RETAINING WALL

A retaining wall or retaining structure is used for maintaining the ground surfgaces at
defrent elevations on either side of it. Whenever embankments are involed in construction ,retaining
wall are usually necessary. In the construction of buildins having basements, retaining walls are
mandatory. Similsrly in bridge work, the wing walls and abutments etc. are designed as retaining
walls , to resist earth pressure along with superimposed loads. The material retained or supported by
a retaining wall is called backfill lying above the horizontal plane at the elevation of the top of a wall
is called the surcharge, and its inclination to horizontal is called the surcharge angle b

In the design of retaining walls or other retaining structures, it is necessary to compute the
lateral earth pressure exerted bythe retaining mass of soil. The equation of finding out the lateral
earth pressure against retaining wall is one of the oldest in Civil Engineering field. The plastic state of
strees, when the failure is imminent, was invetigated by Rankine in1860. A Lot of theoretical
experiment work has been done in this field and many theory and hypothesis heve benn proposed.

18.2 TYPE OF RETAINING WALLS

Retaining walls may be classified according to their mode of resisting the earth
pressure,and according to their shape. Following are some of commen types of retaining walls (Fig)

1 Gravity walls
2 Cantilever retaining walls a. T- shaped b. L- shaped
3 Counterfort retainig walls.
4 Buttresssed walls.

A gravity retaining wall shown in fig 1 is the one in which the earth pressure exrted by the
back fill is resisted by dead weight of wall, which is either made of masonry or of mass concrete .
The stress devlop in the wall is very low ,These walls are no proportioned that no tension is devloped
any where, and the resultant of forces remain withen the middle third of the base.

The cantilever retaining wall resist the horizontal earth pressure as well as other vertical pressure by way of beending of va
ressure by way of beending of varios components acting as cantilever s.A coomon form of cantilever retaining waal
etaining waal
 200
DESIGN OF L SHAPED CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL
Horizontal back fill 0 mm f @ 8 mm f @
Hieght of cantilever wall from ground level = 3.00 m 0 mm c/c 300 mm c/c
Unit weight of Earth = 18 KN/m3
Angle of repose = 30 Degree 0 mm f @ 0 mm f @
Safe Bearing capacity of soil = 180 KN/m3 mm c/c 0 mm c/c
Coffiecent of friction = 0.5
Concrete M- 20 0 mm f @ 0 mm f @
m = 13.33 wt. of concrete 25000 N/m 3 0 mm c/c 0 mm c/c
Steel fe = 415 N/mm 2 s st = 230 N/mm2
s cbc = 7 N/mm2 0 mm f @ 0 mm f @
Nominal cover = 25 mm 0 mm c/c mm c/c
Foundation depth = 1.00 m
`
DESIGN SUMMARY
Stem thickness At footing 290 mm At top 200 mm
Toe width -400 mm Heel width 2500 mm
Footing width 2400 mm Key 290 x 290 mm

Reinforcement Summary
STEM:- Main
(from top of
Retaining
100% Reinforcement
wall) upto m 2.29 10 mm F@ 80 mm c/c
50% Reinforcement upto m 1.74 10 mm F@ 160 mm c/c
25% Reinforcement upto m Top 10 mm F@ 320 mm c/c

Distribution 8 mm F@ 180 mm c/c

Tamprecture 8 mm F@ 300 mm c/c
TOE:-
Main 16 mm F@ 80 mm c/c
Distribution 8 mm F@ 100 mm c/c

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
 10 mm F
mm F 320 @ c/c
@ c/c 3000
1.74
4000 10 mm F
8 mm F 160 @ c/c
300 @ c/c ###
### 10 mm F
2.29
8 mm F 80 @ c/c
180 @ c/c
720 ### mm F
### @ c/c
### 290
16 mm F
###

### Heel 80 @ c/c

720
200 ###

Toe 2500 Heel

### mm F -400 300
### @ c/c 2400
-400 300 2500
8 mm F 180 @ c/c ### mm F
### @ c/c
8 F 10 mm F
300 320 @ c/c
2.29

1.74
#REF!
10 mm F
160 @ c/c

10 mm F
80 @ c/c

Out side Earth side

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
DESIGN OF L SHAPED CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL with horizontal back fill
Hieght of cantilever wall from ground level = 3.00 m
Unit weight of Earth g = 18 kN/m3 = 18000 N/m2
Angle of repose = 30 Degree
Safe Bearing capacity of soil q0 = 180 kN/m2
Coffiecent of friction m = 0.5
Concrete = M 20
Steel fe = 415
Nominal cover = 25 mm
Foundation depth = 1.00 m

