GREETINGS

Air Treatment Engineering P Ltd

 Energy Efficient designs - 12 Lakhs sft

Normal Energy design

• 200 Sft / TR • 550 sft / TR

• 6.6 w / Sft • 2.73 w / sft

• 6000 TR • 2200 TR

• 9000 KW • 2420 KW

• 11250 KVA • 2850 KVA

• Rs 200 / Sft (AC) • Rs 150 / Sft (AC)

• Rs 210 / sft ( Elec) • Rs 60 / sft

• CCR of 2 crores/Yr
Thermal Comfort
 Thermal Comfort

y Factors defining thermal comfort are

{ Metabolic rate
{ Clothing Insulation
{ Air Temperature
{ Radiant Temperature
{ Air Speed
{ Humidity
 Human Response to Heat

y Heat Balance Equation,

S=M–W–E–Q
Where,
S = rate of heat storage of human body, W/m2
M = metabolic rate of human body, W/m2
W = mechanical work produced by human body, W/m2
E = rate of total evaporative loss due to evaporation of sweat, W/m2
Q = total rate of heat loss from skin (dry heat exchange), W/m2
 Metabolic Rate

y Metabolic Rate depends upon

{ Degree of Muscular Activities

{ Environmental Condition and
{ Body Size

y The unit of Metabolic Rate is ‘met’ which is equivalent to 58.2 W/m2

 Metabolic Rate of Various Activities

Activity Metabolic Rate W/m2

(Met)
Sleeping 0.8 47
Seated, quiet 1.0 58.2
Standing, relaxed 1.2 70
Walking 2 to 3.8 116 to 221
House Cleaning 2 to 3.6 116 to 210
Washing by hand 1.2 to 1.4 70 to 81
and ironing
Office Work 1.1 to 1.3 64 to 76
Drafting 3 to 4 175 to 233
 Cont..,

Activity Metabolic Rate W/m2

(Met)
Carpentry 4 to 4.8 233 to 280
Sawing 3 to 3.4 175 to 198
Foundry work 2.2 to 3 128 to 175
Using pneumatic 1.4 to 1.8 82 to 105
hammer
Garage work 3.5 to 4.5 204 to 262
Laboratory work 2 116
Machine work 1.6 93
Teacher 3.2 186
 Evaporative Heat Loss

y Respired Vapour Loss

{ Latent Respiration Heat Loss

{ Sensible Respiration Heat Loss

y Evaporative Heat Loss from Skin Surface

{ Evaporative Heat Loss by Skin Diffusion

{ Heat Loss due to Sweating
 Clothing Insulation

y Effect of Clothing Insulation

{ Thermal Insulation of Clothing

{ Evaporation Resistance of Clothing

y ‘Clo’ represents clothing thermal resistance value. 1 “clo” = 0.155 m2K/W

 ‘Clo’ Values for Clothing

Clothing Clo m2K/W

Combination
Naked 0 0
Shorts 0.1 0.018
Typical Tropic Clothing 0.3 0.047
Outfit
Light Summer Clothing 0.5 0.078
Working Clothes 0.8 0.124
Typical Indoor Winter 1 0.155
Clothing Combination
Heavy Traditional 1.5 0.233
European Business Suit
Operative Temperature
 Formula to Calculate Operative Temperature

y Tmin, Icl = [(Icl – 0.5 clo) Tmin, 1.0 clo+ (1.0 clo – Icl) Tmin, 0.5clo] / 0.5 clo

y Tmax, Icl = [(Icl – 0.5 clo) Tmax, 1.0 clo+ (1.0 clo – Icl) Tmax, 0.5clo] / 0.5 clo

where
Tmax, Icl=upper operative temperature limit for clothing insulation Icl,
Tmin, Icl=lower operative temperature limit for clothing insulation Icl,
Icl=thermal insulation of the clothing in question (clo).

