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1.The digestive enzymes of cellular compounds

are confined to the
a.Lysosomes
Modular Exam b.Ribosomes
c.Chromosomes
Module 2 d.Polysomes

Basic Parts of a Cell

Lysosomes Parts Function
• Vesicle formed
Cell Membrane • Barrier or Protection
from Golgi complex • Fluid mosaic model
that contains Cell Wall • Rigidity and Protection
digestive enzymes
Cytosol • “swimming pool of the cell”
• Contains the different organelle
Mitochondria • Powerhouse of the cell
• Organ for respiration
Nucleus • Control center of the cell

Basic Parts of a Cell

1.Prokaryotic cells, but not eukaryotic cells,
Parts Function
Smooth endoplasmic • Site of lipid or fatty Acid Synthesis
have:
reticulum a.Endoplastic reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum • Site of protein synthesis b.Histones
Golgi apparatus • Storage site c.Nucleoid
• Post translational process of proteins d.Nucleus
Lysosomes • “Suicide Sacs” that contains e.Plasma membrane
hydrolytic enzymes
Ribosomes • Organ for protein synthesis

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Prokaryotic VS Eukaryotic Cell Prokaryotic VS Eukaryotic Cell

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
“Nucleus like”/Nucleoid Nucleus (+) G(+): Thick peptidoglycan Cell Wall Plant(Cellulose) and
(-) Nucleus Membrane (+) G(-): Fungi (Chitin)
Circular DNA Linear Lipopolysaccharide/Endoto
Plasmid: xin/Lipid A
R-Plasmid - resistance 70s (30s and 50s) Ribosome 80s (60s and 40s)
F- Plasmid - Fertility (+) Flagella (+)
(+) Except for Mycoplasma Cell Membrane Cholesterol (+) Pili (+)
Fungi (Ergosterol)
(+) Capsule (+)
Plants( Phytosterol,
Sitosterol and Binary Fision Cell division Mitosis/Meiosis
Stigmasterol)

1.Mediate hypersensitivity by causing the

Immunoglobulin
nucleus of mediators mast cells and basophil
a.IgA
b.IgE
c.IgM
d.IgG

Classification of Amino Acids

1.Which are the amidic amino acid?
a.N and E Polar

b.D and E
c.N and Q Non-polar
d.D and N
Acidic

Basic

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Aliphatic Amino Acids Aliphatic Amino Acids

• Straight/Cyclic
• Branched

Aromatic Amino Acids Basic Amino Acids

Amino Group u Imidazole Group u Guanido Group

u Indole Group u Phenol Group u Benzyl Group

Acidic Amino Acids Amide-containing Amino Acids

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Sulfur-containing Amino Acids Hydroxyl-containing Amino Acids

Simple and
Simple Protein Conjugated Proteins
1.Nucleoprotein, lipoprotein, and glycoprotein are Conjugated
Albumin Nucleoprotein
a.Simple protein Proteins
Prolamines Glycoprotein
b.Conjugated protein
Ovalbumin Mucoprotein
c.Complex protein
Collagen Phosphoprotein
d.None of the Above
Elastin Chromoprotein
Keratin Lipoprotein
Fibroin Metalloprotein

1.Most abundant single protein in vertebrates

Functions of Protein
a.Albumin Function Example
b.Collagen Transport and Storage Myoglobin (Muscle)and
Hemoglobin (Blood)
c.Keratin Transferrin (Transport of Iron)
d.Elastin Ferritin (Storage of Iron)
Skeletal and Muscular Actin and Myosin
Contraction
Biological Catalyst Enzymes

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Functions of Protein
Function Example
1.The amino acid with a nonpolar side chain is
Metabolic Control Hormones (Insulin, Glucagon,
a.Serine
Oxytocin, Vasopressin)
Immune System Immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE b.Asparagine
and IgD) c.Valine
Tissue Differentiation Stem Cells d.Threonine
TNF- Programmed Cell Death
Structural Function Collagen
Elastin
Keratin
Fibroin

1.Isoelectric pH of an amino acid is that pH at

which it has a
a.Positive charge
b.Negative charge
c.No net charge
d.None of the above

Glycine:
Structure of AA pKa1= 2.34 and pKa2 = 9.6, pI = 5.97.

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1.Spatial arrangement of amino acids in the Structural Levels of Proteins

polypeptide chain and location of disulfide bonds • Proposed by Kai Linderstrom-Lang
a. Primary
b.Secondary Primary

c.Tertiary Secondary
d.Quaternary
Tertiary

Quaternary

Primary Structure Secondary Structure

• Sequence of amino • Regular, repeating
acids folding pattern
• Stabilized by peptide stabilized by
bonds hydrogen bonds
• “Beads in a rosary” between amino
acids/peptide groups

Secondary Structure Tertiary Structure

Right Handed a-Helix • Secondary structure folding
together in 3D because of:
Polyproline Type II Helix (Collagen)
• Hydrogen bonding
• Covalent bonding
• Ionic bonding
Parallel B-strand or sheet • Van der Waals forces
• Stabilized by interactions far
Antiparallel B-strand or sheet apart in the sequence