1 Design Constants:- For HYSD Bars Cocrete M = 20

s st = = 230 N/mm2 wt. of concrete = ### N/m3 = 25 kN/m3

s cbc = = 7 N/mm2 m = 13.33
m*c 13.33 x 7
k= = = 0.289
m*c+sst 13.33 x 7 + 230
j=1-k/3 = 1 - 0.289 / 3 = 0.904
R=1/2xc x j x k = 0.5 x 7 x 0.904 x 0.289 = 0.913

2 Diamension of base:-
height of wall above base, H = 3.00 + 1.00 = 4.00 meter
The ratio of length of slabe (DE) to base width b is given by eq.
q0 180
a = 1 - = 1 - = -0.14
2.2 y H 2.2 x 18 x 4.00
Keep a = -0.14 …. Eq (1)
The width of base is given by Eq. sin 30 = 0.5
Ka 1-sin F 1 - 0.5
b = 0.95 H x Ka = = = 0.33
(1- a)x(1+3 a) 1+sinF 1 + 0.5

0.333
b = 0.95 x 4.00 = 2.70
( 1 - -0.14 )x( 1 + -0.42 )

The base width from the considration of sliding is given by Eq.

0.7HKa 0.7 x 4.00 x 0.333

b = = = 1.64 m
(1-a) m ( 1 - -0.14 )x 0.5
This width is excessive. Normal practice is to provide b between 0.4 to 0.6 H .
Taking value of H = 0.6 x b = 0.60 x 4.00 = 2.40 m
Hence Provided b = 2.40 m
The wall will be unsafe against sliding. This will be made safe by providing a shear Key at base .
Width of toe slab = axb = -0.14 x 2.40 = -0.34 m Provided toe slab = -0.40 m
Let the thickness of stem = H/12 = 4.00 / 12 = 0.33 or say = 0.30 m for design
Hence width of heel slab = 2.40 - 0.30 - -0.40 = 2.50 m purpose
4 Thickness of stem:-
Heigth AB = 4.00 - 0.30 = 3.70 m consider 1 m length of retaining wall
Kxy x H13
0.33 x 18 x( 3.70 )3
Maximum Bending momentat B = = = 50.65
6 6
BM 50.65 x 10 6
Effective depth required = = = 236 mm
Rxb 0.913 x 1000
Keep d = 240 mm and total thickness = 240 + 50 = 290
Assuming that 10 mm F bar will be used. a nominal cover of = 50 - 5 = 45 mm
Reduce the total thickness
= 200 mm at top so that effective depth of = 150 mm
to
5 Stability of wall:-
Full dimension wall is shown in fig 1a
Let W1 = weight of rectangular portion of stem
w2 = weight of triangular portion of stem
w3 = weight of base slab
w4 = weight of soil on heel slab.
The calculation are arrenged in Table
Detail force(kN) lever arm Moment (KN-m)
w1 1 x 0.20 x 3.70 x 25 = 18.50 0.100 1.85
w2 1/2 x 0.09 x 3.70 x 25 = 4.16 0.245 1.02
w3 1 x 2.40 x 0.30 x 25 = 18.00 1.200 21.60
w4 1 x 2.10 x 3.70 x 18 = 139.86 1.35 188.81
Sw = 181.00 total MR 213.00
Total resisting moment = 213.00 kN-m

Ka x y x H2 0.33 x 18 x( 4.00 )2
Earth pressure p = = = 48 kN
2 2
Over turning 4.0
Over turning moment Mo = 48 x = 64 kN-m
3.0
213
\ F.S. against over turning = = 3.33 > 1.5 Hence safe
64
mSw 0.5 x 181.00 Shear key Not
F.S. against sliding = = = 1.89 > 1.5
PH 48 required

