IBFurtherMathGuide2014 PDF

Diploma Programme
Further mathematics HL guide

First examinations 2014
Diploma Programme

First examinations 2014
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© International Baccalaureate Organization 2007

Contents
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Introduction
Purpose of this document
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Further mathematics HL guide 1

Introduction
The Diploma Programme
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2 Further mathematics HL guide

The Diploma Programme
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The IB mission statement and the IB learner profile

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Introduction
Nature of the subject
Introduction
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Summary of courses available

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Mathematical studies SL
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['(&(*&3")(,3&*S1H*,(()*30*"3%$%:(*3'(*&313%&3%7&*1,)*$09%71$*5(1&0,%,9*3'13*3'(H*'1F(*$(15,()*1&*=153*02*3'(*
S13'(S13%71$*&3")%(&*DB*70"5&(*%,*3'(%5*2"3"5(*&3")%(&Y
Mathematics SL
['%&*70"5&(*713(5&*205*&3")(,3&*G'0*1$5(1)H*=0&&(&&*\,0G$()9(*02*#1&%7*S13'(S13%71$*70,7(=3&;*1,)*G'0*15(*
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&"7'*1&*7'(S%&35H;*(70,0S%7&;*=&H7'0$09H*1,)*#"&%,(&&*1)S%,%&3513%0,Y
Mathematics HL
['%&*70"5&(*713(5&*205*&3")(,3&*G%3'*1*900)*#17\950",)*%,*S13'(S13%7&*G'0*15(*70S=(3(,3*%,*1*51,9(*02*
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Further mathematics HL
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,(7(&&15H*]"1$%2%713%0,*30*&3")H*205*1*)(95((*%,*S13'(S13%7&Y
Further mathematics HL—course details

['(*,13"5(*02*3'(*&"#e(73*%&*&"7'*3'13*%3*207"&(&*0,*)%22(5(,3*#51,7'(&*02*S13'(S13%7&*30*(,70"519(*&3")(,3&*30*
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02*30=%7*05*#51,7'Y

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5(9%&3(5()*205*S13'(S13%7&*MBY
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Prior learning
@13'(S13%7&*%&*1*$%,(15*&"#e(73;*1,)*%3*%&*(E=(73()*3'13*S0&3*&3")(,3&*(S#15\%,9*0,*1*a%=$0S1*!50951SS(*
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1==5017';*1,)*S1H*'1F(*'1)*1,*0==053",%3H*30*70S=$(3(*1,*(E3(,)()*=%(7(*02*G05\*%,*S13'(S13%7&Y
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Links to the Middle Years Programme

['(*=5%05*$(15,%,9*30=%7&*205*3'(*a!*70"5&(&*'1F(*#((,*G5%33(,*%,*70,e",73%0,*G%3'*3'(*@%))$(*g(15&*
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1&&(&&S(,3*300$&Y
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3(17'(5&Y
Mathematics and theory of knowledge

['(*40,%*9(%:(;7%<$,-+,(+8"-,*I@157'*-..bL*%)(,3%2%(&*20"5*G1H&*02*\,0G%,9;*1,)*%3*70"$)*#(*7$1%S()*3'13*
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Mathematics and the international dimension

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Introduction
Aims
Group 5 aims
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Introduction
Assessment objectives
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Syllabus
Syllabus outline
Teaching hours
Syllabus component
HL
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Syllabus
Approaches to the teaching and learning of

further mathematics HL
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Mathematical inquiry
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Approaches to the teaching and learning of further mathematics HL
Mathematical modelling and applications

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Technology
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Format of the syllabus

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Notes on the syllabus

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['(*3(5S*h3(7',0$09Hi*%&*"&()*205*1,H*205S*02*71$7"$1305*05*70S="3(5*3'13*S1H*#(*1F1%$1#$(Y*M0G(F(5;*
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,03*"&(*3(7',0$09HY
Course of study
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Time allocation
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Use of calculators
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Mathematics HL and further mathematics

HL formula booklet
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Command terms and notation list

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Syllabus content
Geometry theorems—clarification of theorems used in topic 2

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The intersecting chords theorem

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The tangent–secant and secant–secant theorems

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Syllabus content
Ceva’s theorem
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Syllabus content
Angle bisector theorem

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Syllabus
Glossary of terminology: Discrete mathematics
Introduction
[(17'(5&*1,)*&3")(,3&*&'0"$)*#(*1G15(*3'13*S1,H*)%22(5(,3*3(5S%,0$09%(&*(E%&3*%,*951='*3'(05H;*1,)*3'13*)%22(5(,3*
3(E3#00\&*S1H*(S=$0H*)%22(5(,3*70S#%,13%0,&*02*3'(&(Y*cE1S=$(&*02*3'(&(*15(T*F(53(E`,0)(`e",73%0,`=0%,3f*
()9(`50"3(`157f*)(95((`05)(5*02*1*F(53(Ef*S"$3%=$(*()9(&`=151$$($*()9(&f*$00=`&($2<$00=Y
4,*46*(E1S%,13%0,*]"(&3%0,&;*3'(*3(5S%,0$09H*"&()*G%$$*#(*1&*%3*1==(15&*%,*3'(*&H$$1#"&Y*Q05*7$15%3H;*3'(&(*3(5S&*
15(*)(2%,()*#($0GY
Terminology
Bipartite graph N*951='*G'0&(*F(53%7(&*71,*#(*)%F%)()*%,30*3G0*&(3&*&"7'*3'13*,0*3G0*F(53%7(&*%,*3'(*
&1S(*&(3*15(*1)e17(,3Y
Circuit N*G1$\*3'13*#(9%,&*1,)*(,)&*13*3'(*&1S(*F(53(E;*1,)*'1&*,0*5(=(13()*()9(&Y
Complement of a N*951='*G%3'*3'(*&1S(*F(53%7(&*1&*C*#"3*G'%7'*'1&*1,*()9(*#(3G((,*1,H*3G0*
graph G F(53%7(&*%2*1,)*0,$H*%2*C*)0(&*,03Y
Complete bipartite N*#%=153%3(*951='*%,*G'%7'*(F(5H*F(53(E*%,*0,(*&(3*%&*e0%,()*30*(F(5H*F(53(E*%,*3'(*

graph 03'(5*&(3Y
Complete graph N*&%S=$(*951='*%,*G'%7'*(17'*=1%5*02*F(53%7(&*%&*e0%,()*#H*1,*()9(Y
Connected graph N*951='*%,*G'%7'*(17'*=1%5*02*F(53%7(&*%&*e0%,()*#H*1*=13'Y
Cycle N*G1$\*3'13*#(9%,&*1,)*(,)&*13*3'(*&1S(*F(53(E;*1,)*'1&*,0*03'(5*5(=(13()*F(53%7(&Y
Degree of a vertex ['(*,"S#(5*02*()9(&*e0%,()*30*3'(*F(53(Ef*1*$00=*70,35%#"3(&*3G0*()9(&;*0,(*205*

