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Performance of Cooperative Massive MIMO

5G Cellular System
Jayashree P. Rithe
Department of Electronics and
Telecommunication
D.Y. Patil College of Engineering, Akurdi
Pune, India
jayashreerithe@gmail.com
Dilip Khairnar
Department of Electronics and
Telecommunication
D.Y. Patil College of Engineering, Akurdi
Pune, India
dgkhairnar1975@gmail.com
Manish Sharma
Department of Electronics and
Telecommunication
D.Y. Patil College of Engineering, Akurdi
Pune, India
manishsharma.mitm@gmail.com

Abstract— In this Paper, Massive MIMO technology is
proposed to 5G cellular system which improves
throughput and spectral efficiency. The system
performance based on LTE system. Cooperative Massive
MIMO system contains multiple base station antennas for
multiple users. Cooperative Massive MIMO improved the
system performance of Cell edge users by using Matched
Filter (MF) Pre-coding. For 5G system Massive MIMO
uses a large number of antennas with an order for
magnitude more antennas than current LTE systems. MF
(matched filter) Pre-coding is used at the eNodeBs to
reduce inter user interference by using asymptotical
Orthogonality among users. Cooperative Massive MIMO
is used to eliminate to inter cell interference, pilot
Contamination by using large number of base station
antennas used.
Keywords— Cooperative Massive MIMO, MF (matched
filter) pre-coding techniques, cell edge System
performance.
I. INTRODUCTION
In Massive MIMO technology, where a Base station equipped
with a large Number of antenna serves many users in the same
time frequency Resource. Therefore this technology used for
wireless system. Massive MIMO improves system reliability
because number of antennas used so multiple path is available
for radio signal. Massive MIMO is also called as Full
dimension MIMO, Hyper MIMO, Very Large MIMO [4].
When the large number of antennas at base station for most
Propagation channels environment become favorable.
Therefore the inter-cell interference can be eliminated by
using linear signal processing method, for example MF and
ZF Pre-coding techniques for uplink and Downlink [2].
Multi user MIMO provides more advantages than point to
point MIMO: it works with single antenna terminals, a
scattering propagation environment is not needed and resource
allocation is flexible, but multi user MIMO also has
disadvantages it requires equal number of service antennas
and terminals and frequency division duplex mode. It is not a
scalable technology. Massive MIMO having more advantages
than point to point MIMO and Multi user MIMO ,the use of a
large excess of service antennas over terminals and time
division duplex operation[6].
In multiuser MIMO, an unlimited numbers of base station
antennas provide a fixed number of single antennas terminals.
Due to large base station antennas compared with number of
terminals which are being provided the simple Pre-coding on
forward link and processing on reverse link. Due to large
number of antennas in multicellular the pilot and channel
estimation error occurs[2]. Multiuser system , increases the
Spectral efficiency and energy efficiency by using simple
linear processing such as maximum ratio combining , zero
forcing. These pre-coding techniques are used to removed
intra-cell interference[3]. Massive MIMO, includes various
factor like Non –ideal asymptotical Orthogonality, transmit
channel correlation, imperfect channel estimation and pilot
contamination, this limiting factors reduced the system
performance of Massive MIMO. Due to complexity on
individual base station, each base station cannot be arranged
with large number of antennas. Therefore with limited number
of antennas the inter cell interference and intra cell
interference exist if Non Cooperative linear pre-coding is used
at each base station antennas [5].
In Cooperative Massive MIMO where each base station
cooperates together and form a multiple antenna array to
distributed multiple users. Each user required channel state
information(CSI). When users share the same channel state
information on the base station then inter user interference
occurs. For eliminating inter-cell interference and intra-cell
users interference linear signal processing method is used.
example MF Preceding technique[1].
The rest of paper organization is as follows. Section II
contains Massive MIMO system. In Section III Operation of
Proposed MASSIVE MIMO System for both Cooperative and
Non-Cooperative system includes. Section IV contains system
simulation configuration. Section V contains performance of
the system. Section VI concludes the paper.
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II. PROPOSED MASSIVE MIMO

Massive MIMO system consists of base station and users.

base station equipped with ‘M’ antennas and all users share
the same time frequency resource. Assume of base station and
Users have perfect CSI the channel are acquired at the base
station and users during the training phase. The specific
training schemes depend on the system protocols FDD and
TDD. In TDD transmission, uplink and downlink transmission
use the same frequency spectrum but different time slot. In
FDD system, uplink and downlink transmission use different
frequency spectrum. Massive MIMO works on a TDD mode
[11].

