Who is Charles Darwin?

>Charles Darwin was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist best known for
his constribution to the science evolution.He is established that all species of life
have descended over time from common ancestors and in a joint publication with
Alfred Russel Wallace, intoduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern
of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the
struggle of existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved un
selective breeding.

>The publication in 1859 of the origin of species by Charles Darwin ushered in a

era in inttelllectual history of humanity.Darwiin deservedly given credit for the
theory of biological evolution: he accumulated evidences demonstrations that
orgsnisms evolve and discovered the process, natural selection, by which they
evolve.but the import of Darwins achievement is that it completed the copernican
revolution intiated three centuaries earlier, and therby radically changed our
conception of the universe and the place of humanity in it.
What is a evolution?

>evolution is a changed in the heritable chsrecteristics of biological populations

over succesive generations.Evolutionary process give rise to biodiversity at every
level of biological organization, including the levels ofspecies, individual organisms
and molecules.

>Repeated formation of new species(speciation), change within

species(anagenesis) and loss of species(extinction) throughout the evolutionary
history of life on earth are demonstrated by shared sets of morphological and
biochemical traits, including shared DNA sequences .These shared traits are more
similar among species that share a recent common ancestor, and can be used to
reconstruct a biological "tree of life" based on evolutionary
relationships(phylogemetric), using both existing species and fossils.The fossil
record includes a progression from early biogenic graphite, to microbial mat fossils
, to fossilized multicellular organism.
What is darwinian theory?

Darwinism is a theory of bipogicalevolution developed by the English naturalist

Charles Darwin 1809-1882) and others, stating that all species of organisms a rise
and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that
increase the individuals ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.
Dawin's Contribution

Darwin's greatest contribution to science is that he completed the Copernican Revolution by

drawing out for biology the notion of nature as a system of matter in motion governed by
natural laws. With Darwin's discovery of natural selection, the origin and adaptations of
organisms were brought into the realm of science. The adaptive features of organisms could
now be explained, like the phenomena of the inanimate world, as the result of natural
processes, without recourse to an Intelligent Designer. The Copernican and the Darwinian
Revolutions may be seen as the two stages of the one Scientific Revolution. They jointly ushered
in the beginning of science in the modern sense of the word: explanation through natural laws.
Darwin's theory of natural selection accounts for the “design” of organisms, and for their
wondrous diversity, as the result of natural processes, the gradual accumulation of
spontaneously arisen variations (mutations) sorted out by natural selection. Which
characteristics will be selected depends on which variations happen to be present at a given
time in a given place. This in turn depends on the random process of mutation as well as on the
previous history of the organisms. Mutation and selection have jointly driven the marvelous
process that, starting from microscopic organisms, has yielded orchids, birds, and humans. The
theory of evolution conveys chance and necessity, randomness and determinism, jointly
enmeshed in the stuff of life. This was Darwin's fundamental discovery, that there is a process
that is creative, although not conscious.
Who is Sigmund Freud?

√ also considered to be the father of pschiatry

√ Freud was born to Galacian Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg in
the Austruan Empire

√ He is qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna

√ He was appointed a docent in neoropathology and became an affiliated

professor in 1902.

√ Freud lived and worked in Vienna, having set up his clinical practice there in
1886

Freud was a one of a kind thinker. There can be little question that he was
influenced by earlier thinking regarding the human mind, especially the idea of
these being activity with in the mind at a concious an unconcious level yet his
approach to these topics was largely conceptual. His theoretical thoughts were as
original as they were unique. It is testament to freuds mind to know that whether
you agree, dis agree, or are ambivalent about his theory, it remains as a
theoretical comer stone in his field of expertise.

What is freudian revolution?

√ A relating to the ideas or methods of Sigmund Freud, especially his ideas about
the way in which people hidden thoughts and feelings influence their behaviour
especially with respect to the caused and treatment of neurotic and psychopathic
states, the interpretation of dreams, etc.

√ relating to or influenced by Sigmund Freud and his methods of psychoanalytisis,

especially with reference to the importance of sexuality in human behavior.

The Freudian Theory of Personality

√ Human personality: The adult personality emerges as a composite of early

childhood experiences, based on how these experience are conciously and
unconsciously processed within human developmental stages, and how these
experiences shape the personality.

√Not every person completes the necessary tasks of every developmental stage.
When they don't, the results can be a mental condition requiring psychoanalysis
to achieve proper functioning.

Stages of Development

Believing that most human suffering is determined during childhood

development; Freud placed emphasis on the five stages of psychosexual
development.As a child passes through these stages unresolved conflicts between
physical drives and social expectation may arise.

√ Oral(1.5 years of age): Fixation on all things oral. If not satisfactorily met there is
the likelihood of developing negative oral habits or behaviors.

√Anal(1-5 to 3 years of age):As indicated this stage is primarily related to

developing healthy toilet training habits.
√ Phallic(3-5 years of age): The development of healthy substitutes for the sexual
attraction boys and girls have toward parent of the opposite gender.

√latency(5-12 years of age): The development of healthy dormant sexual feelings

for the opposite sex.

√Genital (12-adulthood): All task from previous four stages are integrated into the
mind allowing for the onset of healthy sexual feelings and behaviors.

It is during these stages of development that the experiences are fittered through
the three levels of the human mind.It is from those strutures and the inherent
conflicts that arise in the mined that personality is shaped.According to freud
while there is an independence among these three levels, each level also serves a
purpose in personality development. Within this this theory the ability of a person
to resolve internal conflicts as specific stages of thier development determines
future coping and functioning ability as a fully-mature adult.

Super Ego

√each stage is processed through Freud's concept of the human mind as a three
tier system consisting of the superego, the ego, and the id.The superego functions
or a conscious level.It serves as a types of screening center for what is going on.It
is at this level that society and parental guidance is weighed against personal
pleasure and gain as directed by ones id.Obviously, this puts in motion situatuons
ripe for conflict.

Ego

√Much like a judge is a trial, once experiences are processed through the
superego and the id they fall into the mediate a satisfactory outcome.Originally,
Freud used the word ego to mean sense of self, but later revised it to mean a set
of phychic functions such as judgement, tolerance, reality testine, control,
planning depense, sythesis of information intellectual fumctioning , and memory.

Id
√The egocentric center of the human universe, Freud believed that within this one
level, the id is constantly fighting to have our way in everything we undertake.