(17'*02*%3&*(,)*=0%,3&Y
Disconnected graph N*951='*3'13*'1&*13*$(1&3*0,(*=1%5*02*F(53%7(&*,03*e0%,()*#H*1*=13'Y
Eulerian circuit N*7%57"%3*3'13*70,31%,&*(F(5H*()9(*02*1*951='Y
Eulerian trail N*351%$*3'13*70,31%,&*(F(5H*()9(*02*1*951='Y
Graph O0,&%&3&*02*1*&(3*02*F(53%7(&*1,)*1*&(3*02*()9(&Y
Graph isomorphism N*0,(<30<0,(*7055(&=0,)(,7(*#(3G((,*F(53%7(&*02*C*1,)*>*&"7'*3'13*1*=1%5*02*

between two simple F(53%7(&*%,*C*%&*1)e17(,3*%2*1,)*0,$H*%2*3'(*7055(&=0,)%,9*=1%5*%,*>*%&*1)e17(,3Y
graphs G and H
Hamiltonian cycle N*7H7$(*3'13*70,31%,&*1$$*3'(*F(53%7(&*02*3'(*951='Y
Hamiltonian path N*=13'*3'13*70,31%,&*1$$*3'(*F(53%7(&*02*3'(*951='Y

Glossary of terminology: Discrete mathematics
Loop N,*()9(*e0%,%,9*1*F(53(E*30*%3&($2Y
Minimum spanning N*&=1,,%,9*35((*02*1*G(%9'3()*951='*3'13*'1&*3'(*S%,%S"S*3031$*G(%9'3Y

tree
Multiple edges 877"5*%2*S05(*3'1,*0,(*()9(*e0%,&*3'(*&1S(*=1%5*02*F(53%7(&Y
Path N*G1$\*G%3'*,0*5(=(13()*F(53%7(&Y
Planar graph N*951='*3'13*71,*#(*)51G,*%,*3'(*=$1,(*G%3'0"3*1,H*()9(*750&&%,9*1,03'(5Y
Simple graph N*951='*G%3'0"3*$00=&*05*S"$3%=$(*()9(&Y
Spanning tree of a N*&"#951='*3'13*%&*1*35((;*70,31%,%,9*(F(5H*F(53(E*02*3'(*951='Y

graph
Subgraph N*951='*G%3'%,*1*951='Y
Trail N*G1$\*%,*G'%7'*,0*()9(*1==(15&*S05(*3'1,*0,7(Y
Tree N*70,,(73()*951='*3'13*70,31%,&*,0*7H7$(&Y
Walk N*&(]"(,7(*02*$%,\()*()9(&Y
Weighted graph N*951='*%,*G'%7'*(17'*()9(*%&*1$$0713()*1*,"S#(5*05*G(%9'3Y
Weighted tree N*35((*%,*G'%7'*(17'*()9(*%&*1$$0713()*1*,"S#(5*05*G(%9'3Y

