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COMPUTER OVERVIEW

What is a computer?

A computer is an electronic device that receives input, stores it


for a period of time, operate it according to a set of
instructions (known as a PROGRAM) and gives the user with
an output.
Computers are everywhere

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Traditional Types of Computers
General purpose computers
◦ Mainframe
◦ Minicomputer
◦ Microcomputer (Personal Computer)
TRADITIONAL TYPES OF COMPUTERS
• Mainframe Computers

First computers, introduced in


1950s
Used by large businesses
Typically supported hundreds or
thousands of users
Very expensive
Used for very large processing
tasks
TRADITIONAL TYPES OF COMPUTERS
• Minicomputers

Typically supported hundreds


of users
No longer a product line
Smaller and less expensive
than mainframes
The real difference is relative
in terms of price, power,
marketing.
TRADITIONAL TYPES OF COMPUTERS

• Microcomputer (Personal Computer)


Small, self-contained computers with
their own CPUs
Uses a microprocessor, a CPU (Central
Processing Unit) on a single chip.
Personal Computer

• Desktop computers
• Laptop computers
• Tablets
• Smart Phones
Embedded Computers

Embedded computers
– Computers found inside
consumer goods in order to
enhance their function.
Cars today might have as many
as 50 microprocessors on
them.
Special Purpose Computers
Special purpose or dedicated computers – A device with a specific
purpose such as game system or information kiosk.
Computer is Hardware and Software
Hardware versus Software
Hardware = The physical
components that make up a
computer system.
Hardware versus Software

Software = The programs


(instructions) that tell the
computer what to do.
◦ System Software
◦ Application Software
◦ Stored on a storage media
such as hard disk, CD-ROM,
floppy disk.
Hardware Components
INPUT SYSTEM UNIT OUTPUT

PERMANENT
STORAGE
Input and Output Devices

INPUT SYSTEM UNIT OUTPUT

PERMANENT
STORAGE
Input Devices
 Input devices allow a user to key-in data into the
computer.

 Enter information into a computer


Input Devices
Mouse
Keyboard
Scanner
Web Camera
Barcode Scanner
Microphone
Mouse

A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items


on your computer screen. It has two buttons: the left
(primary) button and the right (secondary) button.

Optical Mouse Wireless Mouse


Keyboard
The keyboard is used to type text into the computer. It has
keys for letters, numbers and some special characters.
Output Devices
 These are devices that receive or display information
from a computer.

 Send information out from a PC.


Output Devices
Monitor
Printer
Speakers
Headset
Monitor
A monitor displays information in visual form, using text or
graphics. The part of the monitor which displays the
information is called the screen.

CRT LCD LED


Printer

Inkjet Printer Laser Printer

Dot-matrix Printer
Speakers
Speakers are used to play sounds. They are
connected into the computer which then allows
you to listen to music and hear sound effects from
your computer.
System Unit

INPUT SYSTEM UNIT OUTPUT

PERMANENT
STORAGE

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System Unit
The system unit is the core of the computer system. It is
usually the rectangular box placed underneath a
computer desk. Inside the box are the following electronic
components that help in the processing of information:
◦ CPU
◦ Memory
◦ Motherboard
◦ Power Supply
CPU
Central Processing Unit. Also known as the microprocessor.
The CPU acts as the “brain” of the computer. It is a place in
the computer where data is processed.
CPU
CPU (Central Processing Unit) = A complex collection of electronic
circuits on one or more integrated circuits (chips) which:
1. executes the instructions in a software program
2. communicates with other parts of the computer system,
especially RAM and input devices

The CPU is the computer!

Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu


Memory Unit

It is composed of the RAM and ROM.


RAM (Random Access Memory)

RAM (Random Access Memory) = temporarily stores information


that the CPU uses while the computer is turned on.
RAM

Inserting RAM

RAM is TEMPORARY memory


RAM is volatile
when power goes off, everything in RAM is lost
RAM: Capacity
The amount of RAM determines:
What software and data the user
can work on
How much software and data the
user can work with
Most new computers have at least
2 GB and that is steadily
increasing
ROM (Read Only Memory)

ROM (Read Only Memory) = integrated circuits (microchips) that are


used to permanently store start-up (boot) instructions and other
critical information
Read Only = information which:
Cannot be changed, removed, appended (added to)
Fixed by manufacturer
ROM (Read Only Memory)