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Quaternary Structure

• Association of separate polypeptide chains or 1.Cabbage and cauliflower are good source of
subunits into oligomers a.Vitamin K
• Example: b.Vitamin B12
• Association of 2 peptide chains: dimer
c.Vitamin B2
• Association of 3 peptide chains: trimer
d.Vitamin D
• Homooligomer vs Heterooligomer

Vitamin Name Deficiency

Vitamins B7 Biotin Dermatitis
Vitamin Name Deficiency B9 Folic Acid MegaloblasticAnemia
A Retinol/Dehydroreinol/ Night blindness Neural tube defects
Retinoic Acid Hyperkeratosis B12 Cyanocobalamin Pernicious Anemia
B1 Thiamine Beriberi C Ascorbic Acid Scury
Wericke Korsakoff Syndrome
D D3 – Cholecalciferol Rickets
B2 Riboflavin Glossitis D2 – Ergocalciferol Osteomalacia
Stomatitis
E Tocopherol -
B3 Niacin Pellagra
K K1 (phytonadione) Bleeding
B5 Pantothenic Acid Burning Foot Syndrome
Paresthesia K2 (menaquinone)
K3 (menadione)
B6 Pyridoxine Peripheral Neuropathy
K4 (menadiol)

1.Which of the following are Purine base Nucleic Acids

i.Adenine
ii.Guanine Purine Pyrimidine
iii.Thymine
Adenine Thymine
iv.Cytosine
a.I and II Guanine Cytosine
b.I and III Uracil
c.II. And III
d.II and IV

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Bases 1.Form of glucose stored in the liver

a.Glucagon
b.Glycogen
c.Genin
d.Beta D Glucose 6

Glycogenesis For numbers 1-5, choices are

A.Glycogenesis
B. Gluconeogenesis
C.Lipogenesis
D.Glycolysis
E.B-oxidation
1. Glucose oxidation in order to obtain ATP
2. Glycogen formation from glucose
3. atty acids breakdown into acetyl CoA, to be used
for Kreb’s cycle
4. Acetyl CoA conversion to fatty acids
5. Glucose synthesis from smaller precursors, to be
used by the brain

For numbers 1-5, choices are

A.Glycogenesis 1.Universal biologic energy currency
B. Gluconeogenesis a.DNA
C.Lipogenesis
D.Glycolysis b.ADP
E.B-oxidation c.GDP
1. Glucose oxidation in order to obtain ATP [D] d.ATP
2. Glycogen formation from glucose [A]
3. atty acids breakdown into acetyl CoA, to be used
for Kreb’s cycle [E]
4. Acetyl CoA conversion to fatty acids [C]
5. Glucose synthesis from smaller precursors, to be
used by the brain [B]

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General Glycolysis Pathway

1.This substance accumulate in the muscles as
a result of vigorous exercise
a.Malic
b.Lactic
c.Pyruvic
d.Pasmic

Kwashiorkor Marasmus
1.Inadequate intake of protein inadequate Kwashiorkor is a kind of Marasmus is a kind of
malnutrition. It is malnutrition that occurs
calories Definition primarily caused due to due to deficiency of
a.Kwashiorkor insufficient intake of proteins, carbohydrates
b.Marasmus proteins. and fats in the diet.

c.Micronutrient deficient Generally children of age Generally children under

Affecting
1-5 years the age 1
d.Malnourished
Failed breastfeeding,
Weaned from mother’s feeding inadequate infant
Main causes milk to a diet low in formula or suffering from
protein some disease like
diarrhea

Vitamins
1.A dietary deficiency of tryptophan and niacin
Vitamin Name Deficiency
leads to A Retinal/Retinol/Retinoic Acid Night blindness
a.Beri-beri Hyperkeratosis
b.Anemia B1 Thiamine Beriberi
Wericke Korsakoff Syndrome
c.Xerophthalmia
B2 Riboflavin Glossitis
d.Pellagra Stomatitis
B3 Niacin Pellagra
B5 Pantothenic Acid Burning Foot Syndrome
Paresthesia
B6 Pyridoxine Peripheral Neuropathy

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1.This is the solvent most commonly used for the Solvent

extraction of chlorophyll from leaves:
Solvent Constituent
a.acetone
b.ethanol Hot Benzene Chrysarobin
c.dimethylformamide Acetic Acid Solanine
d.dimethylsulfoxide Acetone Chlorophyll
Ethanol Resin
Hexane Hexane

Urea Cycle
1.The end product of amino acid nitrogen
metabolism:
a.Urea
b.Uric acid
c.Ammonia
d.Ketone bodies

1.Enzyme activity is controlled by:

Structure of Enzyme
• Active Site
a.pH
• Zymogen or Proenzyme
b.temperature
• Apoenzyme vs Holoenzyme
c.concentration of the enzyme
• Cofactor vs Coenzyme
d.concentration of the substrate
e.AOTA

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1.Enzyme inhibition caused by a substance