Assessment
Assessment in the Diploma Programme
General
N&&(&&S(,3*%&*1,*%,3(951$*=153*02*3(17'%,9*1,)*$(15,%,9Y*['(*S0&3*%S=0531,3*1%S&*02*1&&(&&S(,3*%,*3'(*a%=$0S1*
!50951SS(*15(*3'13*%3*&'0"$)*&"==053*7"55%7"$15*901$&*1,)*(,70"519(*1==50=5%13(*&3")(,3*$(15,%,9Y*603'*
(E3(5,1$*1,)*%,3(5,1$*1&&(&&S(,3*15(*"&()*%,*3'(*a%=$0S1*!50951SS(Y*46*(E1S%,(5&*S15\*G05\*=50)"7()*
205*(E3(5,1$*1&&(&&S(,3;*G'%$(*G05\*=50)"7()*205*%,3(5,1$*1&&(&&S(,3*%&*S15\()*#H*3(17'(5&*1,)*(E3(5,1$$H*
S0)(513()*#H*3'(*46Y
['(5(*15(*3G0*3H=(&*02*1&&(&&S(,3*%)(,3%2%()*#H*3'(*46Y
Q05S13%F(*1&&(&&S(,3*%,205S&*#03'*3(17'%,9*1,)*$(15,%,9Y*43*%&*70,7(5,()*G%3'*=50F%)%,9*177"513(*1,)*
'($=2"$*2(()#17\*30*&3")(,3&*1,)*3(17'(5&*0,*3'(*\%,)*02*$(15,%,9*31\%,9*=$17(*1,)*3'(*,13"5(*02*&3")(,3&_*
&35(,93'&*1,)*G(1\,(&&(&*%,*05)(5*30*'($=*)(F($0=*&3")(,3&_*",)(5&31,)%,9*1,)*71=1#%$%3%(&Y*Q05S13%F(*
1&&(&&S(,3*71,*1$&0*'($=*30*%S=50F(*3(17'%,9*]"1$%3H;*1&*%3*71,*=50F%)(*%,205S13%0,*30*S0,%305*=5095(&&*
30G15)&*S((3%,9*3'(*70"5&(*1%S&*1,)*0#e(73%F(&Y
D"SS13%F(*1&&(&&S(,3*9%F(&*1,*0F(5F%(G*02*=5(F%0"&*$(15,%,9*1,)*%&*70,7(5,()*G%3'*S(1&"5%,9*&3")(,3*
17'%(F(S(,3Y
['(*a%=$0S1*!50951SS(*=5%S15%$H*207"&(&*0,*&"SS13%F(*1&&(&&S(,3*)(&%9,()*30*5(705)*&3")(,3*17'%(F(S(,3*
13*05*30G15)&*3'(*(,)*02*3'(*70"5&(*02*&3")HY*M0G(F(5;*S1,H*02*3'(*1&&(&&S(,3*%,&35"S(,3&*71,*1$&0*#(*
"&()*205S13%F($H*)"5%,9*3'(*70"5&(*02*3(17'%,9*1,)*$(15,%,9;*1,)*3(17'(5&*15(*(,70"519()*30*)0*3'%&Y*N*
70S=5('(,&%F(*1&&(&&S(,3*=$1,*%&*F%(G()*1&*#(%,9*%,3(951$*G%3'*3(17'%,9;*$(15,%,9*1,)*70"5&(*0591,%:13%0,Y*
Q05*2"53'(5*%,205S13%0,;*&((*3'(*46*)*%+*'&&,(2/'7-'*-2('7-(#*'1/"1,2*)07"S(,3Y
['(*1==5017'*30*1&&(&&S(,3*"&()*#H*3'(*46*%&*75%3(5%0,<5($13();*,03*,05S<5(2(5(,7()Y*['%&*1==5017'*30*
1&&(&&S(,3*e")9(&*&3")(,3&_*G05\*#H*3'(%5*=(5205S1,7(*%,*5($13%0,*30*%)(,3%2%()*$(F($&*02*1331%,S(,3;*1,)*,03*%,*
5($13%0,*30*3'(*G05\*02*03'(5*&3")(,3&Y*Q05*2"53'(5*%,205S13%0,*0,*1&&(&&S(,3*G%3'%,*3'(*a%=$0S1*!50951SS(;*
=$(1&(*5(2(5*30*3'(*="#$%713%0,*!"#$%&'()*%+*'&&,('22,22&,7/3()*"71"#$,2('7-(#*'1/"1,Y
[0*&"==053*3(17'(5&*%,*3'(*=$1,,%,9;*)($%F(5H*1,)*1&&(&&S(,3*02*3'(*a%=$0S1*!50951SS(*70"5&(&;*1*F15%(3H*
02*5(&0"57(&*71,*#(*20",)*0,*3'(*8OO*05*="57'1&()*250S*3'(*46*&305(*I'33=T``&305(Y%#0Y059LY*[(17'(5*&"==053*
S13(5%1$&;*&"#e(73*5(=053&;*%,3(5,1$*1&&(&&S(,3*9"%)1,7(;*951)(*)(&75%=305&;*1&*G($$*1&*5(&0"57(&*250S*03'(5*
3(17'(5&;*71,*#(*20",)*0,*3'(*8OOY*D=(7%S(,*1,)*=1&3*(E1S%,13%0,*=1=(5&*1&*G($$*1&*S15\&7'(S(&*71,*#(*
="57'1&()*250S*3'(*46*&305(Y

Assessment in the Diploma Programme
Methods of assessment
['(*46*"&(&*&(F(51$*S(3'0)&*30*1&&(&&*G05\*=50)"7()*#H*&3")(,3&Y
Assessment criteria
N&&(&&S(,3*75%3(5%1*15(*"&()*G'(,*3'(*1&&(&&S(,3*31&\*%&*0=(,<(,)()Y*c17'*75%3(5%0,*70,7(,3513(&*0,*1*
=153%7"$15*&\%$$*3'13*&3")(,3&*15(*(E=(73()*30*)(S0,&3513(Y*N,*1&&(&&S(,3*0#e(73%F(*)(&75%#(&*G'13*&3")(,3&*
&'0"$)*#(*1#$(*30*)0;*1,)*1&&(&&S(,3*75%3(5%1*)(&75%#(*'0G*G($$*3'(H*&'0"$)*#(*1#$(*30*)0*%3Y*J&%,9*1&&(&&S(,3*
75%3(5%1*1$$0G&*)%&75%S%,13%0,*#(3G((,*)%22(5(,3*1,&G(5&*1,)*(,70"519(&*1*F15%(3H*02*5(&=0,&(&Y*c17'*75%3(5%0,*
70S=5%&(&*1*&(3*02*'%(5157'%71$$H*05)(5()*$(F($*)(&75%=305&Y*c17'*$(F($*)(&75%=305*%&*G053'*0,(*05*S05(*S15\&Y*
c17'*75%3(5%0,*%&*1==$%()*%,)(=(,)(,3$H*"&%,9*1*#(&3<2%3*S0)($Y*['(*S1E%S"S*S15\&*205*(17'*75%3(5%0,*S1H*
)%22(5*17705)%,9*30*3'(*75%3(5%0,_&*%S=0531,7(Y*['(*S15\&*1G15)()*205*(17'*75%3(5%0,*15(*1))()*309(3'(5*30*9%F(*
3'(*3031$*S15\*205*3'(*=%(7(*02*G05\Y
Markbands
@15\#1,)&*15(*1*70S=5('(,&%F(*&313(S(,3*02*(E=(73()*=(5205S1,7(*191%,&3*G'%7'*5(&=0,&(&*15(*e")9()Y*['(H*
5(=5(&(,3*1*&%,9$(*'0$%&3%7*75%3(5%0,*)%F%)()*%,30*$(F($*)(&75%=305&Y*c17'*$(F($*)(&75%=305*7055(&=0,)&*30*1*51,9(*
02*S15\&*30*)%22(5(,3%13(*&3")(,3*=(5205S1,7(Y*N*#(&3<2%3*1==5017'*%&*"&()*30*1&7(531%,*G'%7'*=153%7"$15*S15\*30*
"&(*250S*3'(*=0&&%#$(*51,9(*205*(17'*$(F($*)(&75%=305Y
Markschemes
['%&*9(,(5%7*3(5S*%&*"&()*30*)(&75%#(*1,1$H3%7*S15\&7'(S(&*3'13*15(*=5(=15()*205*&=(7%2%7*(E1S%,13%0,*=1=(5&Y*
N,1$H3%7*S15\&7'(S(&*15(*=5(=15()*205*3'0&(*(E1S%,13%0,*]"(&3%0,&*3'13*(E=(73*1*=153%7"$15*\%,)*02*5(&=0,&(*
1,)`05*1*9%F(,*2%,1$*1,&G(5*250S*3'(*&3")(,3&Y*['(H*9%F(*)(31%$()*%,&35"73%0,&*30*(E1S%,(5&*0,*'0G*30*#5(1\*
)0G,*3'(*3031$*S15\*205*(17'*]"(&3%0,*205*)%22(5(,3*=153&*02*3'(*5(&=0,&(Y*N*S15\&7'(S(*S1H*%,7$")(*3'(*
70,3(,3*(E=(73()*%,*3'(*5(&=0,&(&*30*]"(&3%0,&*05*S1H*#(*1*&(5%(&*02*S15\%,9*,03(&*9%F%,9*9"%)1,7(*0,*'0G*30*
1==$H*75%3(5%1Y

