OSPF

RC-2328
Protocol no :-89
AD:- 110
Type:- Link State
Metric:-Cost(Cost of all the links to the destination)
Algorithm:- Dijkstra
Hello:- 10sec on broadcast and point to point interface / 30 sec on NBMA Network
Dead:- 4xHello

OSPF Maintains 3 Tables :-

1) Neighbor Table
2) Topology Table
3) Routing Table
To create and maintain these 3 tables OSPF does following 4 things .
1) Hello packet exchange
2) Neighbor discovery and relationship
3) Adjacency creation
4) Database exchange ( LSA Exchange)

To create/maintain Neighbor table it uses hello packets. Router sends hello packets to 224.0.0.5 .
Hello packet contains : 1) Router ID
2) Area ID
3) Source Address
4) Authentication Info.
5) Hello Interval
6) Dead Interval
7) Priority
8) DR/BDR ID
9) Neighbor Router ID
* Area ID, Authentication, Hello Interval, Dead Interval should match to become a neighbor or form a neighbor
relationship.
After neighbor relationship router checks for Adjacency. Only Adjacent routers can exchange LSA with each other .
Conditions for adjacency are

1) Point to point interfaces become adjacent automatically

2) Broadcast interface type goes for a DR/BDR election and routers becomes adjacent to DR & BDR only. So in
broadcast network routers send LSA to DR & BDR only on 224.0.0.6

DR/BDR Election procedure:-

1) Highest router priority (default is 1, can be changed)

2) Highest router ID
Router ID selection as follows:
1) Manually set
2) Highest loopback ip address
3) Highest up interface

Hello Packet

Hello Packet
Router is in init state after receiving hello from A

Router is in init state after receiving hello from B (.)

Both router in 2 Way State

1) Init state means hello exchange started.( sent the hello packet)
If link stays in Init state then there is some mismatch in hello packets
2) 2 Way state means neighbor but not adjacent. No LSA exchange can happen .
If link stays in 2way state then it is neighbor but can’t form adjacency and no LSA exchange can happen.
3) After 2 way state Adjacency is formed (DR/BDR election happens in broadcast network.)
4) Ex-start state means exchanging the DBD packets.
5) Exchange state means full link state database is exchanged.
6) Full state means adjacent and LSA exchange done and synchronized.
Network Types in OSPF

1) Point-to-Point ( No DR/BDR)
2) Broadcast ( DR/BDR)
3) NBMA (Only DR , No broadcast/No multicast – For Neighbor Communication Unicast is used)
4) Point-to-Multipoint (No DR/BDR – Broadcast /Multicast allowed – Map ip * broadcast command)

OSPF Area Types:-

1) Normal Area :- Any area aother than below 4

2) Backbone Area :- Area 0 is backbone Area
3) Stub Area :- ( It blocks external route advertisements like from RIP,EIGRP etc.)
4) Totally Stubby Area:- ( It blocks all external routes as well as other area routes)
5) Not so Stubby Area :- ( ASBR is created to accept external routes as LSA-7)

*Stub Area and totally stub area routers use a default routes to reach other external routes or other area routes in
case of totally stubby area.

Router Types:-

1) Internal router:- connects to only a single area

2) Backbone router:- connects to area-0
3) Area border router:- connects 2 areas
4) ASBR( autonomous system boundary router):- connects to external network like RIP,EIGRP etc.

LSA Types in OSPF:-