Cofactor Coenzyme resembling molecule is
• Iron (3+) • NADH a.Competitive inhibition
• Manganese (2+) • FADH
b.Noncompetitive inhibition
• Cobalt (2+) • Quinone
• Copper (2+) • CoA c.Feedback inhibition
• Zinc (2+) • Vitamins: A, C, B1, d.Allosteric inhibition
• Selenium (2+) B2, B3, B6, B12, H, K
• Molybdenum (5+)

1.How many ATPs are invested during the first

five step of Glycolysis?
a.1
b.2
c.3
d.4

Memorization
Tool! 1. In sickle cell anemia, Glu is replaced by
which amino acid?
• Goodness Gracious, a.Ala
Father Franklin Did b.Ile
Go By Picking
Pumpkins (to) c.Lys
PEPare Pies d.Val

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Globular Protein-Related Disease 1.Also known as lecithin:

a.Phosphatidylcholine
b.Phosphatidylethanolamine
c.Phosphatidylglycerol
d.Phosphatidylserine

uNormal uSickle Cell

Glycerophospholipids 1.The paste forming properties of starch are due

• Also known as phosphoglycerides to this constituent:
• All contain phosphatidic acid (or diacylglycerol phosphate) a.inulin
Component Phospholipid Formed b.starches
Glycerol + PA Phosphatidylglycerol c.amylose
Ethanolamine + PA Phosphatidylethanolamin d.amylopectin
e (Cephaelin)
Choline + PA Phosphatidylcholine
(Lecithin)
Inositol + PA Phosphatidylinositol

Starch Starch
•Temporary storage form of photosynthetic Amylose Amylopectin
products Structure Linear Branched
Source Scientific Name
250-300 D-Glucose 1,000 or more glucose
Corn Zea mays units linked by α 1,4 units linked by α 1,4
Wheat Triticum aestivum glycosidic bonds glycosidic and α 1,6
Potato Solanum tuberosum glucosidic bonds at
every 25 glucose units
Rice Oryza sativa
Solubility in Water Insoluble Soluble
Arrowroot Maranta arundinaceae
Iodine Test Deep Blue Purple
Ratio 25% 75%

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1.The hallucinogen derived from ergot Ergot

a.THC Constituent Source Example
b.ETO Ergot Dried sclerotium of - Ergonovine: labor
c.EDTA Claviceps purpurea - Methylsergide: prophylaxis for
HA/Migraine
d.LSD
- Ergotamine: DOC for
Migraine/HA
- Ergotism: St. Anthony’s Fire
- Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD):
most active and most specific
psychotomimetic drug

Carbohydrates and Related Compounds

1.The following is not a polysaccharide: •Monosaccharides:
a.Dextran # of Name
Carbon Atoms
b.Cellulose 2 Diose
c.Sucrose 3 Triose
d.Insulin 4 Tetrose
5 Pentose
6 Hexose
7 Heptose
8 Octulose
9 Nonose
Example
Hydroxyacetaldehyde
Dihydroxyacetone and Glyceraldehyd
Erythrose
Arabinose, Xylose, and Ribose
Glucose, Fructose, and Galactos
Sedoheptase
D-glycero-D-mannoctulose
Neuraminic Acid (Sialic Acid)

Carbohydrates and Related Compounds Carbohydrates and Related Compounds

•Disaccharide: •Disaccharide:
Disaccharide Properties Disaccharide Properties
Sucrose - “Table sugar” Lactose - “Milk sugar”
- Obtained from: - Obtained from cow’s milk (Bos taurus)
- Sugar cane: Saccharum officinarum - Glucose + Galactose, B-1,4-bond
- Sugar beets: Beta vulgaris - Reducing sugar - Milk product
- Sugar maple: Acer saccharum Lactulose - Alkaline rearrangement of lactose
- Composed of Glucose + Fructose) in a α 1,2-bond - Converted to lactic and acetic acid which
Maltose - Glucose + Glucose: α 1,4-bond causes irritation of the intestines and
- Major degradation product of starch subsequent catharsis
- Reducing sugar

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Carbohydrates and Related Compounds Carbohydrates and Related Compounds

•Polysaccharide: Homoglycan •Polysaccharide: Homoglycan
Polysaccharide Properties Polysaccharide Properties
Starch - Temporary storage form of photosynthetic Dextran - Leuconostoc mesenteroides
products - Plasma expander
Glycogen - Storage polysaccharide in animals Cellulose - Structural polysaccharide in plants
- More branched than starch (every 10) - Most abundant organic matter
- Red color with Iodine Chitin - Structural polysaccharide in animals –
Inulin - Polyfructan of fructofuranose - Exoskeleton: mollusks and arthropods -
- Evaluation of renal function Homoglycan of N-acetylglucosamine

