HEAT EXCHANGER OR HEAT TRANSFER EQUIPMENT

TYPES OF HEAT EXCHANGERS

1. DIRECT CONTACT TYPE: The same fluid at two different states is mixed.
2. SHELL AND TUBE TYPE: One fluid flows inside the tubes and the other one on the outside.

mh, hh

mc, hc

m, h
By Mass Balance
mh  m c  m
By Energy Balance ( ΔKE and ΔPE are negligible )
m hhh  m c h c  m h
mhhh  m c h c  (mh  m c )h
m hhh  m c h c  m hh  m c h
mh (hh  h)  m c (h  h c )
Q  mh (hh  h)  m c (h  h c )  Total Heat Transfer
Example:
 Shell and Tube Type Heat Exchanger

By energy balance:
Heat Rejected by hot fluid = Heat Absorbed by cold fluid
Qh  Qc
Qh  mh Cph ( t h1  t h2 )  Hot Fluid
Q c  m c Cpc ( t c 2  t c1 )  Cold Fluid
 Q  Qh  Qc
Q  UA (LMTD )  Based on Log Mean Temperatur e difference
Q  UA ( AMTD )  Based on Arithmeti c Mean Temperatur e difference

Where:
A – total heat transfer area, m 2
LMTD - Log Mean Temperature Difference, C or K
AMTD - Arithmetic Mean Temperature Difference, C or K
KW KW
U – Overall Coefficient of Heat Transfer, or 2
m  C
2
m K
 2  1
LMTD 

ln 2
1
 2  1
AMTD 
2
where:  - terminal temperature difference
If the design of the heat exchanger is more complex, the LMTD is modified by a correction factor F.

Q  UAF (LMTD)

Where :
F - correction factor
 m3
Vflow  Area x velocity x Number of tubes
sec
A  πDLn m 2

D - outside diameter of tube ( for U based on outside surface area)

A  πdLn
d - inside tube diameter (For U based on inside surface area)
n - total number of tubes
L - efdfective length of tube, meters
L t - actual length of tube
L t  L  2t
t - thickness of tube sheet, meters
F - correction factor F can be determine from charts or tables
For Multiple tube passes, divide the length by number of passes and multiply
the number of tubes by the number of passes.
Example No. 1
Exhaust gases flowing through a tubular heat exchanger at the rate of 0.3 kg/sec are cooled from 400 to 120C by water
initially at 10C. The specific heat capacities of exhaust gases and water may be taken as 1.13 and 4.19 KJ/kg-K
respectively, and the overall heat transfer coefficient from gases to water is 140 W/m 2-K. Calculate the surface area
required when the cooling water flow is 0.4 kg/sec;
a. for parallel flow (4.01 m 2)
b. for counter flow (3.37 m2)

Given θ 2 - θ1 390  53.3

LMTD    169.2C
mc  0.4 kg/sec ; Cpc  4.19 KJ/kg - C θ 390
ln 2 ln
mh 0.3 kg/sec ; Cph  1.13 KJ/kg - C θ1 53.3
t h1  400C ; t h2  120C For Counter Flow
t c1  10C θ 2  t h 1 - t c2  400  66.7  333.3C
Qh  Qc θ1  t h2  t c1  120  10  110C
0.3(1.13)(400  120 )  0.4( 4.19)(t c 2  10) 333.3  110
LMTD   201.43C
t c 2  66.7C 333.3
ln
110
For Parallel Flow
Q  UA (LMTD)
θ 2  t h1 - t c1  400 - 10  390C
Q
θ1  t h2 - t c2  120 - 66.7  53.3C A
U(LMTD)

Q  0.3(1.13)(400  120 )  94.92 KW

Q  94920 Watts
94,920
A  4.01 m2
140(169.2)
94,920
A  3 .4 m 2
140( 201.43)