Pressure distribution net moment SM = 213.00 - 64 = 149 kN-m

\ Distance x of the point of application of resultant, from toe is
SM 149 b 2.40
x = = = 0.82 m = = 0.40
Sw 181 6 6
b 2.40
Eccenticity e = - x = - 0.82 = 0.38 m < 0.40 Hence safe
2 2
Pressure p1 at SW 6e 181 6x 0.38 146.0 < 180
= 1+ = x 1+ = Hence safe
toe b b 2.40 2.40 kN -m2
Pressure p1 at SW 6e 181 6x 0.38 4 < 180
= 1- = x 1- = Hence safe
Heel b b 2.40 2.40 kN -m2
Pressure p at the junction of stem with toe slab is
146.00 - 4.00
p = 146.00 - x -0.40 = 169.67 kN-m2 < 180 Hence safe
2.40
Pressure p at the junction of stem with Heel slab is
146.00 - 4.00
p = 146.00 - x 2.50 = -1.92 kN-m2 < 180 Hence safe
2.40

6 Design of Bottom slab:-

The upward pressure distribution on the slab is shown in fig 1b .The weight of soil above the
toe slab is neglicted . Thus two forces are acting on it
(1) Up ward soil pressure (2) Down ward weight of slab
Down ward weight of slab per unit area = 0.30 x 1 x 1.00 x 25 = 7.50 kN-m2
Hence net pressure intensities will be = 146.00 - 7.50 = 138.5 kN-m2 under D
And at under E = 4.00 - 7.50 = -3.50 kN-m2
Total S.F. = 0.50 x( 138.50 + -3.50 ) x 2.40 = 162.00 kN
-3.50 + 2.00 x 138.50 2.40
x from E = x = 1.62 m
-3.50 + 138.50 3
\ B.M. at E = 162.00 x 1.62 = 262.56 kN-m
BM 262.56 x 10 6
Effective depth required = = = 536 mm
Rxb 0.913 x 1000
 Keep effective depth d = 550 mm and total thickness = 550 + 50 = 600
Reduce the total thickness to = 200 mm or 0.20 m at edge say = 0.6
BM x 106 262.56 x 10 6
Ast = = = 2297 mm2
sst x j x D 230 x 0.904 x 550
3.14xdia2 3.14 x
16 x 16
using 16 mm bars A = = = 201
4 4
\ Spacing A x1000 / Ast = 201 x 1000 / 2297 = 80 mm
Hence Provided 16 mm F bar, @ 80 mm c/c
Let us check this reinforcement for development length Ld=45 F = 45 x 16 = 720 mm
Providing 25 mm clear side cover actual length available = -400 - 25 = -425
-425 < 720 Hence not safe
0.12 600 + 200
Distribution steel = x 1000 x = 480
100 2
P D2 3.14 x ( 8 )'2
Using 8 mm F bars, Area = = = 50 mm2
4 4
1000 x 50
\ Spacing = = 105 mm say = 100 mm c/c
480
8 Reinforcement in the stem:-

We had earliar assume the thickeness of heel slab as = 0.30 m

While it has now been fixed as 0.6 m only. Hence revised H1= 4.00 - 0.6 = 3.40
H13 0.33 x 18
x( 3.40 ) 3
M = Kay x = = 39.30 kN-m
6 6
BM 39.30 x 10 6
Effective depth required = = = 207 mm
Rxb 0.913 x 1000
Keep effective depth d = 210 mm and total thickness = 210 + 50 = 260
Reduce the total thickness to = 200 mm or 0.20 m at edge
BM x100 39.30 x 10 6
Ast = = = 901 mm2
sst x j x D 230 x 0.904 x 210
P D2 3.14 x ( 10 )'2
Using 10 mm F bars, Area = = = 79 mm2
4 4
1000 x 79
\ Spacing = = 87 mm say = 80 mm c/c
901
79
Actual AS provided = 1000 x = 982 mm2
80
Continue alternate bars in the toe slabto serve as tensile reinforcement ther.Discontinue the remaining
half bars after a distance of 45 F = 45 x 10 = 450 mm beyond B, In th etoe slab.
Between A and B some of bars can be curtailed. Cosider a section at depth below the top of stem
210 - 140
The effective depth d' at section is = 140 + x h (where h In meter)
H
210 - 140
d' = 140 + x h =( 140 + 20.59 x h )
3.40
H3
Now As Ast or H =( Ast d )1/3
d'
h Ast' d' 1/3
Hence = A d
H1 st