Carbohydrates and Related Compounds

•Polysaccharide: Heteroglycan 1.A test to distinguish tartrates from citrates
Plant Marine Gum Seed Gum Plant Microbial
Exudate Extractive Gum makes use of this reagent
Acacia Agar//Japanes Psyllium Pectin Xanthan Gum a.Deniges reagent
e Isinglass
b.Bromine water
Tragacanth Algin Cydonium/
Quince seed c.Mayer’s reagent
Karaya Carageenan/ Guar Gum or d.Dragendorff’s reagent
Irish Moss
Indian Danish Agar Locust Bean
Gum/Carob
pulp/ St. John’s
Bread

Reagents Components
Alkaloid Wagner I2 in KI (Red Brown Solution) 1.Pigment of flowers which is of glycosidic
Reagents Mayer Potassium Mercuric Iodide (Cream) character:
Valser Mercuric Iodide a.Xanthophyll
Dragendroff Potassium Bismuth Iodide (Orange) b.Cytochrome
Bouchdart’s Most sensitive: I2 in KI c.Anthocyanins
Reagent d.Lutein
Marme’s Potassium Cadmium Iodide
Sonnencheim’s Phosphomolybdic Acid
Scheibler’s Phosphotungstic Acid
Hager’s Picric Acid

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1.Which of the following is/are ATP consuming

stage/s in glycolysis?
a.Irreversible phosphorylation of glucose to
glucose-6phosphate
b.Irreversible phosphorylation of fructose-6-
phosphate tofructose-1-6-bisphosphate
c.Phosphoenolpyruvate
d.A and B

Products of Amino Acid

1.Precursor of a powerful vasodilator secreted
by mast cells: Amino Acid Products Amino Products
Acid
a.S
Tryptophan - Catecholamines Histidine - Histamine
b.T - Thyroid Hormone - Imidazole Alkaloid
c.H - Melanine (Pilocarpine)
d.N - Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Tryptophan - Serotonin Glutamate - GABA
- Melatonin Arginine - Nitric Oxide
- Indole Alkaloid

Terpenes
1.Terpenoids are composed of isoprene units.
Isoprene units consist of how many carbons? Terpenes #of Isoprene # of Carbon
a.5 Monoterpenes 2 10
b.10 Sesquiterpenes 3 15
c.15 Diterpenes 4 20
d.20 Triterpenes 6 30
Tetraterpenes 8 40

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1.It is the purified carbohydrate product obtained Sources of Pectin

from inner rind of citrus fruits: Sources Scientific Name
a.Citric acid Pomelo Citrus grandis
b.Pectin Grapefruit C. paradisi
c.Tartaric acid Orange C. aurantium
d.Tannins Ponkan C. sinensis
Dalanghita C. nobilis
Calamansi C. microcarpa
Lemon C. limon
Apple Pyrus malus

Carbohydrates and Related Compounds

1.Sialic acid is a: •Monosaccharides:
a.Pentose # of Name
Carbon Atoms
b.Hexose
2 Diose
c.Heptose
3 Triose
d.Nonose 4 Tetrose
5 Pentose
6 Hexose
7 Heptose
8 Octulose
9 Nonose
Example
Hydroxyacetaldehyde
Dihydroxyacetone and Glyceraldehyd
Erythrose
Arabinose, Xylose, and Ribose
Glucose, Fructose, and Galactos
Sedoheptase
D-glycero-D-mannoctulose
Neuraminic Acid (Sialic Acid)

1.Step in TCA cycle which does not involve

production of ATP:
a.Isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate
b.Succinate to fumarate
c.α-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA
d.Citrate to isocitrate

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TCA Cycle 1.Essential fatty acids:

I.Linoleic acid
• Acetyl CoA à 2 CO2 + 3 NADH II.Linolenic acid
+ 1 FADH2 + 1 GTP III.Arachidonic acid
a.I only
• Substrate Level
Phosphorylation: b.I and II
• GTP + ADP à GDP + ATP c.I and III
d.I, II, and III

Fatty Acid Fatty Acid

Number of Prefix Number of Prefix Number of Prefix
Carbon Carbon Carbon

1 Formic 6 Caproic 12 Lauric

2 Acetic 7 Enanthoic 14 Myristic
3 Propionic 8 Caprylic 16 Palmitic
4 Butyric 9 Pelargonic 18 Stearic
5 Valeric 10 Caproic 20 Arachidonic

1.“Oil of Wintergreen” Ester Volatile Oil

a.Lavender Volatile Oil Scientific Name
b.Pine needle Gaultheria oil/ Gaultheria procumbens
c.Mustard Wintergreen oil/ Betula
d.Gaultheria oil/ Sweet birch oil Betula lenta
Lavander oil Lavandula angustifolia
Pine needle oil Pinus mugo
Mustard oil Brassica spp.,
Sinapis spp.

