Apprenticeship Program Syllabus

Dept: MECHANICAL

VALVE

A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the

flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by
opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passage ways.
Valves are technically fittings , but are usually discussed as a
separate category. In an open valve, fluid flows in a direction
from higher pressure to lower pressure. The word is derived
from the Latin valva, the moving part of a door, in turn from
volvere, to turn, roll.

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Dept: MECHANICAL

CLASSIFICATION OF VALVES

Following valves are classified as per functions & applications.

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1. GATE VALVE (Vertical slide type)

A gate valve, also known as a sluice valve, is a valve that

opens by lifting a barrier (gate) out of the path of the fluid. Gate
valves require very little space along the pipe axis and hardly
restrict the flow of fluid when the gate is fully opened. Gate
valves are used to shut off the flow of liquids rather than for
flow regulation. When fully open, the typical gate valve has no
obstruction in the flow path, resulting in very low flow
resistance. The size of the open flow path generally varies in a
nonlinear manner as the gate is moved. This means that the flow
rate does not change evenly with stem travel.

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2. GLOBE VALVE (Stopper type)

Globe valves are named for their spherical body shape with
the two halves of the body being separated by an internal baffle.
This has an opening that forms a seat on to which a
movable plug can be screwed in to close (or shut) the valve. The
plug is also called a disc or disk. In globe valves, the plug is
connected to a stem which is operated by screw action using
a handwheel in manual valves. Globe valves with ports at such
an angle are called angle globe valves. Globe valves are mainly

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used for corrosive or high viscous fluids which solidify at room
temperature. Types of Globe valve

a. SDNR (screw down non return)

b. SDSL (screw down screw lift)

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Angle globe valve

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3. EMERGENCY SHUT OFF VALVE (Stopper type)

A shutdown valve is an actuated valve designed to stop

the flow of a hazardous fluid upon the detection of a dangerous
event. This provides protection against possible harm to people,
equipment or the environment. Shutdown valves form part of
a safety instrumented system. The process of providing
automated safety protection upon the detection of a hazardous
event is called functional safety.Shutdown valves are primarily
associated with the petroleum industry although other industries
may also require this type of protection system.For shutdown
valves used in safety instrumented systems it is essential to
know that the valve is capable of providing the required level of
safety performance and that the valve will operate on demand.

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Dept: MECHANICAL

4. a.BUTTERFLY VALVE (Rotary type)

A butterfly valve is a valve that isolates or regulates

the flow of a fluid. The closing mechanism is a disk that
rotates.A butterfly valve is from a family of valves
called quarter-turn valves. In operation, the valve is fully open
or closed when the disc is rotated a quarter turn. The "butterfly"
is a metal disc mounted on a rod. When the valve is closed, the
disc is turned so that it completely blocks off the passageway.
When the valve is fully open, the disc is rotated a quarter turn so
that it allows an almost unrestricted passage of the fluid.

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Types of butterfly valves

a.Lug type
b.Wafer type

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c.Gear type wheel operated

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5. b.BALL VALVE (Rotary type)

A ball valve is a form of quarter-turn valve which uses a

hollow, perforated and pivoting ball to control flow through it. It
is open when the ball's hole is in line with the flow and closed
when it is pivoted 90-degrees by the valve handle.Ball valves
are durable, performing well after many cycles, and reliable,
closing securely even after long periods of disuse. These
Qualities make the man excellent choice for shutoff
applications,where they are often preferred to gates and globe
valves, but they lack their fine control in throttling applications.
The ball valve's ease of operation, repair.

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Dept: MECHANICAL

6. CHECK VALVE

These are also known as reflux valves or non -return valves.

A check valve is an automatic device which allows water to go
in one direction only. The reflux valve is invariably placed in
water pipe which obtains water directly from pump. When pump
fails or stops, the water will not run back to the pump and thus
the pumping equipment will be saved from damage. Similarly at
inter-connections between a polluted water system and a potable
water system, the provision of reflux valve will prevent the
entry of polluted water into the pure water.

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Dept: MECHANICAL

7. STROM VALVE

A Storm valve is basically a swing Check valve with a

Closing device. The closing device is usually a hand wheel but
they can also be actuated. Storm valves are usually found on
ships in sanitary piping systems which have a ships side exit.
They prevent sea water entering the system during a heavy
seaInside the valve flap is there which is attached to a counter
weight, and a locking block. The locking block is the piece of
the valve that is controlled and operated by the external hand
wheel or actuator. The purpose of the locking block is to hold

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the flap in place which ultimately prevents the flow of fluid.

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Dept: MECHANICAL

working of strom valve

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8. FLAP VALVE

A protective device installed in a drainage system to guard

against the effect of back flooding caused by surcharge. A flap
valve is simple, one-way valve that allows the flow of gases or
fluids in one direction while preventing flow in the opposite
direction. The valve accomplishes this objective with a spring
loaded or weighted flap placed across the opening of a pipe,
tube, or duct. The valve flap releases in the direction of the
desired flow and is either forced open by the flow or by remote
means. When the flow ceases or the remote actuation releases,
the spring or weight of the flap closes it against a seal,
effectively preventing fluid or gas from flowing back into the
pipe.

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9. RELIEF VALVE

These are also known as the automatic cut-off valves or

safety valves. The load on the spring is adjusted to the
maximum pressure. The relief valves are located at every point
along the water pipe where pressure is likely to be maximum.
When pressure of water exceeds a predetermined limit, the
valve operates automatically and it will save a particular

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section of water pipe before bursting of pipe takes place.

10. FOOT VALVE

Foot valves are a type of check valve and are placed at the
pump’s wet well. Unlike other valves, a foot valve is created
with a larger flow area than the actual pipe size to make sure

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that there is less head loss. Foot valves are either made of PVC
plastic or stainless steel, and they are known for keeping the
continuous presence of suction within the pump. Foot valves are
used to maintain hydraulic pressure to keep the water flow in
accordance with the given settings or configurations. There are

instances where the pressure can actually pop the valve out and
cause major leakage; thus, it is important to use the right kind of
material in the tubing to be able to support the force within the
valve.

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11. DAIPHRAGM VALVE

Diaphragm valves consists of a valve body with two or

more ports, an elastomeric diaphragm, and a "weir or saddle" or
seat upon which the diaphragm closes the valve. The valve body
may be constructed from plastic, metal, wood or other materials
depending on the intended use. Diaphragm valves are used on
shut-off and throttling service for liquids, slurries and
vacuum/gas.The seal is achieved by a flexible membrane,
usually elastomer, and possibly reinforced with a metal part.
The membrane is tensed by the effect of a stem/compressor with
lineal movement until contact is made against the seal of the
body.

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