Assessment
Assessment outline
!*#,$'&A)(*7)$*47,'B<8>
Assessment component Weighting
External assessment (5 hours)

Paper 1 (2 hours 30 minutes) 50%
C51='%7*)%&=$1H*71$7"$1305*5(]"%5()Y
O0S="$&05H*&'053<*30*S()%"S<5(&=0,&(*]"(&3%0,&*#1&()*0,*3'(*G'0$(*&H$$1#"&Y
Paper 2 (2 hours 30 minutes) 50%

C51='%7*)%&=$1H*71$7"$1305*5(]"%5()Y
O0S="$&05H*S()%"S<*30*(E3(,)()<5(&=0,&(*]"(&3%0,&*#1&()*0,*3'(*G'0$(*&H$$1#"&Y

Assessment
Assessment details
External assessment
Papers 1 and 2
['(&(*=1=(5&*15(*(E3(5,1$$H*&(3*1,)*(E3(5,1$$H*S15\()Y*['(*=1=(5&*15(*)(&%9,()*30*1$$0G*&3")(,3&*30*
)(S0,&3513(*G'13*3'(H*\,0G*1,)*G'13*3'(H*71,*)0Y
@15\&7'(S(&*15(*"&()*30*1&&(&&*&3")(,3&*%,*#03'*=1=(5&Y*['(*S15\&7'(S(&*15(*&=(7%2%7*30*(17'*(E1S%,13%0,Y
Calculators
Papers 1 and 2
D3")(,3&*S"&3*'1F(*177(&&*30*1*CaO*13*1$$*3%S(&Y*M0G(F(5;*,03*1$$*]"(&3%0,&*G%$$*,(7(&&15%$H*5(]"%5(*3'(*"&(*02*
3'(*CaOY*?(9"$13%0,&*70F(5%,9*3'(*3H=(&*02*CaO*1$$0G()*15(*=50F%)()*%,*3'(*>'7-?%%;(%:(#*%1,-8*,2(:%*(/0,(
!"#$%&'()*%+*'&&,Y
Mathematics HL and further mathematics HL formula booklet

c17'*&3")(,3*S"&3*'1F(*177(&&*30*1*7$(1,*70=H*02*3'(*205S"$1*#00\$(3*)"5%,9*3'(*(E1S%,13%0,Y*43*%&*3'(*
5(&=0,&%#%$%3H*02*3'(*&7'00$*30*)0G,$01)*1*70=H*250S*464D*05*3'(*8OO*1,)*30*(,&"5(*3'13*3'(5(*15(*&"22%7%(,3*
70=%(&*1F1%$1#$(*205*1$$*&3")(,3&Y
Awarding of marks
@15\&*S1H*#(*1G15)()*205*S(3'0);*177"517H;*1,&G(5&*1,)*5(1&0,%,9;*%,7$")%,9*%,3(5=5(313%0,Y
4,*=1=(5*/*1,)*=1=(5*-;*2"$$*S15\&*15(*,03*,(7(&&15%$H*1G15)()*205*1*7055(73*1,&G(5*G%3'*,0*G05\%,9Y*
N,&G(5&*S"&3*#(*&"==053()*#H*G05\%,9*1,)`05*(E=$1,13%0,&*I%,*3'(*205S*02;*205*(E1S=$(;*)%1951S&;*951='&*
05*71$7"$13%0,&LY*P'(5(*1,*1,&G(5*%&*%,7055(73;*&0S(*S15\&*S1H*#(*9%F(,*205*7055(73*S(3'0);*=50F%)()*3'%&*%&*
&'0G,*#H*G5%33(,*G05\%,9Y*N$$*&3")(,3&*&'0"$)*3'(5(205(*#(*1)F%&()*30*&'0G*3'(%5*G05\%,9Y
Paper 1
1"#)$*47D'B'%4"#,'M<'(*7"$&,
S&*/%$*7/D'@<T
['%&*=1=(5*70,&%&3&*02*&'053<*30*S()%"S<5(&=0,&(*]"(&3%0,&Y*N*CaO*%&*5(]"%5()*205*3'%&*=1=(5;*#"3*,03*
(F(5H*]"(&3%0,*G%$$*,(7(&&15%$H*5(]"%5(*%3&*"&(Y
Syllabus coverage
K,0G$()9(*02*)33*30=%7&*%,*3'(*&H$$1#"&*%&*5(]"%5()*205*3'%&*=1=(5Y*M0G(F(5;*,03*1$$*30=%7&*15(*,(7(&&15%$H*
1&&(&&()*%,*(F(5H*(E1S%,13%0,*&(&&%0,Y