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1.The resting membrane potential is primarily 1.Total number of ATP molecules produced per
due to which ion? acetyl CoA oxidized in the Krebs cycle:
a.Sodium a.5
b.Calcium b.8
c.Potassium c.12
d.GABA d.15

1.Mucic acid formation is specific for which

Qualitative Test for Carbohydrates
monosaccharide? Test For Reagent Positive Result
Molisch Test General Test A-naphtol, Violet
a.Glucose H2SO4
b.Galactose Lugol’s Test Starch Iodine in NaI Blue-violet/Dark
c.Fructose (Amylose/Amylo Blue
d.Ribose pectin)
Fehling’s Test Reducing sugar CuSO4 Brick Red
Benedict’s Test Reducing sugar CuSO4 (Alkaline) Brick Red
Barfoed’s Test Reducing Sugar CuSO4(Acidic) Brick Red

Qualitative Test for Carbohydrates

Test For Reagent Positive Result 1.Alzheimer’s disease is an age-related disorder
Tollen’s Test Reducing Sugar Ammoniacal Silver Mirror due to the accumulation of:
AgNO3 a.Amyloid A
Bials’ test Pentose Orcinol Green b.Amyloid B
Seliwanoff’s Test Ketose Resorcinol, HCl Pink c.Prions
(Fructose)
d.Hemoglobin S
Osazone Test Glucose, Phenylhydrazine Crystals
Fructose,
Mannose
Mucic Acid Test Galactose HNO3 Crystals

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Carbohydrates and Related Compounds

1.Dextran is primarily a/an: •Polysaccharide: Homoglycan
a.Culture medium Polysaccharide Properties
b.Gelling agent Dextran - Leuconostoc mesenteroides
c.Suspending agent - Plasma expander
d.Plasma extender Cellulose - Structural polysaccharide in plants
- Most abundant organic matter
Chitin - Structural polysaccharide in animals –
- Exoskeleton: mollusks and arthropods -
Homoglycan of N-acetylglucosamine

1.Fatal muscle damage resulting from the use of HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitor (Statins)
statin drugs:
• Lovastatin (Mevacor)
a.Rhabdomyolysis
• Atorvastatin (Lipitor)
b.Retinopathy
• Simvastatin (Zocor)
c.Ketoacidosis
d.Tendinitis
• *Cerivastatin (Baycol) – withdraw due to fatal
muscle damage called rhabdomyolysis

10 Halamang Gamot
1.Anti-fungal among the DOH-approved 10 Halamang Gamot Scientific Name Use
Halamang Gamot: Akapulko Cassia alata Antifungal
Ampalaya Momordica charantia Hypoglycaemic, For DM
a.Akapulko
Bawang Allium sativum Lowers cholesterol
b.Niyug-niyugan
Bayabas Psidium guajava Astringent, Antibacterial
c.Tsaang-gubat Lagundi Vitex negundo For cough/asthma
d.Yerba buena Niyug-niyogan Quiscalis indica Anthelminthic
Sambong Blumea balsimifera Diuretic
Tsaang gubat Carmona retusa Anti-diarrheal
Pansit-pansitan Peperomia pellucida For gout
Yerba Buena Mentha cordifolia Analgesic

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Evaluation of Crude Drugs

1.Involves the use of senses to evaluate crude drugs
a.Macroscopic evaluation Methods
b.Physical evaluation Organoleptic/Macroscopic
c.Organoleptic evaluation Microscopic
d.Apparent evaluation Pharmacologic
Chemical
Physical
Description
Use of organs or senses
Cellular level- use of microscope
Use of bioassays
Use titration methods (Best
method)
Determines physical
characteristics or parameters

1.Esters of long chain fatty acids with alcohol Fixed Oils

Fixed Oil Source
a.Fixed oils Cottonseed oil Gossypium hirsutum - Halphen/Bevan Test: used to
b.Fats detect cottonseed oil
c.Lipids
d.Waxes Sesame seed oil Sesamum indicum - Teel/Beme Oil
- Baudoin Test: used to detect
sesame seed oil
Coconut oil Cocus nucifera - Lauric, myristic, TGCs
Castor oil Ricinus communis - Ricin: Toxic
- Ricinoleic Acid: main
component

Fixed Oils Fixed Oils

Fixed Oil Source Fixed Oil Source
Theobroma Oil Theobroma cacao - Cocoa butter: used as a Sunflower oil Helianthus anuus
suppository base because it Ethiodized Oil Iodine addition product of
melts at 30-35 degrees (B- Injection the ethyl ester of fatty acids
type) of poppy seed
Peanut Oil Arachis hypogaea
Soybean oil Glycine soja Stigmasterol + Lecithin
(regulate cholesterol
production)
Corn oil Zea mays
Safflower oil Catharantus tinctoria

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Fixed Oils Fats

Fixed Oil Source Fixed Oil Source
Olive oil Olea europaea Grades: Lanolin Ovis aries (Bovidae) - Contains 25% H2O,
- 1st Grade VO oil: extracted - 0.25% Woolfat (anhydrous
with less pressure lanolin)
- 2nd Grade VO oil: pulp in #1 is
extracted with more pressure Gadus morhua Gadus morrhua - Sclerosing agent to obliterate
- Technical oil: extracted with varicose veins
hot H2O - Source of Vit. A/D
- Sulfur grade: extracted with Undecylenic acid Pyrolysis of Ricinoleic - Antifungal
CS2, inferior quality acid
- Tournant oil: fallen and
Azelaic acid Ozonolysis of Castor - Anti-acne
decomposing fruits
oil