A Uplink transmission
In uplink Transmission, the base station needs CSI to
detect the transmitted signals from k user. This CSI is
estimated at the BS. The K users send K orthogonal pilot
sequences to the base station. On the uplink the base station
estimates the channels based on received pilot signal. This
process requires a minimum of K channel users [7].
B Downlink transmission
In downlink transmission, the base stations need CSI to pre-
code the transmitted signals, while each user need the
effective channel gain to detect the desired signals. Effective
channel gain to detect the desired signals. due to channel
reciprocity the channel estimated at the base station in the
uplink can be used to pre-coded the transmit symbol[7].
.
Fig 2. G jkl
is channel matrix between user K in base station l and M
antennas in base station j[1].
In a massive MIMO system consider cells as 1,2
….L respectively. Each cell consists of one base station with
antennas and users with only one antennas. In each cell the
users use the pilot resource at BS station to gain. Then assume
that users use orthogonal pilot resources to acquire the
Channel State Information [CSI], so pilot contamination is not
considered[1].

A.Non Cooperative Massive MIMO System

The Base stations to transmit a signal vector
S fj
.The subscript f means forward link and the
subscript j denote the base station index. The
base stations transmit a signal and receive User k in
base station l receives the signal [1].
L
(1)
= X kl P ¦G S W
+ f
j=1
jkl fj kl

where p is the signal-to-noise ratio of the forward link,

f

Fig 1. Massive MIMO system for uplink and downlink propagation [11]
W is the white Gaussian noise, and G is the 1 ∗ M
kl jkl

channel matrix between user k in base station l and M antennas

III. OPERATION OF PROPOSED MASSIVE MIMO in base station j. the small-scale fading factors H and a
kl
SYSTEM FOR BOTH COOPERATIVE AND NON large-scale factor that 1/2
accounts for distance dependent
COOPERATIVE B jkl  
attenuation and shadow fading and is assumed to be the same
for all the Đ antennas in a base station[2].

1/2
G jkl
= H jkl Bjkl (2)
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Assume linear MF (matched filter ) pre-coding is used, then station l, intra-cell interference, and inter-cell interference for
the base station transmits a signal and CSI is available at each user k in base station l respectively.
base stations ,the signal becomes
k

Sfj = ¦Gjmj.amj
∗
(3) B. Cooperative Massive MIMO System
m=1 In cooperative Massive MIMO system, the base station j
transmits a signal M ∗ 1 pre-coded vector S fj
. Cooperative
is the 1 ∗ M channels matrix between user base stations pre-codes the signals of all the K ∗ L users in the
Where G jmj
cooperative area at the same time[1].
m and M antennas in base station j. The superscript ∗ denotes k∗L
(10)
¦G
∗
the conjugate transposes. The symbol mj is the transmitted a = S fj
m =1
jmj a mj

symbols for user m in base station j.

Substituting (3) into (1), then the received signal for Where the parameters in (10) means the same as those in
user k in base station l is (3). Substituting (10) into (1), then the received signal for user
k in base station l is
L k L k ∗L

P ¦G ¦G a
∗

Xkl = p ¦G ¦G a
f jkl
∗
jmj mj
+ W kl (4) X kl
= f
j =1
jkl
m =1
jmj mj
+ W kl
j=1 m =1

2
Š‡ –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ  ƒ–‡ƒ• ‹• ‹…”‡ƒ•‡† –‘ ‹ˆ‹‹–›ǡ
L K ∗L
(11)
P¦G P ¦G G a
∗
X kl
= f jkl a kl
+ f jkl jmj mj
+ Wkl
–Š‡…Šƒ‡Ž•˜‡…–‘”•„‡–™‡‡—•‡”•ƒ†ƒ”‡’ƒ‹”™‹•‡Ž› j=1 m =1, m ≠ k

‘”–Š‘‰‘ƒŽ–‘‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”ǡ•‹…‡„ƒ•‡†‘–‘”ƒ†‘ƒ–”‹š
theory[8]. Where p is the signal-to-noise ratio for the forward link,
f

and other parameters in (11) mean the same as those in (4).