Assessment details
Mark allocation
['%&*=1=(5*%&*G053'*8@<*S15\&;*5(=5(&(,3%,9*>.r*02*3'(*2%,1$*S15\Y
p"(&3%0,&*02*F15H%,9*$(F($&*02*)%22%7"$3H*1,)*$(,93'*15(*&(3Y*['(5(205(;*%,)%F%)"1$*]"(&3%0,&*S1H*,03*
,(7(&&15%$H*#(*G053'*3'(*&1S(*,"S#(5*02*S15\&Y*['(*(E173*,"S#(5*02*S15\&*1$$0713()*30*(17'*]"(&3%0,*%&*
%,)%713()*13*3'(*&3153*02*3'(*]"(&3%0,Y
['(*%,3(,3%0,*02*3'%&*=1=(5*%&*30*3(&3*&3")(,3&_*\,0G$()9(*1750&&*3'(*#5(1)3'*02*3'(*&H$$1#"&Y
Question type
p"(&3%0,&*S1H*#(*=5(&(,3()*%,*3'(*205S*02*G05)&;*&HS#0$&;*)%1951S&*05*31#$(&;*05*70S#%,13%0,&*02*3'(&(Y
Paper 2
1"#)$*47D'B'%4"#,'M<'(*7"$&,
S&*/%$*7/D'@<T
['%&*=1=(5*70,&%&3&*02*S()%"S<*30*(E3(,)()<5(&=0,&(*]"(&3%0,&Y*N*CaO*%&*5(]"%5()*205*3'%&*=1=(5;*#"3*
,03*(F(5H*]"(&3%0,*G%$$*,(7(&&15%$H*5(]"%5(*%3&*"&(Y
Syllabus coverage
K,0G$()9(*02*)33*30=%7&*%,*3'(*705(*02*3'(*&H$$1#"&*%&*5(]"%5()*205*3'%&*=1=(5Y*M0G(F(5;*,03*1$$*30=%7&*15(*
,(7(&&15%$H*1&&(&&()*%,*(F(5H*(E1S%,13%0,*&(&&%0,Y
Mark allocation
['%&*=1=(5*%&*G053'*8@<*S15\&;*5(=5(&(,3%,9*@<T*02*3'(*2%,1$*S15\Y
p"(&3%0,&*02*F15H%,9*$(F($&*02*)%22%7"$3H*1,)*$(,93'*15(*&(3Y*['(5(205(;*%,)%F%)"1$*]"(&3%0,&*S1H*,03*
,(7(&&15%$H*(17'*#(*G053'*3'(*&1S(*,"S#(5*02*S15\&Y*['(*(E173*,"S#(5*02*S15\&*1$$0713()*30*(17'*
]"(&3%0,*%&*%,)%713()*13*3'(*&3153*02*3'(*]"(&3%0,Y
['(*%,3(,3%0,*02*3'%&*=1=(5*%&*30*3(&3*&3")(,3&_*\,0G$()9(*1,)*",)(5&31,)%,9*1750&&*3'(*#5(1)3'*02*3'(*
&H$$1#"&Y
Question type
p"(&3%0,&*S1H*#(*=5(&(,3()*%,*3'(*205S*02*G05)&;*&HS#0$&;*)%1951S&*05*31#$(&;*05*70S#%,13%0,&*02*3'(&(Y
Internal assessment
['(5(*%&*,0*%,3(5,1$*1&&(&&S(,3*70S=0,(,3*%,*3'%&*70"5&(Y

Appendices
Glossary of command terms
Command terms with definitions

D3")(,3&*&'0"$)*#(*21S%$%15*G%3'*3'(*20$$0G%,9*\(H*3(5S&*1,)*='51&(&*"&()*%,*(E1S%,13%0,*]"(&3%0,&;*G'%7'*
15(*30*#(*",)(5&300)*1&*)(&75%#()*#($0GY*N$3'0"9'*3'(&(*3(5S&*G%$$*#(*"&()*%,*(E1S%,13%0,*]"(&3%0,&;*03'(5*
3(5S&*S1H*#(*"&()*30*)%5(73*&3")(,3&*30*=5(&(,3*1,*159"S(,3*%,*1*&=(7%2%7*G1HY
Calculate 8#31%,*1*,"S(5%71$*1,&G(5*&'0G%,9*3'(*5($(F1,3*&319(&*%,*3'(*G05\%,9Y
Comment C%F(*1*e")9S(,3*#1&()*0,*1*9%F(,*&313(S(,3*05*5(&"$3*02*1*71$7"$13%0,Y
Compare C%F(*1,*1770",3*02*3'(*&%S%$15%3%(&*#(3G((,*3G0*I05*S05(L*%3(S&*05*&%3"13%0,&;*
5(2(55%,9*30*#03'*I1$$L*02*3'(S*3'50"9'0"3Y
Compare and C%F(*1,*1770",3*02*3'(*&%S%$15%3%(&*1,)*)%22(5(,7(&*#(3G((,*3G0*I05*S05(L*%3(S&*05*

contrast &%3"13%0,&;*5(2(55%,9*30*#03'*I1$$L*02*3'(S*3'50"9'0"3Y
Construct a%&=$1H*%,205S13%0,*%,*1*)%1951SS13%7*05*$09%71$*205SY
Contrast C%F(*1,*1770",3*02*3'(*)%22(5(,7(&*#(3G((,*3G0*I05*S05(L*%3(S&*05*&%3"13%0,&;*
5(2(55%,9*30*#03'*I1$$L*02*3'(S*3'50"9'0"3Y
Deduce ?(17'*1*70,7$"&%0,*250S*3'(*%,205S13%0,*9%F(,Y
Demonstrate @1\(*7$(15*#H*5(1&0,%,9*05*(F%)(,7(;*%$$"&3513%,9*G%3'*(E1S=$(&*05*=5173%71$*
1==$%713%0,Y
Describe C%F(*1*)(31%$()*1770",3Y
Determine 8#31%,*3'(*0,$H*=0&&%#$(*1,&G(5Y
Differentiate 8#31%,*3'(*)(5%F13%F(*02*1*2",73%0,Y
Distinguish @1\(*7$(15*3'(*)%22(5(,7(&*#(3G((,*3G0*05*S05(*70,7(=3&*05*%3(S&Y
Draw ?(=5(&(,3*#H*S(1,&*02*1*$1#($$();*177"513(*)%1951S*05*951=';*"&%,9*1*=(,7%$Y*N*
5"$(5*I&351%9'3*()9(L*&'0"$)*#(*"&()*205*&351%9'3*$%,(&Y*a%1951S&*&'0"$)*#(*)51G,*30*
&71$(Y*C51='&*&'0"$)*'1F(*=0%,3&*7055(73$H*=$033()*I%2*1==50=5%13(L*1,)*e0%,()*%,*1*
&351%9'3*$%,(*05*&S003'*7"5F(Y
Estimate 8#31%,*1,*1==50E%S13(*F1$"(Y
Explain C%F(*1*)(31%$()*1770",3;*%,7$")%,9*5(1&0,&*05*71"&(&Y
Find 8#31%,*1,*1,&G(5;*&'0G%,9*5($(F1,3*&319(&*%,*3'(*G05\%,9Y
Hence J&(*3'(*=5(7()%,9*G05\*30*0#31%,*3'(*5(]"%5()*5(&"$3Y
Hence or otherwise 43*%&*&"99(&3()*3'13*3'(*=5(7()%,9*G05\*%&*"&();*#"3*03'(5*S(3'0)&*70"$)*1$&0*5(7(%F(*