Waxes
1.Known as the start codon
Fixed Oil Source
a.AUG
Spermaceti Head of spermwhale, - Synthetic spermaceti:
Physeter cetylester wax b.UAA
macrocephalus c.UGA
Jojoba oil Simmondsia chinensis - Hydrogenated form d.UAG
(Buxaceae) resembles spermaceti
Beeswax/Yellow Apis mellifera - Stiffening agent in plasters
wax and cerates
Carnauba wax Copernicia prunifera - Myricyl cerotate

Genetic Code 1.Precursor of co-enzyme A

a.Thiamine
• Start Codon: b.Pantothenic acid
AUG
c.Riboflavin
• Stop Codon: d.Niacin
UAG, UGA, UAA

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Coenzymes and Vitamins Coenzyme

vitamins B1 Thiamine 1.Which anthraquinone glycoside is not
pyrophospate
employed as cathartic?
B2 FMN, FAD
B3 NAD, NADH
a.Chrysazin
B5 Co-enzyme A b.Rheum
B6 Pyridoxal-5- c.Buckthorn bark
phosphate d.Chrysarobin
B7 Biocytin
B9 THF
B12 Cobalamine

Anthraquinone Glycosides Anthraquinone Glycosides

Glycoside Source Notes Glycoside Source Notes
Aloe Aloe barbadensis or Aloe - Barbaloin and Aloe
Cascara sagrada Rhamnus purshiana - Cascarosides A and B:
vera (Curacao Aloe) Emodin
(sacred bark) optical isomers of
- Preparation of Compound
barbaloin Aloe ferox with Aloe Benzoin Tincture (CBT)
- Cascarosides C and D: africana and Aloe spicata
optical isomers of (Cape aloe)
chrysaloin Rhubarb Rheum officinale - Chinese rhubarb
Frangula or Rhamnus frangula - Movicol®: Karaya + Rheum palmatum
Buckthorn Bark Frangula (laxative)
Rheum emodi, - Indian Rhubarb
Rheum webbianum

Anthraquinone Glycosides
Glycoside Source Notes 1.What type of glycosides does vanilla belong
Senna Dried leaflet of Cassia - Cultivated in wet lands to?
acutifolia (Alexandria) resembling rice paddies a.Aldehyde
- Constituents: Sennosides A, b.Flavanol
Cassia angustifolia B, C, and D
(Tinnevelly) c.Alcohol
Chrysarobin From Goa powder, Andira - Only anthraquinone d.Lactone
araroba glycoside that is NOT used
as a cathartic because it is
very irritating

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Glycosides Glycosides
Anthraquinone Cardiac Saponin
Cascara Sagrada Digitalis Glycerrhiza/ Licorice
Cyanogenic Isothiocyanate Flavonol
Frangula Convallaria Dioscorea or Yam Bitter almonds Black Mustard Rutin and Hesperidin
Aloe Apocynum Ginseng Wild cherry White Mustard Hesperitin, Diosmin, and
Naringin
Rhubarb Adonis
Apricots Milk Thistle
Senna Black Hellebore
Chrysarobin Strophantus
Squill

Glycosides
Memorization Tool!
Alcohol Aldehyde Phenol Lactone
Salix purpurea Vanilla Uva Ursi Coumarin
Poison ivy Cantharides Tinusok ng black straw ang puso ng apo ni
Poison oak Psoralens Adonis. Ayun, convicted ang sqKeller!

Memorization Tool! Memorization Tool!

Chrys, FraCasAlan mo si Senna sa Rhubarb Diosco Gly! Ang Aga, Giseng! Smile at mag-
if Anthracted ka. She was born for you! sapon ka ng straw jan!

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Memorization Tool! 1.Drying oil:

I. Iodine value > 120
1. Cyang, ginaya! II. Iodine value < 120
2. I so, I must! III. Linseed oil
3. I drink milk and ginkgo for greater flavor! IV. Cottonseed oil
4. Mag-psorry kapag dicou marunong lumaklac at a.I and III only
coumantha.
5. Willowl b.II and IV only
6. Vanillaldehyde c.I,IIII and IV only
7. Uva-ivy d.II,III and IV only

A.The following are the basic parts of a cell. Match the parts to their
Iodine Value general function
a.Mitochondria
b.Lysosomes
Value Example c.Nucleus
Non-drying <100 Olive and Almond d.Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
e.Ribosomes
Semi-drying 100-120 Cottonseed and Sesame
1.Organ where Kreb’s Cycle, ETC and FA Oxidation happens (A)
Drying >120 Linseed and Cod liver oil 2.Target of an antimicrobial agent such as Aminoglycoside and
Tetracycline (E)
3.Work together with immunoglobulin that functions as suicide sacs (B)
4.Contains the genetic material of a cell (C)
5.Site of lipid synthesis (D)

