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Recruit Aviation Training Manual (DRAFT)

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Recruit Training Syllabus

ORGANIZATION

 HISTORY OF THE TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CADET FORCE

 HISTORY OF THE TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO AIR GUARD

 HISTORY OF THE AVIATION CADETS

 AIR FORCE RANK DESIGNATIONS AND THEIR EQUIVALENCE

 UNITS IN AN AIR FORMATION

 ROLE AND FUNCTION OF THE TTAG
DRILL
 APC DRILL FOR RECRUITS
THEORY OF FLIGHT
 DEFINITION OF AN AEROPLANE
 PARTS OF AN AEROPLANE
 TYPES OF AEROPLANES

 MILITARY DESIGNATIONS FOR AIRCRAFT

AERONAUTICAL COMMUNICATION

 RADIOTELEPHONY
 SHORT RANGE AND LONG RANGE COMMUNICATION

AIR LAW/ RULES OF THE AIR

 DEFINITIONS OF AERODROME, RUNWAY, TAXIWAY, APRON, AIR SIDE/ GROUND SIDE,
AIR NAVIGATION

 TYPES OF NAVIGATION
 AERONAUTICAL CHARTS (HIGH ALTITUDE/LOW ALTITUDE ETC)

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THEORY OF FLIGHT
Aeroplane:
A power driven heavier than air aircraft, deriving its lift in flight chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on surfaces
which remain fixed under given conditions of flight.
(ICAO Annex I, Annex 6)
ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization
UN specialized agency works with 191 Member States and industry groups to reach consensus on international
civil aviation Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) and policies in support of a safe, efficient, secure,
economically sustainable and environmentally responsible civil aviation sector.

PARTS OF AN AEROPLANE

Figure 1: Major components of an airplane

MAJOR COMPONENTS
Although airplanes are designed for a variety of purposes, most of them have the same major components. [Figure
1] The overall characteristics are largely determined by the original design objectives. Most airplane structures
include a fuselage, wings, an empennage, landing gear, and a powerplant.

Fuselage
The fuselage is the central body of an airplane and is designed to accommodate the crew, passengers, and cargo. It
also provides the structural connection for the wings and tail assembly.

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Wings
The wings are airfoils attached to each side
of the fuselage and are the main lifting
surfaces that support the airplane in flight.
There are numerous wing designs, sizes,
and shapes used by the various
manufacturers. Each fulfills a certain need
with respect to the expected performance
for the particular airplane. Wings may be
attached at the top, middle, or lower portion
of the fuselage. These designs are referred
to as high-, mid-, and low-wing,
respectively. The number of wings can also
vary. Airplanes with a single set of wings
are referred to as monoplanes, while those
with two sets are called biplanes.
Figure 2: Wing components

Empennage
The empennage includes the entire tail group and consists of
fixed surfaces such as the vertical stabilizer and the horizontal
stabilizer. The movable surfaces include the rudder, the
elevator, and one or more trim tabs. The rudder is attached to
the back of the vertical stabilizer. During flight, it is used to
move the airplane’s nose left and right. The elevator, which is
attached to the back of the horizontal stabilizer, is used to
move the nose of the airplane up and down during flight. Trim
tabs are small, movable portions of the trailing edge of the
control surface. These movable trim tabs, which are controlled
from the flight deck, reduce control pressures. Trim tabs may
be installed on the ailerons, the rudder, and/or the elevator.

Figure 3: Empennage components

Landing Gear
The landing gear is the principal support of the airplane when parked, taxiing, taking off, or landing. The most
common type of landing gear consists of wheels, but airplanes can also be equipped with floats for water operations,
or skis for landing on snow. The landing gear consists of three wheels—two main wheels and a third wheel
positioned either at the front or rear of the airplane. Landing gear with a rear mounted wheel is called conventional
landing gear. Airplanes with conventional landing gear are sometimes referred to as tailwheel airplanes. When the
third wheel is located on the nose, it is called a nosewheel, and the design is referred to as a tricycle gear. A steerable
nosewheel or tailwheel permits the airplane to be controlled throughout all operations while on the ground. Most
aircraft are steered by moving the rudder pedals, whether nosewheel or tailwheel. Additionally, some aircraft are
steered by differential braking.

The Powerplant

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The powerplant usually includes both the engine and the

propeller. The primary function of the engine is to provide
the power to turn the propeller. It also generates electrical
power, provides a vacuum source for some flight
instruments, and in most single-engine airplanes, provides
a source of heat for the pilot and passengers. The engine is
covered by a cowling, or a nacelle, which are both types of
covered housings. The purpose of the cowling or nacelleis
to streamline the flow of air around the engine and to help
cool the engine by ducting air around the cylinders. The
propeller, mounted on the front of the engine,
translates the rotating force of the engine into thrust,
a forward acting force that helps move the airplane
through the air. The propeller may also be mounted
on the rear of the engine as in a pusher-type aircraft.
A propeller is a rotating airfoil that produces thrust
through aerodynamic action.