75()%3Y

Glossary of command terms
Identify !50F%)(*1,*1,&G(5*250S*1*,"S#(5*02*=0&&%#%$%3%(&Y
Integrate 8#31%,*3'(*%,3(951$*02*1*2",73%0,Y
Interpret J&(*\,0G$()9(*1,)*",)(5&31,)%,9*30*5(709,%:(*35(,)&*1,)*)51G*70,7$"&%0,&*250S*
9%F(,*%,205S13%0,Y
Investigate 8#&(5F(;*&3")H;*05*S1\(*1*)(31%$()*1,)*&H&3(S13%7*(E1S%,13%0,;*%,*05)(5*30*(&31#$%&'*
2173&*1,)*5(17'*,(G*70,7$"&%0,&Y
Justify C%F(*F1$%)*5(1&0,&*05*(F%)(,7(*30*&"==053*1,*1,&G(5*05*70,7$"&%0,Y
Label N))*$1#($&*30*1*)%1951SY
List C%F(*1*&(]"(,7(*02*#5%(2*1,&G(5&*G%3'*,0*(E=$1,13%0,Y
Plot @15\*3'(*=0&%3%0,*02*=0%,3&*0,*1*)%1951SY
Predict C%F(*1,*(E=(73()*5(&"$3Y
Prove J&(*1*&(]"(,7(*02*$09%71$*&3(=&*30*0#31%,*3'(*5(]"%5()*5(&"$3*%,*1*205S1$*G1HY
Show C%F(*3'(*&3(=&*%,*1*71$7"$13%0,*05*)(5%F13%0,Y
Show that 8#31%,*3'(*5(]"%5()*5(&"$3*I=0&&%#$H*"&%,9*%,205S13%0,*9%F(,L*G%3'0"3*3'(*205S1$%3H*

02*=5002Y*hD'0G*3'13i*]"(&3%0,&*)0*,03*9(,(51$$H*5(]"%5(*3'(*"&(*02*1*71$7"$1305Y
Sketch ?(=5(&(,3*#H*S(1,&*02*1*)%1951S*05*951='*I$1#($$()*1&*1==50=5%13(LY*['(*&\(37'*
&'0"$)*9%F(*1*9(,(51$*%)(1*02*3'(*5(]"%5()*&'1=(*05*5($13%0,&'%=;*1,)*&'0"$)*%,7$")(*
5($(F1,3*2(13"5(&Y
Solve 8#31%,*3'(*1,&G(5I&L*"&%,9*1$9(#51%7*1,)`05*,"S(5%71$*1,)`05*951='%71$*S(3'0)&Y
State C%F(*1*&=(7%2%7*,1S(;*F1$"(*05*03'(5*#5%(2*1,&G(5*G%3'0"3*(E=$1,13%0,*05*71$7"$13%0,Y
Suggest !50=0&(*1*&0$"3%0,;*'H=03'(&%&*05*03'(5*=0&&%#$(*1,&G(5Y
Verify !50F%)(*(F%)(,7(*3'13*F1$%)13(&*3'(*5(&"$3Y
Write down 8#31%,*3'(*1,&G(5I&L;*"&"1$$H*#H*(E35173%,9*%,205S13%0,Y*B%33$(*05*,0*71$7"$13%0,*%&*

