ET-335 TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION AND PROTECTION OF

ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM.

Total Contact Hours:

Theory: 128 TPC
Practical: 96 435

AIMS The course aims to provide understanding of the systems, constants, effects and
mechanical consideration of both overhead and underground transmission and
distribution lines, effects of low power factor on system performance are also included.

The 2nd half of the course in designed to provide understanding of system protection
techniques, switch gear involved and protective relaying schemes. It is also aimed to
provide sufficient knowledge of various solid state (Static) relays being used and the
schemes of protection of generators, transformers, feeders and transmission lines.

1. TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS. 16 Hrs.

1.1 Introduction with respect to Voltages (Low Medium and E.H.T), overhead and
underground and A.C. & D.C.
1.2 Comparison between A.C. & D.C. supply systems.
1.3 Purpose of transmission.
1.4 Choice of frequency.
1.5 Choice of voltages.
1.6 Choice of conductors.
1.7 Choice of supply circuits.
1.8 Ring system of transmission (A.C.).
1.9 Effect on transmission lines due to power factor and voltage
1.10 Economic consideration of power factor improvement.
1.10.1 Causes of low p.f.
1.10.2 Disadvantages of low p.f.
1.10.3 Effect of power factor on industrial tariff.
1.10.4 Improving methods: (Bank capacitors, Synchronous compensators, Phase
advancers)
1.10.5 Calculations on power factor improvement.

2. TRANSMISSION LINES. 16 Hrs.

2.1 Constants of transmission line for 1 phase & 3 phase (with equal spacing).
2.1.1 Resistance.
2.1.2 Inductance.
2.1.3 Capacitance.
2.1.4 Formulae & calculation (without derivations).
2.2 Charging current of transmission lines.
2.3 Voltage drop in H.V. transmission lines.
2.3.1 T-Method.
2.3.2 Pi()-Method.
2.3.3 Simple calculation on voltage drop in short transmission lines with vector

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 diagrams.
2.4 Effects on transmission lines.
2.4.1 Feranti effect.
2.4.2 Skin effect.
2.4.3 Corona effect.
2.5 Kelvin's Economy-Law of Feeders (with-out calculations).

3. INSULATORS. 2 Hrs.
3.1 Types.
3.1.1 Pin type.
3.1.2 Suspension type.
3.1.3 Strain.
3.1.4 L.T.Insulators.
3.2 Uses.

4. OVERHEAD LINE CONDUCTORS. 2 Hrs.

4.1 Types.
4.1.1 Stranded copper.
4.1.2 Hollow copper.
4.1.3 Aluminum cable steel reinforced (ACSR).
4.2 Uses of line conductors.

5. POLES & TOWERS FOR TRANSMISSION LINES. 2 Hrs.

5.1 Types.
5.2 Supports.
5.3 Vibrators.
5.3 Dampers.

6. SAG. 5 Hrs.
6.1 Sag in transmission Lines.
6.2 Minimum ground clearance standards.
6.3 Calculation on sag.
6.4 Effect of wind & ice on transmission lines.
6.4.1 Problems solving.

7. UNDER GROUND POWER CABLES. 4 Hrs.

7.1 Types (HVXLPE cables, HV oil filled cable etc).
7.2 Constructions.
7.3 Effect, characteristics & uses.
7.4 Stress on insulation & capacitance.
7.5 Laying of under-ground cables.

8. D.C DISTRIBUTORS. 5 Hrs.

8.1 Systems.
8.1.1 Two Wire.
8.1.2 Three Wire.

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 8.1.3 Radial.
8.1.4 Ring Mains.
8.2 Advantages & Disadvantages.
8.3 Calculation on,
8.3.1 Fed from one end.
8.3.2 Fed from both ends.
8.3.3 Both ends uniformly loaded.
8.3.4 Both ends Mixed loaded.
8.3.5 Both ends fed with equal voltages.
8.3.6 Both ends fed with different voltages.
8.3.7 Three wire Distributor.
8.3.8 Ring distributors.

9. CONCEPT OF A.C. DISTRIBUTED LOADS WITH THE HELP OF VECTOR

DIAGRAMS. 1 Hr.

10. BALANCERS & BOOSTERS (A.C & D.C). 2 Hrs.

10.1 Balancers-Definition.
10.1.1 Types of Boosters.
10.1.2 Types of Balancers.
10.1.3 Uses of each.

11. SUB-STATION. 5 Hrs.

11.1 Classification.
11.2 Relative merits of Indoor & outdoor.
11.3 Equipment.
11.4 Bus Bar arrangements.
11.5 Grounding of star Neutral point.
11.5.1 Necessity of grounding.
11.5.2 Solid grounding.
11.5.3 Resistance grounding.
11.5.4 Reactance grounding.
11.5.5 Different sub-station schemes.
11.6 Importance & advantages of Interconnected power stations.
11.7 National Grid system of Pakistan.
11.8 Necessity of Load management (Load Despatch Centre, KESC/WAPDA).