→ 0 When
∗ 1/2 1/2 ∗
G G =B B H H
jkl jmj jkl jmj jkl jmj The number of antennas M is increased to infinity, the
l ≠ jor(l = j) And k ≠ m (5) large scale factor 1/2 of different Cooperative base station
B jkl

for user K is different, an effect known as power

2
→ M Bjkl When l=j and k=m (6)
∗
G Gjkl jmj
= Bjkl H jkl
imbalance[1].
L L
(13)
¦G G ¦B B H H
∗ 1/2 ∗1/2 ∗
jkl jmj
= jkl jmj jkl jmj
→ 0when k ≠ m
j=1 j =1

The received signal for user k in base station l becomes

L 2 L 2 L
(14)
(7)
¦G jkl
= ¦ Bjkl H jkl
→ ¦ M Bjkl
X kl
= P MB a
f lkl kl
+ W kl j =1 j=1 j =1

The received signal of user k in base station l becomes

The SINR (signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio) of user k in
base station l becomes L L
(15)
¦G G B ¦H H
∗ ∗
jkl jmj
= kl jkl jmj
when k ≠ m
j =1 j =1
≡ p M2
2
(8)
SINR kl f B lkl

Compare with the non-cooperative case, In Cooperative base

In (8), the small-scale fading effects disappear due to random station the SINR of user k will be reduced because the large-
matrix theory equation be (5)-(6) is assumed. scale factor B1/2 of user k from different cooperative base
jkl
When the number of antennas M is asymptotically increased
to infinity, the assumptions of (5)-(6) will hold stations is different, the combination gain of the signal power
asymptotically, and (7)-(8) are true asymptotically. for user k is lower as the first term at the right hand of (14)[1].
When the number of antennas M is limited, the assumptions of When the number of antennas M is limited, then the
(5)-(6) will not hold, (7)-( 8) cannot be derived. The received inter-user for both intra-cell and inter-cell interference cannot
signal of user k in base station l becomes be completely removed. The received signal of user K in
k L k base station ‘l’ is given in equation (11).
X kl = Pf Glkl a kl + Pf m¦≠ k G lkl G lml a ml + Pf ¦ 1¦ G jkl G jmj a mj + W kl
2 ∗ ∗
For cell edge users, because the large-scale factor 1/2
j ≠ l m =1 B jkl 
(9) for user k from different cooperative base stations are similar

Then residual interference will exist, as (9). The first 3 B

(e.g kl ), which equals more transmits antennas with the same

terms of the right hand of (9) are the signal of user k in base large scale factor, (12)-(13) become
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L L
(15) V. PERFORMANCE
¦G G B ¦H H
∗ ∗
jkl jmj
≡ kl jkl jmj
whenk ≠ ms
j=1 j =1

L 2 L 2
(16)
¦G j=1
jkl
= Bkl ¦
j =1
H jkl

From (15)-(16), observed that for cell edge users, where the
power imbalance is less, the asymptotical properties will be
asymptotically true. That (15) will be more asymptotically
zero, and (16) will be more asymptotically approaching
to ML B .Therefore, compared with the non-cooperative
jkl

case, the SINR will be higher because the combination gain of

the signal power for cell edges users as in (16) is higher and
inter-user for both intra-cell and inter-cell interference is lower
as in (15). then for cell center users, it is the opposite and
system performance may be degraded because power
imbalance is more significant, the combination gain of the
signal power is small and inter-user interference Removed[1].