where Ast' = reinforcement at depth h Ast = reinforcement at depth H1

d' = effective depthat depth h d = effective depthat depth H1
Ast' 1 h 1 d' 1/3
if Ast = 1/2 Ast than = \ = x
Ast 2 H1 2 d
Subsituting d = 245 mm and d' =( 140 + 20.6 x h ) we get
140 + 20.6 x h 1/3
h = H1 x
2 x 245
140 x 20.6 x h 1/3
h = 3.40 x
 h = 3.40 x
2 x 245
h = 0.431 x ( 140 + 20.6 x h )1/3
h = 2.50 m 0.431 x ( 140 + 20.6 x h) 1/3- h = -0.01
This can be solved by trial and error,
Solving (3) by trial, we get h = 2.50 m.Thus half bars can be curtailed can be curtailed at this point
.Howerver, the bars should be extented by a distance of 12 F = 12 x 10 = 120 mm
Or d = 210 mm whichever is more beyond the point.
\ h = 2.5 - 0.21 = 2.29 m. Hence curtailed half bars at at height of
2.29 m below the top . If we wish to curtailed half of the remaining bars so that remaining
Ast' 1
remaining reinforcement is one forth of that provided ar B, we have = Hence from ….(2)
Ast 4
h 1 x d' 1/3
140 + 20.6 x h
\ = \ h = H1 x
H1 4 d 4 x 245
x 140 x 20.6 x h 1/3
h = 3.40
4 x 245
h = 0.342 x ( 140 + 20.6 x h )1/3
h = 1.95 m 0.342 x ( 140 + 20.6 x h) 1/3- h = -0.01
This can be solved by trial and error,
Solving (4) by trial, we get h = 1.95 m.Thus half bars can be curtailed can be curtailed at this point
.Howerver, the bars should be extented by a distance of 12 F = 12 x 10 = 120 mm
Or d = 210 mm whichever is more beyond the point.
\ h = 1.95 - 0.21 = 1.74 m. Hence stop half bars the remaining bars
by 1.74 m below the tonanagh

Check for shear:-

kayH2 18 2
Shear force = p= = 0.33 x x 3.40 = 34.68 kN
2 2
34.68 x 1000
\ tv = = 0.14 < 0.18 Permissible shear stress table 3.1
1000 x 250
Distribution and temprechure reinforcement:-
Average thickness of stem = 260 + 200
= 230 mm
2
0.12
\ Distribution reinforcement = x 1000 x 230 = 276 mm2
100
P D2 3.14 x ( 8 )'2
Using 8 mm F bars, Area = = = 50.24 mm2
4 4
1000 x 50 at the inner face of wall,
\ spacing = = 182 mm say = 180 mm c/c along its length
276
for tempreture reinforcement provide = 8 mm bars = 300 mm c/c both way in outer face

9 Design of shear key:-

The wall is in unsafe in sliding, and hence shear key will be provided below the stem as shown in fig.
Let the depth of key =a intensity of passive pressure P p devloped in front of key depend upon
the soil pressure P in front of the key
Pp = KpP = 3.00 x 169.67 = 509.00 kN/m3 Kp=1/ka = 3.00
\ total passive pressure Pp = Pp x a = 509.00 a
18
Sliding force at level D1C1 = 0.33 x x( 4 + a )2
2.00
or PH = 3.00 x( 4 + a )2 ….(2)
Weight of the soil between bottom of the base and D 1C1 = 2.40 ax 18 = 43.20 a
\ SW = 181.00 + 43.20 a Refer force calculation table
Hence equilibrium of wall, permitting F.S. = 1.5 against sliding we have
m Sw+Pp 0.5 x ( 181.00 + 43.20 a)+ 509.00 a
1.5 = PH =
3 x( 4 + a2 )
0.5 x ( 181.00 + 43.20 a)+ 509.00 a
1.5 x( 4 + a)2 =
 1.5 x( 4 + a)2 =
3 x 1.5
( 4 + a)2 = 90.50 +
21.6 a+ 509.00 a
4.5
( 4 + a) 2
= 20.11 + 118 a
16 + 8 a + a2 = 117.91 a- 8 a + 20.11 - 16
a2 = 109.9 a 4.11
or a = a2 - 109.9 a + -4.11
or a = -0.037 m say = -40 mm
However, provided minimum value of a = 300 mm. Keep width of key 290 mm (equal to stem width)
it should be noted that passive pressure taken into account above will be devloped only when length
a1 given below is avilable in front of key ;
F where (45 + F/2) =
a1 = a tan F = a tan x 45 + = a Ökp
2 shearing angle of passive resistance
\ a1 = 0.3 x ( 3.00 )1/2
a1 = 0.5196 m Actual length of the slab available = DE = -0.40
Hence satisfactory.
Now size of key = 300 x 290 mm
PH = 3.00 x( 4.00 + a )2
= 3.00 x( 4.00 + 0.30 )2
PH = 55.47 kN
= 509.00 a = 509.00 x 0.30
= 152.70 kN Hence
SW = 181.00 + 43.20 a
= 181.00 + 43.20 x 0.30
= 193.96 kN
Actual force to be resisted by the key at F.S. 1.5 is = 1.5PH - mSW
= 1.5 x 55.47 - 0.5 x 193.96
= -13.78 kN
-13.78 x 1000
\ shear stress = = -0.046 N/mm2
300 x 1000
-13.78 x 150 x 1000
Bending stress =
1/6 x 1000 x( 300 )2
= -0.14 N/mm2 Hence safe

