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Differences and Similarities

QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH RESEARCH
It produces data to analyze.
Deductive Inductive
One can be foundation of the Purposive Sampling
Random Sampling
other.
Free-form and
Numerical Data
Uses tools of measurement. non-numerical data
Data easier to Data difficult to
analyze Participants are necessary.
analyze
 QUANTITATIVE & QUALITATIVE (in-depth understanding)

For both types of research, raw data is required,

usually in the form of survey participants. The type of Quantitative &
research will determine the types of participants.
Qualitative

Both qualitative and quantitative research is used to

measure the results of data.
 QUANTITATIVE & QUALITATIVE (in-depth understanding)

The quantitative research was possible only because

the qualitative research was completed first. Qualitative
and quantitative research can stand on its own merits, Quantitative &
but also, and often, they can work in tandem to help
Qualitative
with the research process.

Whether you are focused on the numbers of

quantitative research or the reasons for qualitative
research, both processes require that the raw data be
analyzed.
 QUANTITATIVE VERSUS QUALITATIVE (in-depth understanding)

Quantitative Qualitative

The purpose of qualitative

The purpose of quantitative
research is to explain and gain
research is to explain, predict,
insight and understanding of
and/or control phenomena
phenomena through intensive
through focused collection of
collection of narrative data.
numerical data. Test hypotheses,
Generate hypothesis to be test,
deductive.
inductive.
 QUANTITATIVE VERSUS QUALITATIVE (in-depth understanding)

Quantitative Qualitative

Quantitative uses Random: Intent Qualitative uses Purposive: Intent

to select “large” representative to select “small” not necessarily
sample in order to generalize representative sample in order to
results to a population. get in-depth understanding.
 QUANTITATIVE VERSUS QUALITATIVE (in-depth understanding)

Quantitative Qualitative

Quantitative research gathers data

Qualitative research gathers data
that can be coded in a numerical
that is free-form and non-numerical,
form. Examples of quantitative
such as diaries, open-ended
research include experiments or
questionnaires, interviews and
interviews/questionnaires that used
observations that are not coded
closed questions or rating scales to
using a numerical system.
collect information.
 QUANTITATIVE VERSUS QUALITATIVE (in-depth understanding)
Quantitative
Quantitative data can be ranked or
put into graphs and tables to make
it easier to analyze.
Qualitative
Qualitative data can be difficult to
analyze, especially at scale, as it cannot
be reduced to numbers or used in
calculations. Responses may be sorted
into themes, and require an expert to
analyze. Different researchers may
draw different conclusions from the same
qualitative material.
FOCI
Ethnography -Context or culture

Narrative -Individual experience &

sequence
THE CLASH:
Types of
Phenomenological -People who have
experienced a phenomenon QUALITATIVE
Grounded Theory -Develop a theory from RESEARCH
grounded in field data

Case Study -Organization, entity,

individual, or event
DATA COLLECTION
Ethnography - Observation & interviews

Narrative - Stories from individuals & THE CLASH:

documents
Types of
Phenomenological – Interviews QUALITATIVE
Grounded Theory - Interviews, then RESEARCH
open and axial coding

Case Study - Interviews, documents,

reports, observations
 Contrasting Data Procedures of the Five Qualitative Approaches
Narrative Grounded
Data Procedures Phenomenology Ethnography Case Study
Research Theory

Using originally Using originally

Using many sources like
interviews with observations and
Using originally Using originally interviews,
individuals, whereas interviews but perhaps
Forms of data collection interviews and
documents,
interviews with 20 to 60
gathering other sources
observations,
documents individuals documents, and
observations, and art during extended time in
artifacts
may also be studied field

Analyzing data for very

Analyzing data for important statements, Analyzing data through Analyzing data through
Analyzing data through
stories, “renarrate” meaning units, textual description of the description of the case
Strategies of data open coding, axial
stories, and enhancing and structural culture-sharing group and themes of the case
analysis coding, and selective
themes, often using a description, and and themes about the as well as cross-case
coding
chronology description of the group themes
“essence”
 Contrasting Foundational Considerations of Five Qualitative Approaches

Foundational Narrative Grounded

Phenomenology Ethnography Case Study
Considerations Research Theory
Enhancing an in-
Enhancing a Telling and
Examining the Understanding the depth
Research focus theory grounded interpreting a
life of an importance of the description and
of approach individual in data from the culture-sharing
experience analysis of a case
field group
or multiple cases

Studying a Studying an
Studying several process, an event, a
Studying a group
Studying one or individuals who action, or an program, an
Unit of analysis that shares the
more individuals have shared the interaction activity, or more
same culture
experience involving many than one
individuals individual
 Contrasting Foundational Considerations of Five Qualitative Approaches
Foundational Narrative Grounded
Phenomenology Ethnography Case Study
Considerations Research Theory
Type of research Telling and
Needing to Grounding a Giving an in-
Needing to tell the interpreting the
problem best narrate stories of theory in the depth
importance of lived shared patterns
suited for individuals views of understanding of
phenomenon of culture of a
approach experiences participants a case or cases
group
Study from the
humanities
including Study from Study from
Nature of Study from
anthropology, philosophy, Study from psychology, law,
disciplinary anthropology
literature, psychology, and sociology political science,
origins and sociology
history, education and medicine
psychology, and
sociology
 Contrasting Research Reporting of Five Qualitative Approaches

Research Narrative Grounded

Phenomenology Ethnography Case Study
Reporting Research Theory

Concentrating on Concentrating on Using entry

Concentrating on Concentrating on
Introduction of the process that the culture- description and the
participants and explaining the
written report nature of the story phenomenon the theory is set to sharing group focusing on central
explain being studied features of the case

Telling the
Telling the
rationale, Telling the
Description of rationale, Telling the Telling the rationale,
significance of rationale, type,
research philosophical rationale and data type, and data
individual to and data
procedures experiences, and assumptions, and procedures procedures
procedures
data procedures
data procedures
 Contrasting Research Reporting of Five Qualitative Approaches

Research Narrative Grounded

Phenomenology Ethnography Case Study
Reporting Research Theory
Stating how the Enhancing theory
Expressing stories
phenomenon was involving open
using a various of Stating the culture
experienced using coding categories, Giving first extensive
Organization of ways including and analyzing
very important axial coding, description of the
research restorying, patterns of culture
statements and selective coding, case followed by key
outcomes theorizing, and themes with
discussing theoretical issues in the case
narrative exactly quotes
meaning of propositions, and
segments
themes a model
Expressing how a Making case study
Interpreting Describing the
Concluding Advancing a culture-sharing affirmations and
patterns of “importance” of
format theory group works using advancing a closing
meaning the experience
cultural portrait description