Matrices and

Determinants
Lecture-2

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Sameer Chincholikar
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12th Grade Schedule

Date Day Topic Sub-Topic

17 May Friday Matrices and Determinants L-2

18 May Saturday Matrices and Determinants L-3

19 May Sunday Matrices and Determinants L-4

11th Grade Schedule

Date Day Topic Sub-Topic

20 May Monday Trigonometry L-8

21 May Tuesday Trigonometry L-9

22 May Wednesday Trigonometry L-10

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Matrix Multiplication
Example
If

then the value of 𝛂 for which A2 = B is

A. 1 B. -1 C. 4 D. No real values
Example Find the value of x, if [1 x 1]
The Transpose of a Matrix
For the matrix A, the matrix obtained by interchanging rows
and columns is called Transpose of matrix A and is denoted
by A' or AT.

Properties of Transpose

1
(A')' = A.

2
(KA)' = KA'. K being a scalar.
The Transpose of a Matrix
3
(A + B)' = A' + B'.

4
(AB)' = B'A'.

5
(ABC)' = C'B'A'.
Example
If matrix A where a, b, c are real positive

numbers , abc = 1, and ATA = I, then find the value of a3 + b3 + c3.

Example If P is a 3 x 3 matrix such that PT = 2P + I, where PT is the transpose of
P and I is the 3 x 3 identity matrix, then there exists a column

matrix such that

A. B. C. D.
PX = X PX = 2X PX = -X
Trace of Matrix
If A = [aij]n×m be a square matrix then the sum of its diagonal
elements is defined as the trace of the matrix A. and is written
as Tr(A)
Trace of Matrix

Properties of Trace:

1
Tr(pA) = pTr(A)

2
Tr(pA + qB) = pTr(A) + qTr(B).

3
Tr(AB) = Tr(BA), provided AB and BA both exist.
Some Special Matrices
Symmetric Matrix

Matrix in which [aij] = [aji] is called symmetric matrix.

Here, A’ = A
Skew Symmetric Matrix

Matrix in which [aij] = - [aji] is called skew-symmetric matrix.

Here, A’ = - A
Properties of Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrix

1
In skew symmetric matrix all the diagonal elements are zero
Properties of Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrix

2
For any matrix (A+ A’) is always symmetric and (A-A’) is skew symmetric
Properties of Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrix

3
Any matrix can be written as sum of symmetric and skew symmetric
matrix.
Example
Let X and Y be two arbitrary, 3 x 3, non-zero, skew-symmetric
matrices and Z be an arbitrary 3 x 3, non-zero, symmetric matrix.
Then which of the following matrices is (are) skew-symmetric?
A. Y3Z4 - Z4Y3 B. X44 + Y44

C. X4Z3 - Z3X4 D. X23 + Y23

Orthogonal Matrix

A square matrix ‘A’ is said to be orthogonal if ATA = AAT = I

Idempotent Matrix

A2 = A
Involutory matrix

A matrix ‘A’ will be called an involutory matrix if A2 = I (Unit Matrix)

Periodic Matrix

A matrix ‘A’ will be called a periodic matrix if Ak+1 = A where

k is least positive integer for which Ak+1 = A, then K is said
to be the period of A
Nilpotent Matrix

A matrix ‘A’ will be called nilpotent matrix if Ak = O (null

matrix), k is least positive integer and k is called index of the
nilpotent matrix.
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