12. REPRESENTATION OF POWER SYSTEM BY. 5 Hrs.

12.1 One (single) line diagram,
12.2 Impedance diagram.
12.3 Reactance diagram.
12.3.1 Per unit & percentage quantities.

13. FAULTS IN POWER SYSTEM. 5 Hrs.

13.1 Types of faults in power system.
13.2 Selection of Base KVA.

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 13.3 Calculation of percentage reactance at base KVA.
13.5 Symmetrical fault.
13.6 Problems on short circuit capacity.

14. REACTORS. 4 Hrs.

14.1 Necessity of reactors.
14.2 Construction of reactors.
14.3 Advantages of reactors.
14.4 Disadvantages of reactors.
14.5 Types of reactors.
14.5.1 Unshielded.
14.5.2 Magnetically shielded.
14.6 Methods of Locating Reactors.
14.6.1 Generator reactors.
14.6.2 Feeder reactors
14.6.3 Bus bar reactors.
- Ring system.
- Tie bar system.

15. CIRCUIT BREAKERS. 16 Hrs.

15.1 Necessity.
15.2 Theory of A.C Interruption
15.2.1 Phenomena of arc & its effects.
15.2.2 Magnitude of arc
15.2.3 Maintenance of arc (Arc quenching) in:
a. Oil circuit breakers.
b. Air circuit breakers.
c. Gas circuit breakers.
d. Vacuum circuit breakers.
15.3 Oil circuit breaker.
15.3.1 Working and construction.
15.3.2 Advantages and disadvantages.
15.3.3 Types
a) Bulk oil.
- Single break.
- Double Break.
b) Low oil C.B.
c) Self generated pressure type.
d) Externally generated pressure type.
15.4 Air Circuit Breakers.
15.4.1 Working &Construction
15.4.2 Advantages & Disadvantages.
15.4.3 Types of Air Blast breakers.
a. Cross Blast.
b. Axial Blast.
c. Radial Blast.

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 15.4.4 Ratings.
a. Breaking capacity.
b. Making capacity.
c. Short circuit line current ratings.
d. Rated voltages.
e. Normal current ratings.
f. Operating duty.
15.5 Gas Circuit Breakers.
15.5.1 Working & Construction of SF6 Circuit Breakers.
15.5.2 Advantages.
15.5.3 Physical & chemical properties.
15.5.4 Dielectric properties of SF6 Gas.
15.6 Vacuum Circuit Breakers.
15.6.1 Working & construction.
15.6.2 Advantages.
15.7 Gas Insulated Substations.

16. ISOLATORS. 2 Hrs.

16.1 Working principle.
16.2 Uses.
16.3 Types of Isolation.

PROTECTIVE DEVICES.

17. FUSES. 4 Hrs.

17.1 Definitions- Fuses, carrying current, fusing current, prospective current & cut off
current, total operating time, breaking capacity.
17.1.1 Fuses Materials.
17.1.2 Factors effecting fusing currents.
17.1.3 Fusing factors.
17.1.4 Arcing & pre-arcing (Melting) time.
17.2 Selection of fuses.
17.3 Advantages & disadvantages.
17.4 Types of fuses.
17.5 Application.

18. PROTECTIVE RELAYING. 12 Hrs.

18.1 Necessity of relaying.
18.2 Requirements of relaying.
18.2.1 Speed.
18.2.2 Selectivity.
18.2.3 Sensitivity.
18.2.4 Reliability.
18.2.5 Simplicity.
18.2.6 Economy.
18.3 Primary & back-up protections.

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 18.4 Classification of relays w.r.t
18.4.1 Construction & Principle.
18.4.2 Application (Uses).
18.4.3 Time of operation.
18.5 Construction & Principle of operation.
18.5.1 Buchholz's relay.
18.5.2 Induction over current relay (Non directional).
18.5.3 Induction reverse-power relay.
18.5.4 Induction directional over current relay.
18.5.5 Distance relay.
18.5.6 Impedance relay.
18.5.7 Beam relay.
18.5.8 Frequency relay.
18.5.9 Static relays (Electronic relays).
18.5.10 Amplitude-comparator relays.
18.5.11 Phase comparator relay.
18.5.12 Static over current relay.
18.5.13 Static distance relay.
18.5.14 Differential protection.
a. Current Balance.
b. Voltage Balance.

19. BUS-BAR PROTECTION. 4 Hrs.

19.1 Bus bar protection.
19.2 Frame leakage protection.
19.3 Circulating current protection.

20. FEEDER & TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION. 4 Hrs.

20.1 Time Graded Protection.
20.2 Differential protection.
20.3 Ring mains protection.

21. ALTERNATOR PROTECTION. 3 Hrs.

21.1 Alternator faults.
21.2 Protection against stator faults (Merz-price).
21.3 Balanced Earth fault protection.
21.4 Stator In-turn protection.
21.5 Un-Balanced loads.