y Limits – Clothing insulation 0.5 to 1.0 clo

– Air speed not greater than 40 fpm
– Average metabolic rate 1.0 to 2.0 met
– Humidity ratio should not exceed 0.012
 Operating Temperature for Working Clothes (0.8 clo)

y Tmin = (0.8 – 0.5) 71 + (1 – 0.8) 78 / 0.5

= (0.3 x 71) + (78 x 0.2) / 0.5

= 21.3 + 15.6 / 0.5

= 73.8 F
y Tmax = (0.8 – 0.5) 77 + (1 – 0.8) 83 / 0.5

= (0.3 x 77) + (83 x 0.2) / 0.5

= 23.1 + 16.6 / 0.5

= 79.4 F
 Operating Temperature for Working Clothes (1.5 clo)

y Tmin = (1.5 – 0.5) 71 + (1 – 1.5) 78 / 0.5

= (1 x 71) - (78 x 0.5) / 0.5

= 71 - 39 / 0.5

= 64 F
y Tmax = (1.5 – 0.5) 77 + (1 – 1.5) 83 / 0.5

= (1 x 77) - (83 x 0.5) / 0.5

= 77 – 41.5 / 0.5

= 71 F
Human Comfort Zone Plotted on Psychrometric Chart
 PPD Vs PMV

For a PMV range -0.5 <PMV<0.5 – PPD < 10

 Air Speed

Air speed is limited to 160 fpm

Max temperature shift in operative temp can be 3o C
Bio-Climatic Chart Ogyays
Large Fan with Low Power
Large Fan with Low Power
Radiant Temperature Asymmetry

Radiant Temperature
Asymmetry °C (°F)
Warm Ceiling <5 (9)
Cool Wall <10 (18)
Cool Ceiling <14 (25.2)
Cool Wall <23 (41.4)

PPD < 5%
Vertical Air Temperature Difference

Vertical Air Temp Diff is <3o C (5.4 F)

PPD < 5%
 Draft

y Unwanted cooling of the body due to air movement

y DR = ([34-ta] * [v-0.05]0.62) * (0.37 * v * Tu + 3.14) ,

where
DR=predicted percentage of people dissatisfied due to draft
ta=local air temperature, °C
v=local mean air speed, m/s
Tu=local turbulence intensity, %.

y PPD due to draft < 20%

Allowable air speed as a function of Air Temp and Turbulence
Intensity
 Drifts and Ramps

y Drafts – Refers to passive temperature change

y Ramps – actively controlled temperature change

Limits on Temperature Drifts and Ramps

Time Period 0.25 h 0.5 h 1h 2h 4h

Max Operative Temp 1.1 (2) 1.7 (3) 2.2 (4) 2.8 (5) 3.3 (6)
Change allowed
 Naturally Conditioned Space

Mean monthly outdoor air temperature 10<air temp<33.5o C

PPD < 20 to 10%
HVAC
 HVAC

• Glass load analysis

• Fresh air management ( 33%)

• Earth Air Tunnel Design

• Slab Cooling

• Indirect Evaporative Cooling

Glass Load Analysis
 Design - Glass

y Fix the LTC of the glass – required for harvesting

y Select multiple glasses with variable U factor and SF

y Use the cost data from the respective vendors

y Carry out a full study report for the whole year using good soft wares
 Sample glass load analysis