A.The following are the 20 amino acid. Match the amino acids Amino Acid Summary
to their functional groups: Amino Acid Functional Group
a.Leucine Proline Aliphatic
b.Cysteine Isoleucine –Sec-butyl
c.Aspartate Leucine - Isobutyl
Alanine - Methyl
d.Histidine
Valine -Isopropyl
e.Tryptophan
1.Indole (E) Methionine Thioether
Serine Alcohol
2.Thiol (B)
Threonine
3.Carboxylic Acid (C) Cysteine Thiol
4.Isobutyl (A)
Asparagine Amide
5.Imidazole (D) Glutamine

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Amino Acid Summary
Amino Acid
Aspartate
Glutamate
Histidine (Imidazole)
Arginine (Guanidino)
Lysine (Amine)
Phenylalanine (Benzyl/Phenyl) Aromatic
Tyrosine (Phenol)
Tryptophan (Indole)
A.The following are the 10 Halamang Gamot promoted by the
DOH. Match the following plants to their uses:
Functional Group
a.Diuretic
Acidic b.Analgesic
c.Antifungal
Basic d.Lowers down cholesterol
e.Anthelminthic
1.Mentha cordifolia (B)
2.Blumea balsamifera (A)
3.Allium sativum (D)
4.Quiscalis indica (E)
5.Cassia alata (C)

10 Halamang Gamot A.Match the plant with its class of alkaloid

Halamang Gamot Scientific Name Use a.Steroidal
Akapulko Cassia alata Antifungal b.Tropane
Ampalaya Momordica charantia Hypoglycaemic, For DM c.Indole
Bawang Allium sativum Lowers cholesterol d.Isoquinoline
Bayabas Psidium guajava Astringent, Antibacterial e.Quinoline
Lagundi Vitex negundo For cough/asthma 1.Cinchona (E)
Niyug-niyogan Quiscalis indica Anthelminthic 2.Cocaine (B)
Sambong Blumea balsimifera Diuretic 3.Tubocurarine (D)
Tsaang gubat Carmona retusa Anti-diarrheal 4.Physostigmine (C)
Pansit-pansitan Peperomia pellucida For gout 5.Green Hellebore (A)
Yerba Buena Mentha cordifolia Analgesic

Alkaloids Alkaloids
Pyridine Tropane Quinoline Isoquinoline Indole Steroidal
Piperidine Ipecac Rauwolfia Green Hellebore/
Nicotine Belladonna Stramonium/ Cinchona American Hellebore
Jimson weed
Sanguinaria/ Chichirica White Hellebore/
Areca Hyocyamus Mandragora/ Cuprea Blood root European Hellebore
European
Mandrake
Tubocurarine Nux vomica
Lobella Egyptian Cocaine Opium Physostigmine/
hyoscyamus Eserine
Duboisia Withania Ergot

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Alkaloids A.Match the following test to each of the following

a.Bial’s Test
Alkaloidal Amines Purine Bases b.Seliwanoff Test
Ephedra or Ma Huang Caffeine c.Liebermann Burchard Test
Colchicine Theophylline d.Lugol’s test
Khat/ Abyssinian Tea Theobromine e.Acrolein Test
Peyote or Mescal Buttons 1.Fructose (B)
2.Aldosterone (C)
3.Triacylglycerol (E)
4.Starch (D)
5.Xylose (A)

Tests for Carbohydrates Test for Lipids

Test Positive Visible Result Reactive Group Tests Group Positive Visible Result
Iodine Test Blue/Red/Purple solution Helical Spot Test Nonvolatile Oils Semitransparent spot
Polysaccharides
Molisch Test Violet ring at junction of two layers Tests based on the Iodine Absorption Unsaturated Lipids Purple coloration
Anthrone Test Green/Blue-green color production of Test for Glycerol, Acrid irritating odor (burnt
Seliwanoff’s Test Bright cherry red color (ketohexoses) furfural or furfural Acrolein
derivative
Lecithin bacon)
Bial’s Test Green solution and precipitate (pentoses)
Tollen’s Phloroglucinol Test Red solution
Liebermann-Burchard
Benedict’s Test Brick red precipitate Test Pink à Lilac à Deep Green
Cholesterol
Barfoed’s Test Brick red precipitate (monosaccharides) (Acetic Anhydride- color
Phenylhydrazine Test Characteristic yellow crystals under the Sulfuric Acid Test)
(Osazone Formation) microscope Tests based on the Chloroform layer: bluish
*Glucosazone, Mannosazone, Fructosazone: reducing property Salkowski Test red/cherry red and purple
of carbohydrates Cholesterol
“bundles of hay/grass” (Sulfuric Acid Test) solution
*Lactosazone: Powder puff-like Acid layer: green flurorescence
*Maltosazone: Star-shaped Lecitihin (but not
*Galactosazone: Rod-shaped Molybdate Test Purple color
specific)