5(]"%5()Y*P05\%,9*)0(&*,03*,(()*30*#(*&'0G,Y

Appendices
Notation list
!"#$%&#'()*+,-#.+$($*+.-#*.#,-&/#$%&#01#%(-#2%+-&.#$+#(3+4$#(#-5-$&6#+"#.+$($*+.#7(-&3#+.#$%&#)&2+66&.3($*+.-#+"#$%&#
0.$&).($*+.(8#!)9(.*:($*+.#"+)#;$(.3()3*:($*+.#<0;!=># ?%*-#.+$($*+.#*-#,-&3#*.#$%&#&@(6*.($*+.#4(4&)-#"+)#$%*-#2+,)-&#
A*$%+,$# &@48(.($*+.># 0"# "+)6-# +"# .+$($*+.# +$%&)# $%(.# $%+-&# 8*-$&3# *.# $%*-# 9,*3&# ()&# ,-&3# +.# (# 4()$*2,8()# &@(6*.($*+.#
4(4&)/#$%&5#()&#3&"*.&3#A*$%*.#$%&#B,&-$*+.#*.#A%*2%#$%&5#(44&()>#
1&2(,-&#-$,3&.$-#()&#)&B,*)&3#$+#)&2+9.*:&/#$%+,9%#.+$#.&2&--()*85#,-&/#01#.+$($*+.#*.#&@(6*.($*+.-/#*$#*-#)&2+66&.3&3#
$%($# $&(2%&)-# *.$)+3,2&# -$,3&.$-# $+# $%*-# .+$($*+.# ($# $%&# &()8*&-$# +44+)$,.*$5># ;$,3&.$-# ()&# !"## (88+A&3# (22&--# $+#
*."+)6($*+.#(7+,$#$%*-#.+$($*+.#*.#$%&#&@(6*.($*+.->#
;$,3&.$-#6,-$#(8A(5-#,-&#2+))&2$#6($%&6($*2(8#.+$($*+./#.+$#2(82,8($+)#.+$($*+.>#
# $%&#-&$#+"#4+-*$*'&#*.$&9&)-#(.3#:&)+/# CD/E/ F/ G/ >>>H #
# $%&#-&$#+"#*.$&9&)-/# CD/ E/ F/ G/ >>>H #
# $%&#-&$#+"#4+-*$*'&#*.$&9&)-/# CE/ F/ G/ >>>H #
# $%&#-&$#+"#)($*+.(8#.,67&)-#
# $%&#-&$#+"#4+-*$*'&#)($*+.(8#.,67&)-/# C! I ! / ! DH #
# $%&#-&$#+"#)&(8#.,67&)-#
# $%&#-&$#+"#4+-*$*'&#)&(8#.,67&)-/# C! I ! / ! DH #
# $%&#-&$#+"#2+648&@#.,67&)-/# C" *# I " / # H#
*# E#
$# (#2+648&@#.,67&)#
$ # $%&#2+648&@#2+.J,9($&#+"#$#
$ # $%&#6+3,8,-#+"#$#
()9 $ # $%&#()9,6&.$#+"#$#
K& $ # $%&#)&(8#4()$#+"#$#
06 $ # $%&#*6(9*.()5#4()$#+"#$#
2*- # 2+- * -*. #
C!E / !F / >>>H # $%&#-&$#A*$%#&8&6&.$-# !E / !F / >>> #
%< &= # $%&#.,67&)#+"#&8&6&.$-#*.#$%&#"*.*$&#-&$# & #
C! I H# $%&#-&$#+"#(88# ! -,2%#$%($#
# *-#(.#&8&6&.$#+"#
# *-#.+$#(.#&8&6&.$#+"#
# $%&#&64$5#<.,88=#-&$#
'# $%&#,.*'&)-(8#-&$#
# ,.*+.#
! !
Notation list
! "#$%&'%($")#!
! "'!*!+&)+%&!',-'%$!).!
! "'!*!',-'%$!).!
! ! $/%!()0+1%0%#$!).!$/%!'%$! ! !
! "! $/%!2*&$%'"*#!+&)3,($!).!'%$'! ! !*#3! " !4$/*$!"'5! ! " 64# 5 $7 # ! 5 $ "8 7!
#9$ ! #!3":"3%'!$!
; $/
#;< % 5! % # ! #!$)!$/%!+)=%&!).! 5! % !&))$!).!#!4".! # > !$/%#! % # > 7!
%
;
#;< ? 5! # ! #!$)!$/%!+)=%&! 5!'@,*&%!&))$!).!#!4".! # > !$/%#! # > 7!
?
!!&!.)&! & >5 !&
&! $/%!0)3,1,'!)&!*-')1,$%!:*1,%!).!&'!$/*$!"'! !
&!.)&! & >5 !&
! "3%#$"$A!
! "'!*++&)B"0*$%1A!%@,*1!$)!
! "'!C&%*$%&!$/*#!
! "'!C&%*$%&!$/*#!)&!%@,*1!$)!
! "'!1%''!$/*#!
! "'!1%''!$/*#!)&!%@,*1!$)!
! "'!#)$!C&%*$%&!$/*#!
! "'!#)$!1%''!$/*#!
# 5$ ! $/%!(1)'%3!"#$%&:*1! # & $!
#5 $ ! $/%!)+%#!"#$%&:*1! # & $!
(% ! $/
$/%! % !$%&0!).!*!'%@,%#(%!)&!'%&"%'!
)! $/%!()00)#!3"..%&%#(%!).!*#!*&"$/0%$"(!'%@,%#(%!
*! $/%!()00)#!&*$")!).!*!C%)0%$&"(!'%@,%#(%!
+% ! $/%!',0!).!$/%!."&'$!%!$%&0'!).!*!'%@,%#(%5! (; (? DDD (% !
+ ! $/%!',0!$)!"#."#"$A!).!*!'%@,%#(%5! (; (? DDD !
%
(, ! (; (? DDD (% !
, ;
%
(, ! (; (? DDD (% !
, ;
% %E
! !
* * E4% * 7E

Notation list
! !" #" $!"#$"%"&'()*#+("'(,-."/0#)0"-%)0"-1-2-(*"+&"$-*"""0%$"%("#2%3-"#("$-*"#"
! !% &" $!"#$"%"&'()*#+("'(,-."/0#)0"%"#$"2%44-,"*+"&"
! 5 %6 " *0-"#2%3-"+&"%"'(,-."*0-"&'()*#+("!"
! 7" *0-"#(8-.$-"&'()*#+("+&"*0-"&'()*#+("!"
! '" *0-")+24+$#*-"&'()*#+("+&"!"%(,"'"
1#2 ! 5 %6 " *0-"1#2#*"+&" ! 5 %6 "%$"%"*-(,$"*+"("

% (
,&
" *0-",-.#8%*#8-"+&"&"/#*0".-$4-)*"*+"%"
,%
! 5 %6 " *0-",-.#8%*#8-"+&" ! 5 %6 "/#*0".-$4-)*"*+"%"
,9 &
" *0-"$-)+(,",-.#8%*#8-"+&"&"/#*0".-$4-)*"*+"%"
,% 9
! 5 %6 " *0-"$-)+(,",-.#8%*#8-"+&" ! 5 %6 "/#*0".-$4-)*"*+"%"
,) & *0
" *0-" ) ",-.#8%*#8-"+&"&"/#*0".-$4-)*"*+"%"
,% )
) *0
! 5 %6 " *0-" ) ",-.#8%*#8-"+&" ! 5 %6 "/#*0".-$4-)*"*+"%"
& ,% " *0-"#(,-&#(#*-"#(*-3.%1"+&"&"/#*0".-$4-)*"*+"%"
*
& ,% " *0-",-&#(#*-"#(*-3.%1"+&"&"/#*0".-$4-)*"*+"%":-*/--("*0-"1#2#*$" % ( "%(," % * "
(
-% " *0-"-;4+(-(*#%1"&'()*#+("+&"%"
1+3 ( % " *0-"1+3%.#*02"*+"*0-":%$-"("+&"%"
1( % " *0-"(%*'.%1"1+3%.#*02"+&"%<" 1+3 - % "
$#(< " )+$< " *%( " *0-")#.)'1%."&'()*#+($"
%.)$#(< " %.))+$<