Glass Load -Total Building

Glass Type Glass Code GlassCost Equip.cost First Cost Opera+Maintance cost TR

DGU ST 408 1 348.72 38.46 416.10 53.24 149.73

Ref Green 2 140.76 118.38 348.08 163.83 460.72

ST 408 3 225.85 69.78 348.11 96.61 271.69

DGU Green 4 261.42 71.84 387.20 99.40 279.52

green laminate 5 265.57 118.69 473.46 164.28 461.99

DGU skyblue 6 268.13 69.18 389.21 95.68 269.07

ST Blue 7 214.50 104.65 397.77 144.82 407.27

DGU ST blue 8 341.86 55.74 439.42 77.09 216.79

low e 9 288.23 68.86 408.66 95.16 267.68

Ordinary Glass 6mm 10 42.33 167.05 334.61 230.97 649.51

Ordinary Plain Glass-DG 11 148.17 118.28 355.00 163.44 459.62

Deep Blue 12 469.90 32.58 526.92 45.06 126.71

Ultra Marine 13 463.55 45.14 542.51 62.39 175.46

Marine Blue 14 482.60 37.30 547.87 51.57 145.02

SGG Climailit 15 392.33 62.95 502.53 87.09 244.90

 Cooling Cost Savings

Product A/C tonnage for Running Cost

cooling heat Normal
through glass lacs / annum Choice

Ordinary Glass 6mm 532 189

Ordinary Plain Glass-DG 392 266
ST Blue 314 111
Low e 226 80
ST 408 202 72
Turquoise ST 436 151 54
DGU ST 408 113 40 Selected
Glass
 Investment Cost

Product A/C tonnage for cooling Running Cost A/C +Glass

heat through glass lacs / annum Cost in lac
Ordinary Glass 6mm 532 189 265
Ordinary Plain Glass-DG 392 266 265
ST Blue 314 111 271
Low e 226 80 276
ST 408 202 72 228
Turquoise ST 436 151 54 266
DGU ST 408 113 40 262

Investment Cost
y Resulting in 13% savings with no additional investment cost
Remains the
same
Fresh Air Management
 Fresh Air Management

y Fresh Air Load

y Peripheral Load

y Room Load
 ADP and compressor power

y ADP with out fresh air load = 55

y ADP with fresh air load = 51

y Savings + 8 to 10%
 Fresh Air Load

y Fresh Air can be handled using

Ù Special Dedicated Outdoor Air Unit

Ù Active Heat Recovery Machines

Ù Specially designed Treated Fresh Air Units (0.3 to 0.4 Kw/TR)

Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems(DOAS)
 Fresh air – Load reduction

y Heat recovery wheel

{ Determine the enthalpy drop required

{ Estimate the SHF of the fresh air
{ Select the right HRW wheel
{ Use an AHU with class B leak
{ Room exhaust air – from the return air path
{ Use CO2 sensors
{ Vary the flow using VFDs on the fans based on CO2 diff
{ Expected drop in load is around 12 to 15%
Heat Recovery Machine
Earth Air Tunnel Cooling

PRE COOLING THE FRESH AIR

 Pre-cooling/Earth Air Tunnel Cooling

y Input air is pre-cooled using earth air tunnels

y Pre-cooled air is then fed into HRW and then to the specially designed DOA
for further cooling

y Fresh air through a DOA can be designed to have a low grain content to
facilitate moisture control in the room

y Supply air could be around 25 deg C.

EAT Cooling
Geothermal Cooling
CFD Analysis of Earth Air Tunnel:
Chilled Beams
Chilled Beams
Chilled Beam
Cooling Panels
Induction Unit
Slab Cooling
 Slab Cooling

y Slabs at around 20o C

y Water piping with pre-cooled water

y Air duct as a part of concrete

y Air duct connected to pre-cooling / EAT

Slab Cooling
Slab Cooling
Pre-casted Concrete Ducts
 Modular Integrated Terminal (MIT)
Air Supply to Room

Cast Aluminium
Grill
Carpet

Floor Panel Modular Integrated

Terminal
MIT

Floor
Support Damper
FlexCool Actuator
Controller
Air Inlet
from
Floor Void
Floor Grille: Arranged in any of 16 flow patterns
for personal comfort
 Modular Fan Terminal (MFT)
Summer Perimeter Zone cooling

Glazing

Occupied Space

Room
Warm Minimum fresh air Air
Supply from floor void Electric or
Air Minimu
Hot WaterFilter
Fresh
Heater
MIT MIT Air
MFT
Plenum
Fan Plenum
 Interior Zone Cooling