ROM is sometimes known as ROM BIOS (Basic Input Output System


software)
ROM permanently contains:
start-up (boot) instructions
instructions to do “low level” processing of input and output
devices, such as the communications with the keyboard and the
monitor
Motherboard
A single circuit board with
the components which
make up the computer’s
processor for a
microcomputer, including
the:
CPU (Central
Processing Unit)
It is the organizer of all the Memory
components of the system unit.
It consists of other circuits that ◦ RAM
allows the outside instruction ◦ ROM
to be understood by the  Expansion slots
machine language.
 Ports
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Power Supply
It is the source of regulated current that flows within the system unit.
Ports
It is the location for other
connectivity and
attachment such as printer,
monitor, scanner and so on.
Ports
Storage Devices
INPUT SYSTEM UNIT OUTPUT

PERMANENT
STORAGE

Storage Devices:
◦ Floppy disks (obsolete) ◦ Flash drive/disk
◦ CD-ROMs, DVDs (becoming ◦ Tape drives
obsolete) ◦ Network drives
◦ Hard disks and solid state ◦ Storage Area Networks
drives (SSD)
◦ Zip / Rev disks (obsolete)
Hard Disk
It is the computer’s permanent storage area. It holds all the computers’
program and files.
Data Measurement
DATA SIZE
Bit Single Binary Digit (1 or 0)
Byte 8 bits
Kilobyte (KB) 1,024 Bytes
Megabyte (MB) 1,024 Kilobytes
Gigabyte (GB) 1,024 Megabytes
Terabyte (TB) 1,024 Gigabytes
Petabyte (PB) 1,024 Terabytes
Exabyte (EB) 1,024 Petabytes
Computer Performance
CPU speed (and type)
Amount of RAM (and speed)
Hard disk capacity
Software
Software refers to the instructions or programs that tell the
hardware what to do. It is the name given to the programs
that you install on the computer to perform certain types of
activities.
The following are the types of software:
◦ Operating System
◦ Application Software
◦ Utility Software
◦ Programming Software
Operating System
Loads automatically when you switch on a computer
Main roles:
◦ Controls hardware and software
◦ Permits you to manage files
◦ Acts as intermediary between user and applications
Operating System Software

Software which manages the


overall operation of the
computer system including:
hardware (CPU, RAM, I/O)
security
system interface
application interface

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Operating System
Three well-known operating systems include MacOS,
Windows, and Linux GNU.
GUI – Graphical User Interface
Windows 3.1

Windows
95/98/XP

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Windows 7, 8, 10
Linux Mint
Ubuntu
OpenSUSE
Mac OS
CLI – Command Line Interface

No GUI
MS DOS / Command Prompt
CLI – Command Line Interface

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Operating Systems for Smartphones

Open-source OS
Currently developed by Google.
Having the largest installed base
worldwide on smartphones
Android's releases are named after sweets or dessert items (except
for the first and second releases)
 Alpha (1.0 & 1.1)
 Beta (1.2)
 Cupcake (1.5)
 Donut (1.6)
 Eclair (2.0, 2.0.1, 2.1)
 Frozen Yogurt/“Froyo” (2.2.x)
 Gingerbread (2.3, 2.3.3)
 Honeycomb (3.0, 3.1, 3.2)
 Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0, 4.0.3)
 Jellybean (4.1, 4.2, 4.3)
 KitKat (4.4.4)
 Lollipop (5.0, 5.0.1, 5.0.2, 5.1, 5.1.1)
 Marshmallow (6.0, 6.0.1
Other Android-based mobile OS:
Color OS – Oppo
EMUI – Huawei
Fire OS – Amazon
MIUI (Mi User Interface) – Xiaomi
Mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc.
and distributed exclusively for Apple hardware.

Presently powers many of the company's mobile devices,


including the iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.

Second most popular mobile operating system platform in the


world by sales, after Android
Current iOS version list:
iPhone OS 1.x
iPhone OS 2.x
iPhone OS 3.x
iOS 4.x
iOS 5.x
iOS 6.x
iOS 7.x (Major UI revamp)
iOS 8.x
iOS 9.x
Application Software
Performs specific tasks:
◦ Word processing
◦ Calculations
◦ Information storage and
retrieval
◦ Accounting
Cannot function without the OS
(Operating System)
Written for a specific operating
system and computer hardware.
Programming Software
These are programming tools that allow the programmers
to craft their own computerization programs.
Two examples of programming software are BlueJ and
NetBeans. Both are used to create Java-based programs.
Utility Software
A special purpose software that improves the PC
operations by providing additional and specialized
functionality. It helps keep to keep your system in shape by
eliminating/correcting error.
Peopleware
Peopleware refers to the role people play in technology and
the development of hardware or software.
• Managers
• System Analyst/Designer
• Programmers
• Operators/Technicians
• Users

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