Figure 4: Powerplant

RADIOTELEPHONY
Pilots and air traffic controllers communicate by using the radiotelephony phraseology that consists of
a set of standardized words and phrases approved for the radiotelephony communications by ICAO in all
routine aircraft situations. The communication is made possible due to their common and work-related topics,
especially because the situations they find themselves in are highly predictable. Even if misunderstandings do occur,
they are rather easily dealt with since both parties engaged in the conversation know what replies to expect from
each other. Problems arise in non-routine and emergency situations, when pilots and controllers have to resort to
plain English because the phraseology lacks the communicative means for effective communication in
unpredictable situations such as on board medical emergencies, engine problems, fuel shortage or terrorism. When
both parties stick to the rules prescribed, problems in communication will rarely occur. First of all, good transmitting
technique is needed.

AIRCRAFT BAND
The VHF airband uses the frequencies between 108 and 137 MHz. The lowest 10 MHz of the band, from 108–
117.95 MHz, is split into 200 narrow-band channels of 50 kHz. These are reserved for navigational aids. All other
frequencies are assigned for various types of communicaton.
Very High Frequency service is dependent on line of sight.

TRANSMITTING TECHNIQUE

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1. KNOW CORRECT PROCEDURES

- Adjust equipment properly
- Use standard words and phraseology
2. MAINTAIN RADIO DISCILPINE
- Think before you speak
- Listen before you transmit
- Keep it short and concise
- Do not use slangs
3. USE GOOD MICROPHONE TECHNIQUES
- Hold microphone close to mouth
- Speak clearly and distinctively
- Speak directly into microphone
- Do not cut your transmission with the microphone button

RADIO CHECK AND READABILITY SCALE

When radio checks are made, the following readability scale is to be used to indicate the quality of the
transmission:

Readability scale

Test transmissions should consist of the following items:

1. the identification of the aeronautical station being called
2. the aircraft identification
3. the words "RADIO CHECK"
4. the frequency being used

Replies to test transmissions should be as follows:

1. the identification of the station calling
2. the identification of the station replying
3. information regarding the readability of transmission

Example:
Aircraft: Piarco Ground, 9Y-AVN, Radio check, 121.9
Ground: 9Y-AVN, Piarco Ground, reading you 5
TRANSMISSION OF LETTERS

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The phonetic words shall be used when individual letters are required to be transmitted.
The following words are to be used when it is required to transmit individual letters.

TRANSMISSION OF NUMBERS

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All numbers except whole hundreds, whole thousands and combinations of thousands and whole hundreds shall be
transmitted by pronouncing each digit separately. Whole hundreds and whole thousands shall be transmitted by
pronouncing each digit in the number of hundreds or thousands followed by the word HUNDRED or TOUSAND
as appropriate. Combinations of thousands and whole hundreds shall be transmitted by pronouncing each digit in
the number of thousand followed by the word TOUSAND and the number of hundreds followed by the word
HUNDRED.

The following examples illustrate the application of this procedure:

AIR LAW/ RULES OF THE AIR

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Aerodrome: A defined area on land or water (including any buildings, installations, and equipment) intended
to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface movement of aircraft.
Runway: defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft.
Taxiway: A defined path on a land aerodrome established for the taxiing of aircraft and intended to provide
a link between one part of the aerodrome and another, including:
a) Aircraft stand taxilane: A portion of an apron designated as a taxiway and intended to provide access to
aircraft stands only.
b) Apron taxiway: A portion of a taxiway system located on an apron and intended to provide a through
taxi route across the apron.
c) Rapid exit taxiway: A taxiway connected to a runway at an acute angle and designed to allow landing
aeroplanes to turn off at higher speeds than are achieved on other exit taxiways thereby minimizing
runway occupancy times.

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Apron: A defined area, on a land aerodrome, intended to accommodate aircraft for purposes of loading or
unloading passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling, parking or maintenance.

AIR NAVIGATION

The techniques used for navigation in the air will depend on whether the aircraft is flying under visual flight rules
(VFR) or instrument flight rules (IFR)
VFR: the pilot will mostly navigate using "dead reckoning" combined with visual observations (known as
pilotage), with reference to maps. This may be supplemented using radio navigation.
IFR: the pilot will navigate using instruments and radio navigation aid such as beacons, or as directed
under radar control by air traffic control.

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Enroute chart provides detailed information useful for instrument flight, including information on radionavigation
aids.

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