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
ack fill

Eq (1)

0.33

y at base .

for design
purpose

Kn-m

mm
 ..(1)

..(2)

Hence safe

Shear key Not

required

Hence safe

Hence safe

Hence safe

Hence safe

Hence safe

of soil above the

 mm
m

mm2

mm

mm2

mm

the remaining

op of stem

,,,'(1)
 ..(3)
-0.01

at this point

at at height of

nce from ….(2)

1/3

..(4)
-0.01

at this point

remaining bars

r stress table 3.1

nner face of wall,

s length
way in outer face

m as shown in fig.
key depend upon

….(2)

culation table
qual to stem width)
only when length

assive resistance

m
ce satisfactory.
 0.20

0 mm F @
mm c/c c/c
0 mm F @ 0 mm C/C

0 mm F @
mm c/c
0 mm F @ 0 mm C/C

3.70
0 mm F @
mm c/c
0 mm F @ 0 mm C/C

0 mm F @
mm c/c 0 mm F @ 0 mm C/C

0.29
0 mm F @
mm c/c 0.29

2.40
0 mm F @
mm c/c 0 mm F @
mm c/c
 0.20 0.20 0.20
A A A

H= ### H= 4.00

3.00 m H1=3.70 m 3.00 m H1= 3.70 m 3.00 m 3.70 m

W1 W1 W1

ab 2.40 2.40
-0.40 W2 2.50 0.00 W2 2.50 ### W2 2.50
toe heel
### D E B C D E B C D E B C
0.30 0.30 0.30

Toe Toe a1
b= 2.40 m b= 2.40 m
a Kay(H+a)

###
###

###

###

D1 e C1
Pp = Kpp
P=

P=

###

###
 ###

###
0.20
A
Outer side face
8 mm F Earth side Face
@ 300 c/c `
8 mm F
@ 300 c/c
H= 4.00 m 10 mm F@ 320 C/C

###
8 mm F@ 180 C/C
3000

###
#REF!
8 mm F
8 mm F @ 300 c/c
@ 180 c/c

10 mm F@ 160 C/C
8 mm F
@ 300 c/c

10 mm F@ 80 C/C
N.S.L.

### ### mm F ### mm F@ ### C/C

@ ### c/c
290
### Toe Heel Earth side Face Outer side face
###

### Reinforcement Detail Reinforcement Detail

200 200
Foundation level

16 mm F 290 ### mm F
@ 80 c/c @ ### c/c `
290
mm F
c/c

mm F
c/c
 Table 1.15. PERMISSIBLE DIRECT TENSILE STRESS

Grade of concrete M-10 M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40

Tensile stress N/mm2 1.2 2.0 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4