27.4oC

Polluted Air 26oC

I don’t care region 24.4oC

Breathing Zone
well mixed
22.8oC
1.8 m

1.2 m

22.5oC
15.5oC

MIT Floor Void Pressure maintained at 7 Pascal MIT

Data Center Design
Data Centre Layout
Under Floor Supply – ASHRAE
Aisle Air Containment
 Data Center Design

y Conventional way of designing data center claims 50 to 60 sft per ton

y Our innovative design claims only 200 to 250 sft per ton

y This can be carried out with the help of Indirect Evaporative Cooling and
CFD Analysis
CFD Analysis Showing Serer Surface Temperature
Sectional Layout Showing Temperature
CFD Analysis Showing Air Flow Velocity
Indirect Evaporative Cooling Design
Indirect Evaporative Cooling
Indirect Evaporative Cooling
 Multi-Stage Indirect Evaporative Cooling

y It is very useful in hot & dry climate

y Very low power consumption

y About 30% savings on installed capacity and 50-60% savings on energy

Multi-Stage Indirect Evaporative Cooling
District Cooling
 District Cooling

y District Cooling is the centralized production and distribution of chilled

water from a central plant to individual buildings through a network of
underground pipes

y The energy produced can include heating / cooling or electricity

y Heating is in the form of steam or high temperature hot water

y Cooling is in the form of chilled water

y If electricity is co-generated, it is usually used with in the central plant

 District Cooling - Benefits

y Reduce capital investment cost of cooling system

y Lower operational and energy expenses

y Conserve space – No need of chillers in individual building

y Application
{ Special Economic Zones
{ Townships
{ IT Parks
{ Large Campuses
{ Airport
{ College Campus
{ Shopping Malls
District Cooling Schematic
Zero Energy Design
 Assumption

y 2 stories building, 3 lakh sq.ft each, totaling to 6 lakh sq.ft

y Occupancy 60 sq.ft/person @ 80% diversity

y Computers 150w/computer

y Fresh air 20 CFM/person

y Building is assumed to be operation between 9 AM to 6 PM for 6 days a

week
 Load Estimation – Normal Building

y Total Load = RL - 1988 + FA – 1022 = 3010 TR

y Assuming use of Air cooled chillers,

y Power consumption @ 1.5 KW/TR = 270 LKW/Yr
y Power cost @ Rs. 6 per KW = 1625 Lakhs
y Power cost per sqft per year = 270 Rs

y Total Demand per day = 36600 TRH

y Power Demand per day = 54900 KWH 1
 Solar Power Produced

y Install solar panel on 80% of roof area

y Solar power that can be produced = 12850 KWH 2

y Since power demand per day (1) is more than the power produced by solar
PV panel (2), we could not meet the load demand
 Strategy Adopted

ECM Adopted Energy Demand

y Normal Building 54900 KWH

y ECM1 – Select proper glazing 47850 KWH

y ECM2 – Building Insulation 42750 KWH
y ECM3 – Heat Recovery Wheel 28950 KWH
y ECM4 – Earth Air Tunnel 25300 KWH
y ECM5 – Demand Control Ventilation 25000 KWH
y ECM6 – Water Cooled Chillers 16960 KWH
y ECM7 – Indirect Evaporative Cooling 12420 KWH

y Actual Power produced with installed solar power 12850 KWH

 Comparison

Normal Building Innovative Design

 Oil free Compressors

y Energy efficient

y Oil free quiet operation

y Extended life with minimal

maintenance

y Available in small capacities – 60

to 150 TR
 Customized VRV

y Specially designed VRV machine

with oil free compressor as
outdoor unit.

y Floor mounted AHU acts as

indoor unit
 Integrated Chilled Water Control System

CONTROL SEQUENCES
Natural curve sequencing
Equal marginal performance principle
Demand Based Control