22. TRANSFORMER PROTECTION. 3 Hrs.

22.1 Transformers faults.
22.2 Merz-price system of protection for:
22.2.1 Delta-Star.
22.2.2 Delta-Delta.
22.2.3 Star-Delta.
22.2.4 Star-Star.

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 22.3 Over current & Unrestricted earth fault protection.

23. LIGHTNING ARRESTERS. 2 Hrs.

23.1 Phenomenon (Mechanism) of lightning.
23.2 Effects of lightning on Electrical power system.
23.3 Lightning strokes.
23.3.1 Direct stroke.
23.3.2 Indirect strokes.
23.4 Protection of H.T Lines & building with ground wire.
23.5 Types of arrestor.
23.5.1 Expulsion.
23.5.2 Valve type.
23.5.3 Horn gap (Rod gap) type.

24. CALIBRATION OF RELAYS. 4 Hrs.

24.1 Need for calibration.
24.2 Equipment used for calibration.
24.3 Calibration techniques.

** Students must prepare theory and practical note books and get it checked weekly
by the concerned teacher. They should produce these to external examiner for
sessional work/marking check up at the time of final examination.

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ET-335 TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION AND PROTECTION OF
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM.

PRACTICAL EXERCISE

UNIT-1 TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION.

Lab Assignment (Lab Report-1).

The student will visit all the workshop, administrative buildings, classes, hostel and colony etc to
find out the connected load of whole Institute/College. He should be supposed to find out the
demand in KW, Load of individual Technology unit, with following load factors.

Light Load-60%
Motor Load-50%
Welding shop load 40%

With the application of diversity factor of 1.3, he will find out the KVA Capacity required for a
poly-technic along the residential accommodations, street lights & hostels.

On the main switch gear side he will divide the system into 3-Sub-mains and find out the feeder
size with pole design, conductor size conductor spacing & insulator etc., service lines for each
Technology. Service lines may be connected through underground cables. Capacities of Main
switches, fuses & circuit breakers used may also be ascertained.

This report must be submitted in the 18 week of the session

Lab Report-2
1. Design of pole with minimum sag of 11 KV lines as per WAPDA/KESC specifications in
streets, on road crossings, road sides & high ways.
2. Study of various poles & towers used in distribution & transmission lines and their
designs.
3. Study of various types of insulators used in distribution & transmission systems and their
designs.
4. Prepare a lay-out & scheme for a small grid station of a tehsil HQ/city on the drawing
sheet.

Visit and Prepare Report for Report-3

- Large grid station for general study .

- Power House.
- Enlist the equipment with KV rating & power cables used in above installations.
- Draw the drawings of: Insulators & Poles used in above installation Industrial power
plant (Diesel set), Industrial scheme of distribution of a factory with at least the load of
200 KVA capacity on drawing sheets. Enlist all Electrical equipment installed there.
- Also note the power factor improving methods used by the industries visited.

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UNIT-2 SWITCH GEAR & PROTECTION.

1 Study of different types of relays such as:-

1.1 Attracted Armature type relay.
1.2 Buchholz's relay.
1.3 Plunger type relay.
1.4 Induction over current relay.
1.5 Induction reverse power relay.
1.6 Induction relay.
1.7 Impedance relay.
1.8 Reactance relay.
1.9 Beam relay.
1.10 Frequency relay.
1.11 Static relays.
1.12 Amplitude-comparator relay.
1.13 Phase comparator relay.
1.14 Over voltage, Under voltage relay.
1.15 Static over-current relay.
1.16 Static distance relay.
1.17 Differential protection relay.
1.18 Current Balance.
1.19 Voltage Balance.
1.20 Photoelectric relay.
1.21 Thermal relay.

Note: The study should include physical design, electrical/mechanical systems, operation,
maintenance procedures, and special the techniques of setting various relays on the front
panels.

2. Study various protective schemes employing protective relays.

3. Perform calibration of electro-mechanical and static relays using calibrating

equipment.

4. Study the:- Protection schemes used for Bus bar & its Protection, Alternators protection,
Transformer protection, Feeder protection, Protecting relaying in a power house/grid
station.

5. Study the Mechanical Designs, Operation and maintenance procedures for various
types of circuit breakers, isolators, lightning arrestors.

Note: All the reports, journals/assignments must be periodically checked by the teacher and
presented for assessment to the examiner during final practical test.

Books:

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1. Transmission & Distribution by A.T.Starr.
2. Transmission & Distribution by Ghulam Mohiud-Din.
3. Electrical Technology by B.L Theraja.
4. A Course in Electrical Power by Soni Gupta.
5. Electrical Power by SL Uppal.
6. Transmission & Distribution by H.Cotton.
7. Construction Practice of Substations in India by R. Sabal.

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