV) system converts light energy
(K.E. of photons) into electrical direct current (DC)
by taking the advantage of the photoelectric effect.
 It consists of an arrangement of Solar panels (array
of PV cells), a solar inverter (DC current to AC
current) and other accessories to set up a working
system.
 The common material used in PV cell is purified
silicon
 Solar panels work by absorbing sunlight with
photovoltaic cells, generating direct current(DC)
energy and then converting it to usable alternating
current (AC) energy with the help of inverter
technology .Photovoltaic cells absorb the sun energy
and convert it to DC electricity.
4. WIND TURBINE SYSTEM
 A Wind Turbine System (WTS) converts the wind's
kinetic energy into electrical energy using the wind
turbines and the power generators.
 Wind turbine systems provide a clean energy
source, emitting no greenhouse gases and no waste
product.
 Wind turbines are mostly constructed as fast
running machines with horizontal shaft, upwind
arrangement and preferably 3 rotor blades.
 Materials used for the rotor blades are composites.
 Wind turbines capture power from the wind by
means of aerodynamically designed blades and
convert it to rotating mechanical power. The number
of blades is normally three. As the blade tip-speed
should be lower than half the speed of sound the
rotational speed will decrease as the radius of the
blade increases. For multi-MW wind turbines the
rotational speed will be 10–15 rpm. The most
weight efficient way to convert the low-speed, high-
torque power to electrical power is to use a gear-box
and a standard fixed speed generator.
Fig.1 Hardware schematic and control function blocks
of a typical PV system with a DC/DC boost stage
Fig2. Control scheme of a PMSG based full scale back-to-
back WTS
5. CONTROL METHODS
 The power electronic converters together with
intelligent control techniques in the renewable
generation systems (PV and wind turbine
systems) have the responsibility to enable the
power conversion reliably, effectively and
efficiently.
 In a Photovoltaic (PV) system, the use of a DC/DC
boost converter offers flexibility to extract
maximum power from the PV panels, which is a
basic requirement for PV systems known as
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT).
 The full-scale Wind Turbine System (WTS) mainly
consists of a variable speed controlled Permanent
Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG), which is
connected to the grid through a full-scale back-to-
back power converter.
 There are also other basic requirements for PV &
WT systems, which should be complied with
during the design and operation, such as power
quality issues, grid synchronization and the anti-
islanding protection.
6. CONCLUSION
 Present work shows the applications of power
electronic for both wind turbine and photovoltaic
technologies are discussed. PV systems are
discussed including technology, inverters and their
control methods. Finally, a status of the wind
turbine and PV market is given and some future
trends are highlighted. Both wind and PV will be
important power sources for the future energy
system.
7. REFERENCES
[1] F. Blaabjerg, R. Teodorescu, M. Liserre, A.V.
Timbus, Overview of control and grid
synchronization for distributed power generation
systems. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 53(5), 1398-
1409 (2006).
[2] Y. Yang, P. Enjeti, F. Blaabjerg, H. Wang, Suggested
grid code modifications to ensure widescale
adoption of photovoltaic energy in distributed
power generation systems, in Proceedings of IEEE
IAS Annual Meeting, pp. 1–8, 6–11 Oct 2013