VFD

VFD
 Integrated Chilled Water Control System

y Ultra Efficient Integrated Chilled

Water Control System

y Efficiency is about 0.5 KW/TR

y Best for interoperability, Web-

based access, automation
interface, and remote location
control
VFD Vs CSD
 De-Super Heater on Chillers

y Every building requires hot water

y 40 to 45o C of hot water can be generated

 Solar Powered Chillers

y A solar collector array supplies hot water as a source of energy to the

absorption cooling machine through hot storage

y Electricity is generated by means of solar panels and the same is used to

run the chillers
 Refrigerator based hot water generator

y Very efficient way to generate hot water

y Cool air and cold water can be a by product

y Can be applied in Hotels, Hospitals, Restaurants etc.,

Hot water generator
 AHU’s

y Low noise AHU’s

y Avoid silencers

y Equipments to maintain coil

 Ducting

y Avoid plenum

y Use CFD for air flow study

y Reduce pressure drop

 Continuous Analysis

y Set check points

y Input data from sites

y Keep analyzing on a weekly basis

y Bring in SOP for corrections

 VFD’s on Motor

y Most motors have VFD

y Latest statistical information is very handy - Avoid bye-pass starters

 CO2 based Fresh Air

y Supply and exhaust fan too have drives

y Fresh air supply duct to have VAV’s for each zone

y Multiple CO2 sensors in each zone

 Avoid Impeller Trimming

y Select the pump with full impeller

y Run it on low speed with drive

y Do not use bye-pass starters

 Free Air Cooling AHU’s

y Can be used in some parts of the country

y Use humidifiers if RH is low

y Use exhaust fans

 Temperature Set Points

y Peripheral heat load to be conducted

y Use right glass selection

y Vary the set point with respect to ambient

y Increased draft using special fans

 Serial Chillers

y Chilled water from a chiller entering the next chiller for further cooling

y Help in improving system COP

 Serial Chillers

y 1 No 500TR chiller with 6 & 13 chilled water in and out – 0.637 IKW/TR

y (265 x 1 + 251 x 1) chiller coupled together will give 0.604 and 0.554
IKW/TR respectively

y By using serial chillers we can save up to 9% of energy

Cascade System
 Low Flow System in Chilled Water Design

y 2.4 GPM/TR - 2500 GPM

y 1.4 GPM/TR – 730 GPM

y Pumping load comes down

drastically and there by we can
save 70% of energy with out
disturbing the efficiency of the
system
 Low Flow Condenser Design

y Saves pumping power

y Better cooling tower performance

y Less water losses

 Information

y Low delta T Syndrome

Ù Over sized coil & control valve
Ù Active load in the building is less
Ù Control valve throttles and reduces flow
Ù On minimum part load coil flow velocity falls below Reynolds no
Ù Flow becomes laminar
Ù Loss of conductivity and hence room not cooled
Ù Control valve opens again to maintain temperature in room
Ù Increased flow and low load on the coil results in reduction of DT
Ù Return water temperature falls down
Ù Chiller identifies – no load and starts part loading
Ù Pump continues to o over work and increase flow , further damaging the
situation
Ù IKW / TR & KW/Sft goes up
Remote Monitoring
Schematic Arrangement
 Performance contracting

y Esco will implement the corrections

y Investment of Correction will be by Esco

y Savings will be shared between Esco : Client by 80:20 ratio for the
first five years and by 70:30 for the next five years

y Assurance of a max operating cost on defined conditions

 Computational Fluid dynamics

• Wind tunnel study

• Piping designs

• Air moving equipments design

• Air distribution designs

• Reduce power consumption

 Statistics as a Design Tool

y Most important

y Mining of data of clients

y Statistical tools to be used for analysis

Live Spread Computation-Chennai
 Project Costing

Use

{ Cost / Sq.ft

{ Sq.ft / TR

{ Watts / Sq.ft
 Water Quality

y Complex Science

y Not possible to manually maintain

y Use good automated equipments

 ATE

Thank you

Management & Staff

Air Treatment Engineering P Ltd
INDIA