Test for Proteins and Amino Acids

Test Reactive Group Positive Visible Result A.Match the following proteins to their function:
Amino acids and free Deep-violet solution (Ruhemann’s
Ninhydrin
amino group Purple) a.Structural
Biuret Peptide linkages Rose pink/violet/purple solution
Sakaguchi Arginine Red/orange solution b.Storage
Xanthoproteic Tyrosine, Tryptophan Red/orange solution c.Transport
White precipitate turning into deep
Millon-Nasse Tyrosine 1.Myoglobin (C)
red or old rose precipitate
Ehrlich and Hopkin’s Reddish brown to violet ring at the
Cole (Glyoxilic Acid)
Tryptophan
junction of two liquids
2.Collagen (A)
Bromine Water Tryptophan
Pinkish lavender or violet color in the 3.Ferritin (B)
alcohol layer
Pauli Diazo Red = Tyrosine 4.Elastin (A)
Tyrosine, Histidine
(Pauly Reaction) Yellow = Histidine 5.Albumin (B)
Schiff’s Reagent Lysine Pink-violet color
Cysteine, Cystine
Basic Lead Black precipitate (PbS)
(sulfur-containing)

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Functions of Protein Functions of Protein

Function Example
Function Example Metabolic Control Hormones (Insulin, Glucagon,
Transport and Storage Myoglobin (Muscle)and Oxytocin, Vasopressin)
Hemoglobin (Blood)
Immune System Immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE
Transferrin (Transport of Iron)
and IgD)
Ferritin (Storage of Iron)
Tissue Differentiation Stem Cells
Skeletal and Muscular Actin and Myosin
TNF- Programmed Cell Death
Contraction
Structural Function Collagen
Biological Catalyst Enzymes
Elastin
Keratin
Fibroin

A.Match the following diseases to their deficiency: Glycogen Storage Diseases

a.Hexoaminidas e A- deficient
Type Name Deficiency
b.B-glucosidase deficient
0 Glycogen synthase
c.Glucose-6-phos phatas e deficient
1 Von Gierk’s Glucose-6-phosphatase
d.Debranching enzyme deficient
2 Pompe’s Alpha-glucosidase
e.HGPRT Deficiency
3 Cori’s Debranching enzyme
1.Lesch-Nyham Syndrome (E)
4 Anderson’s Branching enzyme
2.Gaucher’s Syndrome (B)
3.Tay-sachs Disease (A) 5 McArdle’s Muscle Phosphorylase
4.Von Gierk’s Disease (C) 6 Her’s Liver Phosphorylase
5.Cori’s Disease (D) 7 Taru’s Phosphofructokinase

Diseases related to Lipids Diseases related to Amino Acid

Name Deficiency Name Deficiency
Tay-Sachs Hexoaminidase A Alkaptonuria Homogentisate oxidase
Gauchers B- glucosidase Albinism Tyrosinase
Fabry’s A- galactosidase (Inc. Globosides) Phenylketonuria Phenylalanine hydroxylase
Farber Ceraminidase Maple Syrup Urine Branched chain ketoacid
Sandhoff Increase in ganglioside dehydrogenase
Krabbe B-galactosidase
Niemann-Pick Sphingomyelinase

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A.Match the amino acid building block of the following Products of Amino Acid
hormone or products: Amino Acid Products Amino Products
a.Tyrosine Acid
b.Tryptophan
Tryptophan - Catecholamines Histidine - Histamine
c.Histidine - Thyroid Hormone - Imidazole Alkaloid
1.Serotonin (B) - Melanine (Pilocarpine)
2.Dopamine (A) - Isoquinoline Alkaloid
3. Pilocarpine (C) Glutamate - GABA
Tryptophan - Serotonin
4.Melatonin (B) - Melatonin Arginine - Nitric Oxide
5.Isoquinoline Alkaloid (A) - Indole Alkaloid

A.Match the following glycoside to their group: Glycosides

a.Dioscorea
Anthraquinone Cardiac Saponin
b.Hesperidin
c.Senna Cascara Sagrada Digitalis Glycerrhiza/ Licorice
d.Apocynum Frangula Convallaria Dioscorea or Yam
e.Salicin Aloe Apocynum Ginseng
1.Anthraquinone (C) Rhubarb Adonis
2.Sapogenin (A)
Senna Black Hellebore
3.Flavonoid (B)
4.Cardiac Glycoside (D) Chrysarobin Strophantus
5.Alcohol (E) Squill

Glycosides Glycosides

Cyanogenic Isothiocyanate Flavonol Alcohol Aldehyde Phenol Lactone

Bitter almonds Black Mustard Rutin and Hesperidin Salix purpurea Vanilla Uva Ursi Coumarin
Wild cherry White Mustard Hesperitin, Diosmin, and Poison ivy Cantharides
Naringin Poison oak Psoralens
Apricots Milk Thistle

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A.Match the following:

1.Test for Sesame Oil:
a.Theobroma
a.Baudouin Test
b.Jojaba Oil
b.Halphen Test
c.Cod Liver oil
c.Serger Test
d.Lanolin
1.The only liquid fat (C) d.Millon Test
2.The only liquid wax (B)
3.The only solid oil (A)

1.Test for Cottonseed oil:

a.Baudouin Test
b.Halphen Test
c.Serger Test
d.Millon Test

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