" *0-"#(8-.$-")#.)'1%."&'()*#+($"
%.)*%(
)$)< "$-)<" )+* " *0-".-)#4.+)%1")#.)'1%."&'()*#+($"
=5 %< & 6 " *0-"4+#(*"="#("*0-"41%(-"/#*0">%.*-$#%(")++.,#(%*-$"%"%(,"&"
=? " *0-"1#(-"$-32-(*"/#*0"-(,"4+#(*$"="%(,"?"
=? " *0-"1-(3*0"+&" =? "
=? " *0-"1#(-")+(*%#(#(3"4+#(*$"="%(,"?"
+" *0-"%(31-"%*"="

Notation list
! %
"#$ &'(%)*+,(%-(&.((*% "# %)*/% #$ %
#$" % &'(%&01)*+,(%.'23(%4(0&15(3%)0(%#6%$%)*/%"%
!" &'(%4(5&20%!%
#$ % &'(%4(5&20%0(70(3(*&(/%1*%8)+*1&9/(%)*/%/10(5&12*%-:%&'(%/10(5&(/%,1*(%3(+8(*&%;028%#%&2%$%
#" &'(%7231&12*%4(5&20% <# %
$6!%6!&! 9*1&%4(5&203%1*%&'(%/10(5&12*3%2;%&'(%")0&(31)*%5220/1*)&(%)=(3%
#% &'(%8)+*1&9/(%2;%#%
>#$> % &'(%8)+*1&9/(%2;% #$ %
! '! &'(%35),)0%702/95&%2;%!%)*/%'%
! '% &'(%4(5&20%702/95&%2;%!%)*/%'%
( ?% &'(%1*4(03(%2;%&'(%*2*@31*+9,)0%8)&01=%(%
(A % &'(%&0)*3723(%2;%&'(%8)&01=%(%
/(& ( % &'(%/(&(081*)*&%2;%&'(%3B9)0(%8)&01=%(%
)! &'(%1/(*&1&:%8)&01=%
CD"E % &'(%702-)-1,1&:%2;%(4(*&%"%
CD " E % &'(%702-)-1,1&:%2;%&'(%(4(*&%F*2&% " G%
CD " > # E % &'(%702-)-1,1&:%2;%&'(%(4(*&%"%+14(*%#%
$? 6 $H 6 III % 2-3(04)&12*3%
%? 6 % H 6 III % ;0(B9(*51(3%.1&'%.'15'%&'(%2-3(04)&12*3% $? 6 $H 6 III %25590%
C$ % &'(%702-)-1,1&:%/13&01-9&12*%;9*5&12*% C D& J $E %2;%&'(%/1350(&(%0)*/28%4)01)-,(%&%
% D $E % &'(%702-)-1,1&:%/(*31&:%;9*5&12*%2;%&'(%52*&1*9293%0)*/28%4)01)-,(%&%
' D $E % &'(%5989,)&14(%/13&01-9&12*%;9*5&12*%2;%&'(%52*&1*9293%0)*/28%4)01)-,(%&%
KD& E % &'(%(=7(5&(/%4),9(%2;%&'(%0)*/28%4)01)-,(%&%
L)0 D & E % &'(%4)01)*5(%2;%&'(%0)*/28%4)01)-,(%&%

% 7279,)&12*%8()*%
(
H
% ) D $) EH (
% H
7279,)&12*%4)01)*5(6% ) ?
6%.'(0(% * %) %
* ) ?
% 7279,)&12*%3&)*/)0/%/(41)&12*%
$% 3)87,(%8()*%

Notation list
!
% $ 0 &$ & 1! #
" !
!"
#$%&'(")$*+$,-(." "! $ /
."23(*(" ! %$ "
! $ /
"! " #4$,5$*5"5()+$4+6,"67"43("#$%&'("
#
% $ 0 &$ & 1!
! !
8,9+$#(5"(#4+%$4("67"43("&6&8'$4+6,")$*+$,-(." "! / "!! $ /
."23(*("
"!! / " ! / ! /
#
! %$ "
$ /
: !. "' " 9+,6%+$'"5+#4*+984+6,"2+43"&$*$%(4(*#"!"$,5"'"
;6 ( " ;6+##6,"5+#4*+984+6,"2+43"%($,"("
!
< . " ,6*%$'"5+#4*+984+6,"2+43"%($," "$,5")$*+$,-("
!
"
) = : !. ' " 43("*$,56%")$*+$9'(")"3$#"$"9+,6%+$'"5+#4*+984+6,"2+43"&$*$%(4(*#"!"$,5"'"
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Diploma Programme

Further mathematics HL guide

Further mathematics HL guide

International Baccalaureate, Baccalauréat International and Bachillerato Internacional

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2007

Further mathematics HL guide

Purpose of this document

Further mathematics HL guide 1

The Diploma Programme

The Diploma Programme hexagon

2 Further mathematics HL guide

Choosing the right combination

The core of the hexagon

The IB mission statement and the IB learner profile

Further mathematics HL guide 3

Nature of the subject

Summary of courses available

4 Further mathematics HL guide

Further mathematics HL—course details

Further mathematics HL guide 5

Links to the Middle Years Programme

Mathematics and theory of knowledge

6 Further mathematics HL guide

Mathematics and the international dimension

Further mathematics HL guide 7

8 Further mathematics HL guide

Further mathematics HL guide 9

10 Further mathematics HL guide

Approaches to the teaching and learning of

Further mathematics HL guide 11

Mathematical modelling and applications

12 Further mathematics HL guide

Format of the syllabus

Notes on the syllabus

Further mathematics HL guide 13

Mathematics HL and further mathematics

Command terms and notation list

14 Further mathematics HL guide

Content Further guidance Links

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Content Further guidance Links

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Geometry theorems—clarification of theorems used in topic 2

Euclid’s theorem for proportional segments in a right-angled triangle

Angle at centre theorem

22 Further mathematics HL guide

The intersecting chords theorem

Further mathematics HL guide 23

The tangent–secant and secant–secant theorems

24 Further mathematics HL guide

Note on Ceva’s theorem and Menelaus’ theorem

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