IV. System simulation configuration

The simulation of proposed system is based on LTE system
parameters. In TDD mode assumed the downlink channel
matrix obtained through a channel reciprocity from uplink
channel matrix[10].
Table I system simulation configuration[1]
Parameters
Fig 3. Microscopic path loss model [10].
Figure 3 shows at each pointwe4 Microscopic path loss is
increased when the distance is increased. The Microscopic
path loss models on an eNodeB sector and user equipment
(UE) is jointly model due to distance and antenna gain.
Assumption

Cellular layout Hexagonal grid, 7cell sites, 1

sector /site wrap around

Cell radius 500 meters

Path loss model 3GPP 36.942 urban model

Lognormal shadowing Fading mean :o dB

Standard deviation :10 dB
Shadowing correlation between
sites :0.5

Antenna Pattern Omni-directional

eNode B antennas 15, 25, and 50 antennas

UE antennas 1 antenna
Carrier frequency /Duplex mode TDD 2GHZ
Fig 4. SINR CDF ,calculated for macro and shadow fading and shadow fading
System bandwidth 20 MHZ only[11].
Channel model Typical urban(TU
In figure 4 shows SINR CDF for macro and shadow fading
Receiver noise figure 9 dB and shadow fading only. Shadow fading is caused due to
obstacles in propagation path between the user and eNodeB.
UE speed 30 Km/h The shadow fading typically approximated by a log-normal
Total BS TX power 46 dBm distribution of Mean 0dB and standard deviation 10dB.

Number of UEs 10 full buffer UEs in each cell

Scheduler All user full bandwidth
scheduling
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[6] Hu Bibo1, Liu Yuanan1, Xie Gang1, Liu Fang1, Ni Feng1, Wang
Jingchao 2,‘Antenna Selection For Downlink Transmission In
Large Scale Green Mimo System’’, 978-1-4799-4734-8
/14/$31.00©IEEE2014.

[7] Hien Quoc Ngo”’,Massive MIMO: Fundamentals and System

Designs”

[8] A. M. Tulino and S. Verdu, Random Matrix Theory and Wireless

Communications. Hanover, MA: Now Publishers Inc, 2004.

[9] J. C. Ikuno, M. Wrulich, and M. Rupp, “System Level Simulation of

LTE Networks,” 2010, pp. 1–5.

[10] 3GPP, “TS 25.814 - V7.1.0 - Physical layer aspects for evolved
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA).”

Fig 5 Specral efficiency ,as a function of number of base station antennas.
Figure 5 shows the spectral efficiency as a function of number
of base station antennas M. the number of active users is
optimized for each M to get the highest spectral efficiency.
The number of users increases ,the spectral efficiency will be
increased.
VI. CONCLUSION
[11] 3GPP, “TS 36.942 - V12.0.0 - LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access (E-UTRA); Radio Frequency (RF) System scenarios.”.
[12] 3GPP, “TS 36.211 - V12.0.0 - Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access (E-UTRA);Physical channels and modulation.” .
[13] EMIL BJÖRNSON, ERIK G. LARSSON, AND THOMAS L MARZETTA,
“MASSIVE MIMO : TEN MYTH MYTHS AND ONE CRITICAL
QUESTION”0163- 6804/16/$25.00 © IEEE2016

In this paper, a simulation performance of Spectral efficiency

is increases when the number of base station antennas is
increases. Cooperative Massive MIMO and non-Cooperative
of Massive MIMO is based upon a LTE system. The system
Performance of cell edge users is improved and throughput is
increases due to large number of antennas is used at the base
stations.

Reference
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Massive MIMO Downlink 5G Cellular Systems” IEEE
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number of base station antennas,” IEEE Trans. Wireless
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[3] Hien Quoc Ngo, E. G. Larsson, and T. L. Marzetta, “Energy and

Spectral Efficiency of Very Large Multiuser MIMO Systems,”IEEE
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[4] Larsson, E.G., Tufvesson, F., Edfors, O., Marzetta, T.L.: Massive
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