Table 1.16.. Permissible stress in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Permission stress in compression (N/mm2) Permissible stress in bond (Average) for
Grade of Bending acbc Direct (acc) plain bars in tention (N/mm2)
concrete
(N/mm2) Kg/m2 (N/mm2) Kg/m2 (N/mm2) in kg/m2
M 10 3.0 300 2.5 250 -- --
M 15 5.0 500 4.0 400 0.6 60
M 20 7.0 700 5.0 500 0.8 80
M 25 8.5 850 6.0 600 0.9 90
M 30 10.0 1000 8.0 800 1.0 100
M 35 11.5 1150 9.0 900 1.1 110
M 40 13.0 1300 10.0 1000 1.2 120
M 45 14.5 1450 11.0 1100 1.3 130
M 50 16.0 1600 12.0 1200 1.4 140

Table 1.18. MODULAR RATIO

Grade of concrete M-10 M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
31 19 13 11 9 8 7
Modular ratio m (31.11) (18.67) (13.33) (10.98) (9.33) (8.11) (7.18)

Table 2.1. VALUES OF DESIGN CONSTANTS

Grade of concrete M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
Modular Ratio 18.67 13.33 10.98 9.33 8.11 7.18 Grade of concret
scbc N/mm 2
5 7 8.5 10 11.5 13
m scbc 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33
kc 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
(a) sst =
140 jc 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867
N/mm2 Rc 0.867 1.214 1.474 1.734 1.994 2.254
(Fe 250) P (%) 0.714 1 1.214 1.429 1.643 1.857
c

kc 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329

(b) sst = j 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89
c
190 Rc 0.732 1.025 1.244 1.464 1.684 1.903
N/mm2
Pc (%) 0.433 0.606 0.736 0.866 0.997 1.127
kc 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289
(c ) sst =
230 jc 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904
N/mm2 Rc 0.653 0.914 1.11 1.306 1.502 1.698
(Fe 415) P (%) 0.314 0.44 0.534 0.628 0.722 0.816
c

kc 0.253 0.253 0.253 0.253 0.253 0.253

(d) sst =
275 jc 0.916 0.916 0.916 0.914 0.916 0.916
N/mm2 Rc 0.579 0.811 0.985 1.159 1.332 1.506
(Fe 500)
(d) sst =
275
N/mm2
(Fe 500) Pc (%) 0.23 0.322 0.391 0.46 0.53 0.599
 Table 3.1. Permissible shear stress Table t c in concrete (IS : 456-2000)
100As Permissible shear stress in concrete tc N/mm2
bd M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
< 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.20
0.25 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.50 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32
0.75 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
1.00 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.42
1.25 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.46
1.50 0.42 0.45 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.49
1.75 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.52
2.00 0.44 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.55
2.25 0.44 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.57
2.50 0.44 0.51 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.60
2.75 0.44 0.51 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62
3.00 and above 0.44 0.51 0.57 0.6 0.62 0.63

Table 3.2. Facor k

Over all depth of slab 300 or more 275 250 225 200 175 150 or less
k 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30

Table 3.3. Maximum shear stress tc.max in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Grade of concrete M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40

tc.max 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.5

Table 3.4. Permissible Bond stress Table t bd in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Grade of concrete M-10 M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40 M-45 M-50
tbd (N / mm2) -- 0.6 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Table 3.5. Development Length in tension

Grade of Plain M.S. Bars H.Y.S.D. Bars

concrete tbd (N / mm2) kd = Ld F tbd (N / mm2) kd = Ld F
M 15 0.6 58 0.96 60
M 20 0.8 44 1.28 45
M 25 0.9 39 1.44 40
M 30 1 35 1.6 36
M 35 1.1 32 1.76 33
M 40 1.2 29 1.92 30
M 45 1.3 27 2.08 28
M 50 1.4 25 2.24 26
 Value of angle
Degree sin cos tan
10 0.174 0.985 0.176
15 0.259 0.966 0.268
16 0.276 0.961 0.287
17 0.292 0.956 0.306
18 0.309 0.951 0.325
19 0.326 0.946 0.344
20 0.342 0.940 0.364
21 0.358 0.934 0.384
22 0.375 0.927 0.404
23 0.391 0.921 0.424
24 0.407 0.924 0.445
25 0.422 0.906 0.466
30 0.500 0.866 0.577
35 0.573 0.819 0.700
40 0.643 0.766 0.839
45 0.707 0.707 1.000
50 0.766 0.643 1.192
55 0.819 0.574 1.428
60 0.866 0.500 1.732
65 0.906 0.423 2.145